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Résumé: Les lacs occupent environ 30% du territoire dans le nord du Canada. Ils peuvent avoir d’importants impacts sur le climat qui ont un effet par la suite sur les propriétés thermiques des lacs. L’étude d’un lac doit généralement débuter avec un bilan calorifique de la surface. La différentiation précise que l’énergie disponible en flux de chaleur sensible ou latent est un élément crucial pour la compréhension des interactions entre les processus climatiques à une échelle régionale. Dans cette étude, le flux de chaleur sensible et le ratio de Bowen sont obtenus à partir des données de la télédétection. La méthodologie se base sur l’utilisation de données microondes (SMM/I) afin de calculer la température de la surface du sol avec la méthode de Fily et al. (2003) et Mialon et al. (2007). La caractérisation de la surface du sol est effectuée à partir de données satellitaires optiques (capteurs SPOT & VGT). Les paramètres météorologiques utilisés pour estimer les flux proviennent de la base de données du North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). Les résultats présentent un portrait quotidien, mensuel et saisonnier de l’énergie sensible à l’interface sol-air par rapport à la fraction de la surface de plan d’eau (FWS). Nous comparons ensuite nos résultats avec les flux du modèle NARR et quelques mesures in situ. Quatre sites couvrants différents types de surfaces à travers le Canada ont été étudiés pendant les étés 1998 et 2000 (de juin à septembre) : le nord du Québec (toundra), les Territoires du Nord-Ouest (le Grand lac des Esclaves [ou, en anglais, Great Slave Lake. GSLJ et le bassin de la rivière Mackenzie), le Manitoba (zone humide) et le Labrador (taïga). Les résultats montrent que les flux d’énergie sensible satellitaires sont semblables aux flux estimés par le NARR lorsque la FWS est petit (sans lac) ou pour des zones avec de larges surfaces d’eau (Mackenzie Great Slave Lake), mais diffèrent lorsque la FWS augmente à l’intérieur d’un pixel. Ceci signifie que les modèles climatiques régionaux devraient considérer la proposition du territoire occupée par des étendues d’eau. Nous déduisons que les effets de la taille des lacs sont reliés aux conditions environnementales du milieu. Les résultats de la comparaison avec des mesures in situ pour le GSL et la zone humide sont encourageants. Le ratio de Bowen sur le site du bassin de la rivière Mackenzie montre qu’il y a une augmentation de la chaleur sensible durant la deuxième moitié de l’été en comparaison à la première moitié. Il y a ainsi un plus grand stress hydrique pendant la deuxième moitié de l’été. Cependant, il n’y a pas de patrons clairs en comparaison avec le site GSL. La comparaison entre les différents sites indique une variation énergétique annuelle minimale pour la zone humide. || Abstract: Lakes occupy roughly 30% of Canada's northern landscape. They can have important impacts on the climate, and climate modification will affect lake thermal properties. Study of a lake most generally begins with heat budget at its surface. Accurate partitioning of the available energy at the surface into sensible and latent heat flux is crucial to the understanding of interactions between climate processes on a regional scale. In this study, sensible heat flux and the Bowen ratio for the summer period are retrieved using reanalysis and remote sensing data. The methodology is based on the use of microwave data for retrieving land surface temperature (SSM/I) with the method of Fily et al. (2003) and Mialon et al. (2007). The land cover characterization is derived from remotely sensed optical data (SPOT VGT sensor). Some meteorological parameters used for retrieving flux are derived from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) database. The results from this study present a picture of the daily, monthly and seasonally sensible energy over summer period at the land-air interface versus the Fraction of Water Surface (FWS). We compare our results with the NARR model's flux in addition to few in situ measurements. Four sites covering different land cover types across Canada were investigated during the 1998 and 2000 summers (June to September): Northern Quebec (tundra), Northwest Territories (Great Slave Lake, or GSL, and Mackenzie River Basin), Manitoba (wetlands) and Labrador (taiga). The results show that the satellite-derived sensible flux is close to the NARR flux estimate when the fraction of water surface is small (no lakes) and over large open water areas (Mackenzie Great Slave Lake), but differs when the FWS increases within the pixel. This means that regional climate models should take into account lake cover fraction. We infer that effects of the lake-size are closely related to surrounding environmental conditions. The results of the comparison with in situ measurements for Great Slave Lake (1998) and the Wetland site are encouraging. For the Mackenzie River Basin site, the results of the Bowen ratio show that there is an increase of sensible heat partition during the second half of the summer in comparison with the first half, meaning that there is more water stress over the second half of the summer than the first. But for the Wetland site, there is no clear pattern, and in comparison with GSL, temporal variation is less significant. Comparisons between different sites indicate minimum year to year energy variation for the Wetland area.

Relational aggression is an indirect type of aggression used to damage relationships with others. Adolescent girls frequently encounter this issue, and the ubiquity of technology has expanded the ways in which girls can attack one another, i.e. cyber-bullying. The causes of relational aggression are unknown and could involve a combination of factors, including victim and/or bully psycho-social adjustment, social expectations, or the implicit structure of female friendships in adolescence. The effects range from social anxiety to impacted school performance to depression and suicidality. Groups of friends act much like a family for adolescents in terms of support and intimacy. Using Murray Bowen’s family systems theory as a template, an intervention is proposed where girls are taught techniques that will strengthen relationships with others and themselves. / text

Open cut coal mining in the Bowen Basin of central Queensland had disturbed in excess of 55,000 ha by the turn of the 21st century and 72,000 ha by 2006. Strong export demand in recent years (since approximately 2000) has led to greater production from existing mines and to a proliferation of new ones. Therefore, over the ensuing decades, the level of mining activity can be expected to increase substantially the areas of erstwhile agricultural land that are disturbed. As mines exhaust their resources, companies will be obliged to achieve acceptable end uses for the various domains at those sites. The possibility of having successfully rehabilitated domains at selected sites certified on a progressive basis holds some appeal. While all stakeholder groups find a return of the land to its prior use (extensive cattle-grazing) an appealing goal, mining companies walk a tight-rope. The legislation under which the early mines were established does not bind them as tightly to the environmentally friendly outcomes as applies to new mines. Nonetheless, recent legislative trends as well as companies’ own policies, encourage them to exceed society’s environmental expectations. Regardless of the end use that is designated, relinquishment is permitted only subject to a satisfactory assessment of the risks to its sustainability. Cattle-grazing is considered as a suitable end use, partly because the return of mined land to its prior use is preferred to its designation to some other use and partly because cattle could serve to reduce the bulk of pasture growth that occurs at some sites, reducing the risk of erosion if an intense fire were to occur followed by heavy rain. Graziers’ primary motivation for seeking tenure of mined land is financial. Factors that determine both a site’s productivity and its commercial ‘worthwhileness’ are examined in this research. The major focus of this research however, is the style of management that the custodial grazier may employ. Since any future custodian is likely to be a local landholder (perhaps the grazier family from whom the land was originally acquired for mining some decades earlier), it is the management style of local farmers that is of primary interest. Some graziers use the land more intensively than others: some with more sensitivity than others. Since the reconstructed landscape is inherently more fragile than undisturbed land, differences in management style could be critical to the sustainability of grazing. Factors driving, or at least being associated with, farmers’ land management decisions were identified from prior research as draft components of a risk assessment model for grazing. A survey of the characteristics and circumstances of Bowen Basin graziers was then conducted with a view to modelling their influence on graziers’ land management style. The survey ascertained the prior probabilities among the target graziers of the elements being modelled. An estimate of the role of these factors in shaping land management decisions was then obtained by eliciting the opinions of industry experts. These processes allowed development of a predictive model that estimates the likelihood of conservative and sensitive land management under various scenarios of site characteristics and grazier-based factors. Output from the model showed that the capital circumstances of a grazier’s business have an influence over the predicted management style of 25% of the difference between best-case and worst-case scenarios. There is a 17% greater likelihood of low-risk grazing where a grazier strongly wants tenure of the land for reasons that go beyond financial gain. The grazier’s underlying values and attitudes to land management account for a further 14%, followed by the operational structure of the business (12%), and the external climatic and economic environment (9%). Interventions that mining companies could implement to increase the likelihood of low-risk management has an influence of 23%. The credibility of the model’s output was evaluated by reference to real-life experiences of graziers who have managed cattle on mined land and their miner counterparts. Consistency of opinion among the consulted experts also contributed to the confidence that can be placed in the model’s findings. The model identifies the sources of risk if currently available mined land is used for grazing. It improves understanding of the situation in a holistic manner, and predicts the likelihood of low-risk grazing management under scenarios of interest to the user. The model identifies actions that mining companies could take to reduce risks associated with graziers’ management style. The model may also guide future rehabilitation work by highlighting features of rehabilitation that would make them more suited to commercially feasible and low-risk cattle production – or by purposefully and transparently planning for cattle-grazing not to be the designated end use.

This article suggests that the formal elements of Elizabeth Bowen's novel The Heat of the Day underscore both the changing practice of propaganda and the extant tension about Irish neutrality during World War II. Bowen has often been cited as an author who embraces opacity in her fiction, and often this practice is connected in her work to political tensions that she first experienced in Ireland as a result of colonial conflict. The article suggests that a similar strategy, at use in this London-based World War II novel about espionage, highlights this history of tension. Bowen's own position as an intermediary between the Ministry of Information and Irish public opinion provided her a keen insight into British strategy towards Ireland's neutrality. Her Blitz novel, The Heat of the Day, mirrors much of Bowen's formal techniques in her letters to the Ministry of Information, and this article suggests that this reflects the impact of modern propaganda techniques on her war-time novel.

This article suggests that the formal elements of Elizabeth Bowen's novel The Heat of the Day underscore both the changing practice of propaganda and the extant tension about Irish neutrality during World War II. Bowen has often been cited as an author who embraces opacity in her fiction, and often this practice is connected in her work to political tensions that she first experienced in Ireland as a result of colonial conflict. The article suggests that a similar strategy, at use in this London-based World War II novel about espionage, highlights this history of tension. Bowen's own position as an intermediary between the Ministry of Information and Irish public opinion provided her a keen insight into British strategy towards Ireland's neutrality. Her Blitz novel, The Heat of the Day, mirrors much of Bowen's formal techniques in her letters to the Ministry of Information, and this article suggests that this reflects the impact of modern propaganda techniques on her war-time novel.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the relationally based “Calm-Driven” Service (CDS) training program from the New World Kirkpatrick model perspective. The CDS training program is designed to help automotive professionals in sales and service to relate to their customers by (a) thinking in a different way about human relationships, and (b) realizing their own role in relationships and behavior. The CDS training program is based on the relational systems theory concepts of relational triangles, chronic anxiety, and differentiation of self from the Bowen Family Systems Theory. The results suggest that the participants had a positive reaction to the training program. Specifically they found the training favorable, relevant to their professional needs, engaging, comprehendible, and capable of creating change in educational experience through time (level 1: reaction). They gained the intended knowledge, skills, attitude, confidence, and commitment to apply newly gained knowledge on the job (level 2: learning). Participants’ behavior changed in their ability to relate to their customers by being (a) able to think in defined ways, and (b) realize their own role in relationships and behavior. Notably, newly learned behaviors were maintained two months after the training program was complete due to a successful monitoring, reinforcing, encouraging, and rewarding system (level 3: behavior). The improvement of the associates’ relational skills indicates that the training helped the organization to move on track to their overall goal, which is to help the stakeholders to become the number one volume dealer (level 4: results). Evaluation results demonstrate that relational training based on the Bowen Family Systems Theory could be successfully implemented and show positive results for the organization and their associates. Therefore, it is recommended that marriage and family therapists, as specialists in relational systems thinking, would focus future research on development, application, and evaluation of relationally based trainings.

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