Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-02-06T17:07:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 6259199 bytes, checksum: 74fd69a0aa18f7e21b5c4d880167320a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-06T17:07:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 6259199 bytes, checksum: 74fd69a0aa18f7e21b5c4d880167320a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-08-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Em um sistema de agricultura irrigada, a necessidade hídrica das culturas é um dos fatores mais importantes a serem obtidos, principalmente porque a disponiblidade de água está cada vez menor, devido ao aumento da demanda de consumo pelos setores urbano, industrial e agrícola. Dessa forma, são necessários estudos no sentido de implementar determinações da evapotranspiração das culturas (ETc) que permitam a otimização da quantidade de água utilizada nos perímetros irrigados, em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura. Atualmente, é mais comum elaborar o cálculo da ETc em duas etapas: primeiro, estima-se a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) e, a seguir, multiplica-se esta ETo por um coeficiente de cultura (Kc). Uma forma mais vantajosa de cálculo de ETc seria a sua estimativa em uma só etapa, eliminando a necessidade de utilização de Kc’s. A equação de Penman-Monteith (PM) pode ser utilizada, porém, sua aplicação prática é limitada pela falta de um método confiável para obter os valores de resistência do dossel da cultura (r c ). Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivos: a) calcular a ETc para o manejo da irrigação utilizando o método Razão de Bowen (RB); b) calcular a r c do feijoeiro parametrizada em função de características da planta (temperatura do dossel da cultura-T c ) e da atmosfera (saldo de radiação-Rn, déficit de pressão de vapor-DPV e temperatura do ar-T a ); c) comparar os valores de ETc, calculada utilizando-se esse r c, com valores obtidos pelo método de RB. Foi conduzido um experimento, em 1,2 ha, na área experimental da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Sete Lagoas, MG. A cultivar de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) utilizada foi a Jalo. A irrigação foi efetuada com um sistema de aspersão convencional e o cálculo da lâmina de água a ser aplicada foi realizado pelo método RB. Usou-se um sistema da CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, que gerenciava o processo de aquisição automática dos dados relativos ao balanço de energia e os armazenava a cada intervalo de 20 minutos. Para o desenvolvimento de uma equação empírica de uma linha base não estressada, usando dados medidos de DPV e a diferença entre T c e T a , foram selecionados dias em que a cultura estava evapotranspirando potencialmente, com 100% de cobertura vegetal. Essa equação foi usada para obter os valores de T c -T a a partir de DPV medido, que foram utilizados para o cálculo de r c . Posteriormente, uma metodologia foi proposta para a correção de r c em função do índice de área foliar e um fator de senescência, visando sua utilização em outras fases do ciclo fenológico da cultura. A ETc, foi então, calculada, substituindo os valores de r c na equação de PM. O resultado relativo à obtenção da equação empírica da linha base não estressada indicou bom ajuste da equação (r 2 de 0,842), e boa concordância (índice de concordância - Ic = 0,965) entre os valores obtidos pela equação e os medidos no campo. De modo geral, os valores de ETc calculados com a equação de PM estão subestimados. A equação que relaciona a ETc determinada por PM com a obtida por RB se mantém praticamente paralela à reta 1:1, com uma diferença média de -45 W.m -2 , provavelmente devido à contribuição de energia advectiva proveniente de áreas externas. Em vários horários de medição de diferentes dias do ciclo fenológico da cultura, o fluxo de calor latente obtido pelo sistema RB ultrapassou o valor do saldo de radiação, reforçando a possibilidade de ter havido efeito de advecção. A razão entre a resistência climática e a resistência aerodinâmica foi utilizada como indicador do efeito da contribuição de energia advectiva de áreas adjacentes à área experimental. Concluiu-se que: a) os maiores valores da relação r i /r a , correspondem aos menores valores de ETc determinados pela equação de PM, quando comparados com os valores obtidos pelo método RB; b) a ETc calculada pela equação de PM, utilizando r c calculada a partir da T c , foi subestimada, quando comparada com a obtida pelo método RB; c) o efeito da advecção afetou diretamente a correlação entre os valores calculados e medidos de ETc, dificultando a análise do método de cálculo de r c que foi proposto; d) a aplicação do espalhante adesivo alterou a partição da energia disponível, afetando também, a T c e r c . Recomenda-se que nova pesquisa seja efetuada, para verificar a eficiência do método de cálculo de r c proposto, em uma área com maior bordadura, diminuindo o efeito da contribuição advectiva. / In a irrigated agriculture, the crop water requirements is one of the most important parameter to be obtained, specially due to the limited available water, increasing demand of water consumption in urban and industrial sectors. Therefore, it is evident the need of studies in order to determine crop evapotranspiration (ETc), which would permit the optimizations of amount of water used in the irrigated areas for different crop growth stage. Actually, ETc is readily calculated in two steps: first, the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is estimated, and then multiplied by a crop coefficient (Kc). The most reliable way of calculating ETc would be in only one step, eliminating the need of using Kc ́s. The original Penman-Monteith equation (PM) can be used, although it is limited in its practical application, due to the lack of a reliable method of attaining the values of crop canopy resistance (r c ). The objectives of this research were: a) to calculate the ETc for irrigation scheduling using the Bowen-ratio technique (BR); b) to obtain the r c values for dry bean canopy, using the crop canopy temperature, T c, and others atmosphere parameters such as: net radiation, Rn, vapor pressure deficit, VPD and air temperature, T a ); and c) to compare the calculated values of ETc using the later r c , to ETc values obtained by BR technique. The research was carried out in an experimental area of 1,2 ha at EMBRAPA Milho e Sorgo, located at Sete Lagoas, MG. The cultivar choosen of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was Jalo. The irrigation water was applied using a sprinkle irrigation system and the ETc was measured by using the BR technique. A Campbell Scientific system was setup with an automatic acquisition system to obtain the energy’s balance, every 20 minutes. Typical days, in which the crop was evapotranspiring in such full-cover vegetation, were selected to develop an empirical equation of a non-water-stressed baseline using VPD data and the difference between T c and T a . The derived equation was used in order to obtain the values of T c - T a , from measured VPD used to calculate r c . Afterwards, a methodology to correct r c in function of the leaf area index and a plant senescence factor was proposed, with the objective of using in another crop growth stage. The ETc was then calculated, substituting the values of r c in the PM equation. The results obtained from the empirical equation for non-water- stressed baseline indicated a good fit to the linear equation (r 2 = 0,842) between the values obtained from the equation and those measured at the field crop conditions. In general, the ETc values calculated with the original PM equation were underestimated. The equation which related the ETc, obtained from original PM, to the ETc obtained by BR, was nearly parallel to the straight line 1:1, with an average deviation of -45 W.m -2 , probably due to the contribution of the advective energy from adjacent areas. Several measurements, in different crop growth stage, the latent heat flux obtained by BR system exceeded the value of the net radiation, due to sensible heat advection effect. The ratio between the climatic and aerodynamic resistances (r i /r a ) was used as indicator of the effect of the sensible heat advective energy contribution from the adjacent areas of the experiment. The results may lead to the following conclusions: a) the largest values of the ratio (r i /r a ) corresponded to the smallest values of ETc determined by PM equation, when compared with the values obtained by BR method; b) the ETc, calculated by PM equation and using r c calculated from T c was underestimated when compared with the one obtained from BR method; c) the advection effect influenced directly the correlation between the calculated and measured ETc values. The advection effect made no reasonable interpretation to the proposed r c calculation; d) the application of the surfactant modified the partition of the available energy, affecting T c and r c . / Tese importada do Alexandria

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-26T11:34:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 9479719 bytes, checksum: b46193bef62b3d53c1bf8161e6f85d78 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-26T11:34:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 9479719 bytes, checksum: b46193bef62b3d53c1bf8161e6f85d78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999-03-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / No presente trabalho, utilizou-se de dados do projeto ABRAÇOS (“Anglo-Brazilian Amazonian Climate Observation Study”) coletados nos sítios experimentais de floresta e de pastagem, nos períodos de 08/08 a 05/10 de 1992, 04/04 a 26/07 de 1993 e 13/08 a 24/08 de 1994, em Ji-Paraná-RO, e no período de 07/10 a 26/10 de 1993, em Marabá-PA. Os [luxos de calor latente e calor sensível foram medidos por um sistema de covariância de vórtices turbulentos, sistema EddySol, desenvolvido na “University of Edinburgh”, Escócia. As outras variáveis meteorológicas utilizadas, incluindo-se o saldo de radiação e o fluxo de calor no solo, foram medidas em estações meteorológicas automáticas, instaladas nos sítios experimentais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as variações diurnas e noturnas dos componentes do balanço de energia e as variações na partição de energia em dois sítios experimentais de floresta e de pastagem, em Ji-Paraná, RO, e Marabá, PA. As principais conclusões foram: as comparações simultâneas dos componentes do balanço de energia entre floresta e pastagem evidenciaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes em todas as campanhas; a maior contribuição do fluxo de calor latente no balanço de energia em relação aos outros componentes, durante o período diurno, foi caracterizada pela relação LE/Rn, que apresentou valor médio de 0,68 para a floresta e de 0,62 para a pastagem, sendo LE o fluxo de calor latente e Rn o saldo de radiação; as regressões lineares das médias horárias do fluxo de calor latente e do saldo de radiação, durante o período diurno, apresentaram coeficientes de determinação superiores a 0,85 e coeficiente angular, que variou de 0,54 na pastagem a 0,67 na floresta; e a razão de Bowen, durante o período diurno, variou de 0,18 a 0,59, na pastagem, com um valor médio de 0,40, ao passo que na floresta B variou de 0,12 a 0,25, com um valor médio de 0,20. / The present work was based on data of the project ABRACOS (Anglo-Brazilian Amazonian Climate Observation Study), collected at the experimental sites of forest and pasture, in Ji-Paraná-RO, during the periods of 08/08 to 05/10 of 1992; 04/04 to 26/07 of 1993 and 13/08 to 24/08 of 1994, and in Marabá-PA, during the period of 07/10 to 26/10/93. The latent and sensible heat fluxes were measured using the eddy correlation technique, EddySol system, developed in the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. The other meteorological variables used, including net radiation and soil heat flux, were measured in an automatic weather station, installed at each experimental site. The objectives of this work were to analyze the diurnal and noctumal variations of the components of the energy balance, and the variations in the partition of energy in the two experimental sites of forest and of pasture, in Ji-Paraná-RO and Marabá-PA. The main conclusions of this work wereza) the simultaneous comparisons of the components of the energy balance between forest and pasture showed significant statistical differences in all campaigns; b) the largest contribution of the latent heat flux in the energy balance, in relation to the other components, during the diurnal period, was based on the relationship LE/Rn, that presented mean values of 0,68 and 0,62, for the forest and the pasture sites, respectively; c) the linear regressions between hourly averages of latent heat fluxes and net radiation, during the diurnal period, presented coeflicients of determination greater than 0,85, with slope, ranging from 0,54 in the pasture to 0,67 in the forest;d) the Bowen ratio (13), during the diurnal period, ranged from 0,18 to 0,59, in the pasture, with a mean value of 0,40, while in the forest, B, ranged from 0,12 to 0,25, with a mean value of 0,20.

NOLÊTO, Dônavan Holanda. Coeficiente de cultura e demanda hídrica da cana-de-acúcar na microrregião de Teresina, Piauí. 2015. 90 f. dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-10-13T23:09:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_dhnoleto.pdf: 9717452 bytes, checksum: 1612217d3e813a52f8eaf65b3a06d5ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-13T23:16:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_dhnoleto.pdf: 9717452 bytes, checksum: 1612217d3e813a52f8eaf65b3a06d5ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T23:16:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_dhnoleto.pdf: 9717452 bytes, checksum: 1612217d3e813a52f8eaf65b3a06d5ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Sugarcane crop has great socio-economic importance worldwide. Brazil has the largest acreage and production volume in the world, with promising Northeast region because it has areas for expansion of the crop and stilling have a great energy potential. However, the cropping under natural water conditions limit production, making essential the use of supplemental irrigation during periods of drought. For thus its necessary studies to determine the water demand at various stages of crop development. The objective of this study was to determine the crop coefficient and water demand of sugarcane, through the energy balance method, based on the Bowen ratio, at the Teresina region, Piauí State, Brazil. The experiment was conducted at COMVAP - Sugar and Alcohol Ltda. The cultivar used was RB867515, irrigated by center pivot. The biometric analyzes were length and stem diameter, number of green leaves, leaf area and matter fresh and dry of stem, leaves and sheaths. To estimate crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was used an equipped tower with microelectronic sensors installed near the center of the growing area (10 ha plot). The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by the Penman-Monteith method / FAO-56, based on data from a weather station located near the experiment. Soil moisture was monitored by an automated system (Time Domain Reflectometry) TDR at depths from 0 to 0.30 0.30 to 0.60 m, at four points surrounding the tower. The number of green leaves per plant ranged from six to nine, reducing to seven leaves in the end of the cycle. The stems reached approximately 3.3 m long and 2.02 kg of weight, presenting linear gains in length and mass, while its diameter remained stable (25-27 mm). The plant leaf area showed quadratic behavior, with maximum peak of 4,197 cm2 to 254 days after cutting. The balance of average daily solar radiation was 13.7, 13.2 and 16.1 MJ m-2, corresponding to 79%, 80% and 85% of the total radiation, while the coefficient clarity showed values of 0.46, 0.48 and 0.52 and the albedo of 0.15, 0.16 and 0.14, in phenological development phases II, III and IV, respectively. The physical consistency of the ETC analysis data showed that 33% of 406 days monitored were agreement. The ETc daily average was 5.3 mm, with a demand of 2,650 mm for the 498 days of the cycle. The crop coefficient (Kc) average per phase was 0.9 (fast growth), 1.32 (maximum development) and 1.07 (maturation). / A cana-de-açúcar possui grande importância socioeconômica em âmbito mundial. O Brasil detém a maior área cultivada e volume de produção no mundo, sendo a região Nordeste promissora para o setor por possuir áreas para expansão da cultura e ainda ter um ótimo potencial energético. Porém, as condições hídricas naturais limitam a produção, tornando essencial o uso de irrigação complementar nos períodos de déficit hídrico. Para a adequada suplementação hídrica da cultura necessita-se determinar a demanda hídrica nos diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o coeficiente de cultura e a demanda hídrica da cana-de-açúcar, por meio do método de balanço de energia, com base na razão de Bowen, na microrregião de Teresina, Piauí. O experimento foi conduzido na Usina COMVAP – Açúcar e Álcool Ltda., município de União, microrregião de Teresina, Piauí. A cultivar utilizada foi a RB867515, irrigada por pivô central. As análises biométricas realizadas foram: comprimento e diâmetro do colmo, número de folhas verdes, comprimento e largura da folha +3, área foliar e matéria fresca e seca do colmo, bainhas e folhas. Para a estimativa de evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) usou-se uma torre equipada com sensores automáticos, instalada próxima ao centro da área de cultivo (talhão de 10 ha). A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi estimada pelo método Penman-Monteith/FAO-56, a partir de dados de uma estação agrometeorológica localizada próximo ao experimento. A umidade do solo foi monitorada por um sistema automatizado com base em Reflectometria no Domínio do Tempo (TDR), nas profundidades de 0 a 0,30 m e 0,30 a 0,60 m, em quatro pontos no entorno da torre. O número de folhas verdes por planta variou de seis a nove, reduzindo a sete folhas ao final do ciclo. O colmo alcançou aproximadamente 3,3 m de comprimento e 2,02 kg de massa fresca, apresentando ganhos lineares de comprimento e massa, enquanto o seu diâmetro permaneceu praticamente estável (25 a 27 mm). A área foliar da planta demonstrou comportamento quadrático, com pico máximo de 4.197 cm2, aos 254 dias após o corte. O saldo de radiação solar médio diário foi de 13,7 MJ m-2, 13,2 MJ m-2 e 16,1 MJ m-2, correspondendo a 79%, 80% e 85% da radiação global, enquanto o coeficiente de claridade apresentou valores de 0,46, 0,48 e 0,52 e o albedo de 0,15, 0,16 e 0,14, nas fases II, III e IV de desenvolvimento fenológico da cultura, respectivamente. A análise de consistência física dos dados de ETc mostrou que 33% dos 406 dias monitorados foram consistentes. A ETc média diária foi de 5,3 mm, totalizando uma demanda de 2.650 mm para os 498 dias do ciclo. O coeficiente de cultura (Kc) médio por fase foi de 0,9 (crescimento rápido), 1,32 (máximo desenvolvimento) e 1,07 (maturação).

The aim of this study was to explore and describe the intergenerational interactional patterns in a Coloured family where the mother has abused alcohol. Researchers have found that drinking behaviours of parents can have major effects on the children’s lives throughout generations. Substance abuse of a parent has major influences on the family, their interactions, and relationships, mostly between the parent and the child. There is a major gap in the study of the Coloured families and how substance abuse affects their families and children. The study employed Bowen’s constructs of differentiation of self, multigenerational transmission process, triangulation, emotional cut-off, nuclear family emotional system, sibling position, family projection process, and societal regression and utilized analytical generalization of the concepts to achieve its aim. The mother, an older sibling and maternal mother were the main sources of data although the perspective of the mother herself was privileged in the study. Semi-structured interviews were utilized to gather the data. This allowed participants to freely narrate their personal perceptions and experiences of interaction in both the family of origin and the current nuclear family. The research used a single case study of a purposively sampled family. The researcher is a Coloured female who had specific interest in this specific cultural group and their interactional patterns, which optimised cultural familiarity during the research process and reduced the likelihood of potential discriminatory racial bias of the participants. The findings demonstrate that perceptions of interactional patterns in the nuclear family and family of origin coincided with certain of Bowen’s Family Systems concepts, particularly, triangulation and differentiation. However, the need for further exploration of concepts such as the nuclear family emotional system and the family projection process in Coloured families are still needed in future studies. The findings provided insight into the functioning of the relationships and FAMILY INTERACTION IN MATERNAL ALCOHOL ABUSE interactions in both the nuclear family and the family of origin. Limitations of the current study are identified and recommendations for future studies in this field are also offered.

The Bowen Basin is one of the most intensely explored sedimentary basins in Australia and hosts one of the world’s largest coking coal deposits. This study focuses on the Lenton deposit in the north-central part of the Bowen Basin and targets the Rangal Coal Measures, which are the youngest (245 Ma), most areally extensive and least structurally deformed coal measures in the study area. Six lithofacies were identified from detailed bed-by-bed logging of two cores and stratigraphically-upward comprise peatmire deposits of the Permian Blackwater Group overlain unconformably by braided fluvial strata of the Triassic Rewan Group. Coal-bearing strata of the Blackwater Group form a large-scale drying up sequence showing a change from permanent to seasonal waterlogged conditions related to the onset of regional uplift. Sedimentation was then terminated and a regional erosion surface formed by uplift related to the Hunter Bowen Orogeny. This, then, was overlain by braided fluvial strata of the Triassic Rewan Group.

This dissertation explores Irish and English fiction before, during, and shortly after the Second World War, a period of complex change in the relations between England and Ireland as British imperial control in Ireland ended. Ireland's neutrality in response to England's declaration of war intensified the nations' apparent differences, yet as my study brings to light, the War also fostered new affinities between England and Ireland, despite each country's inclination to define itself against the other by contrast. Each country's tendency toward xenophobic self-definition gave rise to policies and perspectives that resemble thinking and life in a fascist state. The fiction that I discuss responds to those tendencies by revealing possibilities for collectives that are more dynamically constituted around forms of vision and engagement involving shared responsibility and individual freedom. Chapter 1 reads Virginia Woolf's novel Between the Acts (1941) as a working through of contrasting responses to dictators from a 1938 diary entry and her manifesto Three Guineas, published the same year. I argue that character interactions and self-reflection in response to a play performed in the novel allow characters to recognize fascist tendencies in their own thinking and discover collective visions contrary to the total allegiance prized in Nazi spectacle and English propaganda. Against the mostly ahistorical critical treatments of Flann O'Brien's The Third Policeman (written 1939-1940, published 1966), Chapter 2 traces affinities between the narrator's deluded belief in his own superiority in a milieu of suppressed violence and the psychological environment Irish neutrality created. Focusing on Elizabeth Bowen's novel The Heat of the Day (1948) and wartime short fiction, Chapter 3 argues that her characters' behavior challenges stereotypes about English and Irish residents promoted by the other country. Rather than offering the escape from the War that some English visitors desire, Ireland provides a vantage point for seeing their London lives in new ways. Chapter 4 takes Nazi narratives of German history as reference points for interpreting Samuel Beckett's Watt (written 1942-1945, published 1953) and Molloy (1955), in particular the narrators' attempts to hide their control over the narratives they shape and the collectives that surround them.

As the main component of terrestrial energy and water balance, evapotranspiration (ET) moves a large amount of water and energy in the form of latent heat flux from bare soil and vegetated surfaces into the atmosphere. Despite the development of many methods and equations through past decades, accurate ET estimation is still a challenging task, especially for the Red River Valley of the North (RRV) that has limited updated information on ET either for landscape or agricultural water management. The overall objective of first study was to evaluate the ASCE-EWRI reference ET (ETo) method by developing an accurate crop coefficient (Kc) using an eddy covariance (EC) system over an unirrigated turfgrass site. The results showed that with mean ETgrass/ETo ratio as 0.96 for the entire growing seasons of turfgrass, the ASCE-EWRI ETo method is valid for guiding the turfgrass irrigation management in cold climate conditions. In a Controlled drainage with subirrigation (CD+SI) field, an EC system was used to measure and quantify energy flux components along with soil water content (SWC) and water table depth (WTD) measurements during four corn growing. This study showed that the subsurface drainage along with the CD + SI system can be used for optimal water management with an improvement of 26.7% and 6.6% of corn yield during wet and dry year, respectively. For the final task, ET was measured using EC, Bowen ratio system (BREB), and soil water balance (SWB) method during the corn growing season. The comparison of the EC and the BREB system illustrated the advantages of using the residual method to close the energy balance closure of EC. Among the different time approaches for SWB method, ET by the SWB method using the average soil water contents between 24:00 to 2:00 time period showed non-significant differences (alpha = 0.05) compared to the BREB system during the observation periods. / USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture project / USDA NCR SARE project / ND Soybean Council / ND Water Resources Research Institute / ND Agricultural Experimental Station / USDA Hatch project / NASA ROSES Project

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.