L’émergence des verres dopés à l’erbium a permis le développement d’une multitude d’applications. Toutefois, plusieurs de ces applications comme le LIDAR, la spectroscopie infrarouge et la génération de radiation infrarouge pour les oscillateurs paramétriques optiques pourraient bénéficier d’un milieu possédant une large plage de gain au-delà de celle offerte par l’erbium. C’est ce que permet le thulium avec sa plage de gain s’étalant de 1.7 μm à 2.1 μm. Entraînés par les succès de l’erbium pour la production d’impulsions, plusieurs chercheurs transposent les concepts développés pour l’erbium vers le thulium. Parmi les différentes méthodes de conception d’une cavité laser, les cavités linéaires à rétroaction distribuée ou à miroirs de Bragg permettent la mise en place d’un laser monolithique de très petite taille. Selon le schéma de pompage, il est possible d’opérer un tel laser en régime continu tout comme en régime impulsionnel. Ce document présente la mise en application d’un laser à fibre dopée thulium muni d’une cavité linéaire avec miroirs de Bragg. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons le modèle utilisé pour effectuer la simulation du comportement dynamique du laser. Ce modèle permet d’implémenter un algorithme de simulation numérique capable de prendre en considération l’excitation impulsionnelle, les effets dispersifs induits par le réseau de Bragg et les effets non linéaires intrinsèques à la fibre optique. Ensuite, on présentera la caractérisation des différentes composantes nécessaires à la réalisation du laser au thulium, notamment l’amplificateur à l’erbium pour la production d’impulsions pompe de haute énergie pour l’excitation impulsionnelle du laser à fibre dopée thulium. Enfin, on présentera les performances du laser muni de miroirs de Bragg qu’on comparera aux résultats de simulations numériques. / The emergence of erbium doped glasses has allowed the development of many technologies. However, applications such as LIDAR, infrared spectroscopy and infrared sources for optical parametric oscillators all benefit from having a wide gain bandwidth farther in the infrared than what erbium doped glasses allow. Thulium has shown to be a good candidate for such applications due to its wide gain bandwidth ranging from 1.7 μm to 2.1 μm. Inspired by the success in laser pulse generation from erbium doped media, many researchers decided to apply the knowledge acquired from erbium doped laser sources to thulium doped laser sources. We chose to use a linear distributed Bragg reflector cavity, which allows us to implement a monolithic laser of a very small size. Depending on the pumping scheme, it is possible to operate this laser in a CW regime as well as in a pulsed regime. This document details the implementation of a thulium doped fiber laser in a linear cavity with distributed Bragg reflectors. We first develop the theoretical model used for the simulation of our laser’s dynamics. This model allows us to implement numerical simulations able to treat pulsed pumping, dispersive effects induced by the fiber Bragg grating and intrinsic nonlinear effects. We then characterize the erbium-ytterbium doped phosphate fiber amplifier used to generate pump pulses, along with the other components of the thulium doped fiber laser cavity. The numerical model is then validated by comparing numerical simulations to experimental results obtained from our thulium doped laser.

Dans ce mémoire, nous concevons et générons des impulsions ultra large bande (UWB) qui exploitent efficacement le masque spectral de la "US Federal Communications Commission" (FCC). Une impulsion efficace améliore le rapport signal à bruit au récepteur en utilisant la majorité de la puissance disponible sous le masque spectral défini par la FCC, ce qui réduit la probabilité d'erreur. Pour trouver les formes d'onde efficaces, nous combinons plusieurs impulsions de type monocycle Gaussien séparées avec certains délais. Chaque monocycle Gaussien a une amplitude inconnue. Les amplitudes sont trouvées par un processus d'optimisation qui maximise la puissance de l'impulsion en respectant le masque spectral de la FCC sur toute la largeur de bande allouée aux communications UWB. Les impulsions efficaces sont réalisées par des filtres à réseaux de Bragg (FBG) dans le domaine optique. L'impulsion temporelle est écrite dans le domaine fréquentiel, et une fibre inonomode fait la conversion fréquence-à-temps. La forme d'onde est inscrite dans le domaine fréquentiel par un FBG. Un photo détecteur balancé élimine l'impulsion rectangulaire non-désirée qui est superposée à la forme d'onde désirée. Une excellente concordance entre les designs et les mesures est accomplie. Les formes d'ondes générées sont propagées entre des antennes à large bande. La réponse impulsionnelle non-idéale des antennes dégrade l'impulsion désirée, ce qui réduit l'efficacité. Nous mesurons la réponse impulsionnelle de l'antenne et l'utilisons dans le processus d'optimisation pour concevoir une forme d'onde efficace adaptée à la réponse de l'antenne. Comme avant, cette forme d'onde est générée avec un FBG. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent une excellente concordance avec la théorie et une amélioration significative de l'efficacité de puissance.

Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de ce projet de recherche consistent en la modélisation, l'optimisation et la réalisation expérimentale de filtres optiques périodiques. Les filtres étudiés sont des réseaux de Bragg photo induits par illumination ultraviolette, lesquels présentent un spectre périodique menant à la formation de filtres optiques multicanaux. La principale application des filtres périodiques proposés est la compensation de la dispersion chromatique encourue par des signaux optiques lors de leur propagation dans des liens de fibre optique. Les critères de conception ont été établis afin de démontrer une application concrète de ces filtres multicanaux. Afin de faciliter la conception de filtres optiques particuliers la modélisation et l'optimisation employées dans cette étude utilisent des éléments théoriques de traitement de signal dont, plus particulièrement, la transformée en Z. La faisabilité expérimentale des composants est aussi étudiée et quelques résultats expérimentaux sont exposés dans ce mémoire. Plusieurs techniques d'écriture ont été considérées, dont la superposition de réseaux par écriture successive et l'encodage, dans un masque de phase complexe, de la phase du réseau complexe avec apodisation de l'amplitude de la modulation d'indice. L'introduction du design du réseau de Bragg dans le masque de phase est aussi traitée afin d'améliorer les performances de ce nouveau type de compensateurs de dispersion chromatique. Finalement, la performance système des composants développés est évaluée par différentes mesures de taux d'erreur binaire à 10 Gbit/sec, afin de comparer les pénalités introduites par le compensateur avec celles d'une fibre compensatrice.

[pt] Nesse trabalho, descreve-se o desenvolvimento de uma calibração do sistema de interrogação dos espectros das redes de Bragg baseando-se em uma simulação numérica adotada de testes experimentais. O objetivo é calibrar a técnica de demodulação óptica utilizando dois filtros de transmissão fixos, procurando-se principalmente a posição verdadeira dos sensores. O espectro refletido de uma rede tem uma forte dependência com o espectro da luz incidente que resultará em uma deformação no espectro refletido da rede, gerando um desvio no sensor detectado. A metodologia é gerar uma perturbação na fonte de luz e analisar a leitura do espectro da rede. Esse desvio gerado na leitura espectral é associado à potência óptica lida nos fotodetectores com a posição do comprimento de onda do sensor; as leituras indicadas são proporcionais ao grau de superposição entre os espectros do sensor e dos filtros. A calibração é enfatizada em simulações comparando-se com resultados experimentais e será recuperado principalmente o espectro deformado da rede por um espectro indicado que fornecerá a informação correta da posição do sensor. A simulação conclui em uma recuperação do espectro deformado, diminuindo incertezas de medição e da posição do sensor comparando-se com medidas experimentais proporcionando bons resultados. / [en] The development of a calibration system for Fiber Bragg Grating sensors based on two fixed spectral filters has been described basing in adopted numeric simulation of experimental tests. The objective is to gage the technique of optical demodulação using two fixed transmission filters, being sought mainly the true position spectral of sensors. The reflected spectrum of a Bragg Grating has a strong dependence with the spectrum of the incident light that will result in a deformation to the reflected spectrum, generating a deviation in the sensor detected. The methodology will be to generate a disturbance in the light source and to analyze the reading of the spectrum Bragg Grating. That deviation in the position is associated to the potency optical work in the photodetectors with the position of wavelength sensor; the suitable readings in the photodetectors are proportional to the overlap degree among the spectra of the sensor and filters. The calibration will be emphasized in simulations being compared with experimental results, and to recover mainly the deformed spectrum of Bragg Grating sensor for a suitable spectrum that will give the correct information at the position of sensor. The simulation ends in a recovery of the deformed spectrum, reducing measurement uncertainties and of the position of sensor, being compared with experimental results.

[pt] A magnetostricção é a propriedade dos materiais ferromagnéticos de se deformarem pela presença de um campo magnético externo. Trata-se de uma propriedade inerente ao material, que não muda com o tempo. Materiais que apresentam deformações da ordem de 10-3 são conhecidos como materiais de magnetostricção gigante (GMM). Esta dissertação de mestrado estuda a aplicação destes materiais em sensores de deslocamento onde não há contacto entre o elemento cursor (um ímã) e o elemento sensor (GMM). O princípio de funcionamento consiste em aplicar um gradiente de campo magnético ao GMM que está fixo. O gradiente de campo magnético é gerado por um ímã preso ao componente ou estrutura na qual se quer medir o deslocamento. As variações no campo magnético no material GMM originados pelo deslocamento do ímã (estrutura), provocam uma deformação no GMM, que é detectada com extensômetros do tipo Strain Gauge ou Redes de Bragg. Neste trabalho apresenta-se a caracterização da deformação de GMM em relação a um campo constante aplicado, e análises do seu comportamento para diferentes geometrias. Efeitos de pressão, polarização com um segundo ímã, e diferentes gradientes de campo magnético são também estudados. É observado um comportamento local para a deformação quando a medida é realizada em diferentes regiões do GMM. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a medição de deslocamentos de alguns micra estando o elemento sensor a até 10 mm de distância do elemento cursor. / [en] Magnetostriction is a property of ferromagnetic materials to deform in the presence of a magnetic field. Magnetostriction is an inherent property of magnetic materials, which is unchangeable with time. Materials exhibiting strains in the order of 10-3 are known as giant magnetostrictive materials (GMM).In this dissertation we study the application of these materials in displacement sensors where there is not contact between the cursor element (magnet) and sensor element (GMM). Its principle of operation consists of applying a magnetic field gradient to a GMM located at a fixed position. The magnetic field gradient is produced by a magnet attached to the component or structure in which the displacement will be measured.The variation on the magnetic field in the GMM position originated from the displacement of the magnet, results in a strain in the GMM that can be detected with a Strain Gauge or Bragg Grating extensometers. In this work is presented the characterization of the strain on GMM cuboids against a constant magnetic field and the analysis of its behavior for different geometries. Effects of pressure, polarization with a second magnet, and different gradients of magnetic field are also studied. It is observed a local behavior for strains when it is measured in different regions of GMM cuboid. The results obtained allow us to measure displacements of about few micra when the sensor is at a distance of 10 mm from the cursor element.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camilo Andres P Mora.pdf: 2179325 bytes, checksum: 956a5f1d8568fa3876b0879ad21942c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to investigate the shrinkage-strainand degree of conversion inside the rootcanal"in situ"of resin cements used to lute fiber posts (Whitepost DC, FG). Thirty maxillary canines with similar root length average were selected (14 mm ± 1 mm). Each root canal was treated with crown-down technique and filled with gutta-percha, leaving 4 mm of apical seal.One week later, the roots were prepared following fiber post system manufacturer’s instructions. For the cementation, teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 15) according to the resin cement used: Group 1: dual-cured resin cement RelyX™ ARC – Adper Scotchbond™ Multipurpose Plus Adhesive (3M/ESPE) and Group 2: dual-cured resin cement RelyX™ U200 (3M/ESPE). Two fiber optic sensors with recorded Bragg gratings were attached to the coronal section (not in contact with the root) of each post before inserting the resin cement inside the root canal. These sensors measured the deformations of the cement over the coronal and apical section of the root (μe). Once measured, the specimens were sectionated in order to obtain slides on its cervical and apical sections. The degree of conversion of the cements on each third was analyzed by μ-Raman micro-spectroscopy. The data were statitsticallyanalyzed by two-way ANOVA (p = 0.05). The dual-curedconventional resin cement tested in this study showed the highest values of shrinkage-strain and degree of conversion; cervical region showed higher values than apical region in both of resin cements. / O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer o comportamento e a magnitude das deformações que ocorrem durante a polimerização “in loco” no interior do canal radicular, em cimentos resinosos durante a fixação de pinos de fibra de vidro Whitepost DC (FGM) e verificar o grau de conversão dos mesmos. Foram selecionados 30 caninos superiores (n=10) com comprimento radicular médio de 14 mm medidos da junção cemento-esmalte (JCE). Os canais foram tratados endodonticamente ea guta-percha foi removida deixando 4 mm do selamento apical. Após uma semana os canais foram preparados. Para a cimentação, os dentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos, segundo o cimento resinoso utilizado: Grupo ARC: cimento resinoso dual RelyX™ ARC – Adesivo Adper Scotchbond™ Multipurpose Plus (3M/ESPE) e Grupo U200: cimento resinoso dual RelyX™ U200 (3M/ESPE). Antes da inserção do cimento resinoso no interior do canal radicular foram posicionados no pino dois sensores de fibra óptica com redes de Bragg gravadas e colados na região que não entrou em contato com as paredes do canal; um na posição mais apical e outro na mais cervical do pino. Os sensores realizaram a mensuração das deformações do cimento em uma porção coronária e apical do canal radicular, para se obter valores em micro-strain (μe). Logo depois, os espécimes foram cortados em fatias para mensuração do grau de conversão dos cimentos, nos terços apical e cervical por meio da espectroscopia μ-Raman. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente por meio do teste ANOVA de dois fatores (p=0,05).Os sensores de fibra óptica com redes de Bragg mostraram-se eficientes na mensuração de contração de polimerização de cimentos resinosos. O cimento resinoso convencional testado no estudoapresentou maiores valores de contração de polimerização e grau de conversão, quando comparado com o cimento resinoso autoadesivo. O terço cervical apresentou maiores valores de contração de polimerização e grau de conversão, quando comparado com o terço apical independentedo tipo de cimento.

Ce travail de thèse présente une étude théorique, numérique et expérimentale de l’intégration sur un guide d’onde diélectrique de chaînes de nanoparticules d’or supportant des résonances « plasmon de surface localisé ». Les guides d’onde à plasmon de surface localisé procurent un confinement sub-longueur d’onde de la lumière, ce qui permet d’envisager la réalisation de composants optiques ultra-compacts. Cependant, leurs pertes optiques élevées restreignent leur application à de courtes distances de propagation, contrairement aux guides d’onde diélectriques. Une combinaison judicieuse des deux types de guide doit donc permettre de bénéficier de leurs avantages respectifs. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié théoriquement les propriétés des chaînes des nanoparticules grâce à un modèle analytique basé sur l’approximation de dipôles ponctuels couplés, que nous avons développé. Cette étude a permis de déterminer la forme et les dimensions des nanoparticules qui ont ensuite été introduites dans un logiciel de FDTD pour simuler le couplage entre la chaîne de nanoparticules et le guide diélectrique (SOI ou en Si3N4). De cette étude numérique, nous avons déduit les géométries des structures à fabriquer. Les structures réalisées ont été caractérisées à l’aide d’un banc de transmission résolue spectralement, mis en place pendant cette thèse, et d’un système de mesures en champ proche optique en collaboration avec le LNIO (Troyes). Pour la première fois, nous avons montré expérimentalement les propriétés d’une chaîne courte de nanoparticules intégrée sur un guide SOI, ainsi que le phénomène de guides couplés entre une chaîne longue de nanoparticules et un guide SOI. Une valeur record de la constante de couplage a été obtenue, et ce, aux longueurs d’onde des télécoms (proche infrarouge). L’énergie lumineuse transportée par le mode TE du guide SOI peut ainsi être entièrement transférée au guide plasmonique en 4 ou 5 nanoparticules, soit une distance de propagation de moins de 600 nm. Nous avons également étudié les propriétés de réseaux de Bragg à base de plasmon de surface localisé en confrontant les résultats de mesures de transmission résolue spectralement aux résultats théoriques d’un modèle analytique basé à la fois sur l’approximation de dipôle ponctuel en régime quasi-statique et la théorie des modes couplés. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie à des applications de pinces optiques, de capteurs ou de spaser, qui bénéficieront de l’intégration de nanoparticules métalliques dans les circuits photoniques. / This PhD work presents a theoretical, numerical and experimental study of the integration of a gold nanoparticle chain supporting "localized surface plasmon resonances" on a dielectric waveguide. The localized surface plasmon allows a sub-wavelength confinement of light which could lead to the achievement of ultra-compact optical components. However, the high level of optical losses restricts their application to short propagating distances unlike dielectric waveguides. A judicious combination of both types of guides should therefore allow taking profit of their respective advantages. Firstly, we have theoretically studied the properties of nanoparticles chains using an analytical model that we have developed following the coupled dipoles approximation. This has helped us to determine the shape and size of nanoparticles, which have been further used in a FDTD software, to simulate the coupling between the chain and the dielectric waveguide (SOI or Si3N4). Using this numerical study, we have deduced the geometries of structures to be fabricated. The realized structures have been characterized using a spectrally resolved transmission set-up, built during this thesis, and an optical near field measurement set-up (collaboration LNIO Troyes). For the first time, we have experimentally shown the properties of short nanoparticle chains integrated on a SOI waveguide as well as the existence of a coupled waveguide phenomenon between long nanoparticle chains and SOI waveguides. A record value has been obtained for the coupling constant at telecom wavelengths (near infrared). The light energy carried by the TE mode of the SOI waveguide can be completely transferred into the plasmonic waveguide via the first 4 or 5 nanoparticles of the chain, which means a distance of less than 600 nm. We have also studied the properties of Bragg gratings based on localized surface plasmon. Experimental results from spectrally resolved transmission measurements have been compared to theoretical results obtained from an analytical model based on the point dipole approximation in quasi-static regime, on one hand, and using the coupled mode theory, on the other hand. This work opens the way for applications to optical tweezers, sensors or spasers, which will benefit from the integration of metal nanoparticles in photonic circuits.

Ces trois années de thèse balayent la conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation de lasers III V sur silicium à 1.31 µm pour les data-communications. Le design des sources englobe notamment l’optimisation du couplage entre l’empilement III V et le silicium, effectué grâce à un taper adiabatique, ainsi que l’étude de la cavité laser inscrite, comme le taper, dans le silicium. Trois types de cavités à base de réseaux ont été étudiées: les cavités à contre-réaction distribuée (DFB pour distributed feedback), celles à réseaux de Bragg distribuées (DBR pour distributed Bragg reflector) et enfin celles à réseaux de Bragg échantillonnées (SGDBR pour sampled-grating DBR). Deux solutions ont été abordées concernant les lasers DFB: le réseau, inscrit dans le guide silicium sous la zone de gain, est soit gravé au-dessus du guide Si, soit sur les côtés. La seconde possibilité, appelée ‘DFB lasers couplés latéralement’, simplifie la fabrication et élargit les possibilités de design.Les lasers DFB fabriqués sont très prometteurs en terme de puissance (avec jusque 20 mW dans le guide) ainsi que pour leur pureté spectrale (avec une différence de plus de 50 dB entre le mode principal et le mode suivant). Une accordabilité spectrale de plus de 27 nm a été obtenue en continu avec les lasers SGDBR tout en conservant une très bonne pureté spectrale et une puissance de plus de 7 mW dans le guide. / This 3 years work covers the design, the process and the characterization of III-V on silicon lasers at 1.31 µm for datacommunication applications. In particular, the design part includes the optimization of the coupling between III V and Si using adiabatic tapers as well as the laser cavity, which is formed within the Si. Three types of lasers were studied, all of them based on cavities which consist of gratings: distributed feedback (DFB) lasers, distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers and finally sampled-grating DBR (SGDBR) lasers. Regarding the DFB lasers, two solutions have been chosen: the grating is either etched on top or on the edges of the Si waveguide to form so called vertically or laterally coupled DFB lasers. The latter type, quite uncommon among hybrid III V on Si technologies, simplifies the process fabrication and broadens the designs possibilities.Not only the lasers demonstrated show high output powers (~20 mW in the waveguides) but also very good spectral purities (with a side mode suppression ratio higher than 50 dB), especially for the DFB ones. The SGDBR devices turn out to be continuously tunable over a wavelength range higher than 27 nm with a good spectral purity as well and an output power higher than 7 mW in the waveguide with great opportunities of improvement.

CNPq / Esta dissertação descreve a fabricação, aplicação e os resultados de um sensor de fibra ótica baseada em redes de Bragg regeneradas para a medição de elevadas temperaturas dos gases de exaustão em uma turbina de motor diesel de locomotiva. É proposto um encapsulamento para a FBG com peças em aço inoxidável o qual foi fixado na superfície da turbina. O sensor foi posto a prova sendo submetido em testes em campo variando a potência do motor. Em laboratório foi feita a comparação do sensor ótico com um sensor convencional termopar. Foi possível demonstrar que os valores de temperatura medidos pelos sensores, tanto o sensor a fibra ótica quanto o convencional, seguem a mesma tendência da potência gerada pelo motor e, dessa forma, foi demonstrado a eficiência do funcionamento dos sensores mostrando a medição de temperaturas na turbina. / This paper describes the fabrication, implementation and results of a fiber optic sensor based on Bragg gratings regenerated for measurement of high temperatures of the exhaust gases in a turbine diesel engine locomotive. The proposed sensor with an encapsulation with stainless steel parts which is laid down on the surface of the turbine. The sensor has been challenged undergoing field tests at varying engine power. In the laboratory the optical sensor was compared with a conventional thermocouple sensor. It was possible to demonstrate that the temperature values measured by the sensors, both the optical fiber sensor as the conventional follow the same trend of the power generated by the engine and thus demonstrated the efficiency of the operation of sensors measuring temperatures showing in turbine.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender o comportamento térmico da excitatriz estática da Usina Hidrelétrica Derivação do Rio Jordão (UHEDRJ), empregando redes de Bragg em fibra ótica como sensor de temperatura. São apresentados os componentes da excitatriz estática, com foco na ponte retificadora trifásica controlada a tiristores. Com a calibração pôde-se conhecer os erros e incertezas dos sensores, tendo as maiores contribuições de incerteza devidas à dispersão das amostras e ajuste das curvas pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. A instrumentação da excitatriz estática permite que sejam realizados ensaios em diversas condições de operação da unidade geradora: partida da unidade, excitação a vazio, ou seja, com o gerador energizado, mas sem estar conectado ao sistema elétrico; excitada e sincronizada, ou seja, gerador energizado e sincronizado com o sistema elétrico; rampa de carga até a carga nominal e parada da unidade. Os ensaios realizados permitem estimar o comportamento térmico da ponte retificadora, variações de temperatura de cada tiristor no painel e como ocorrem as dissipações térmicas. / This work aims to study the static exciter thermal behavior of the hydroelectric power plant Rio Jordão (UHEDRJ) using fiber Bragg gratings as temperature sensor. The components of the static exciter are presented, with a focus on three-phase thyristor controlled bridge rectifier. The calibration allows knowing the errors and uncertainties of the sensors and the greatest uncertainty contributions due to dispersion of the samples and adjusting the curves by the method of minimun squares. The static exciter instrumentation allows performed the tests in various operating conditions of the generating unit: starting unit, excitation empty (with the generator energized but not connected to the grid); excited and synchronized (energized and synchronized with the power grid), ramp load to rated load and the unit stopped. The tests allow to estimate the thermal behavior of the bridge rectifier, temperature variations of each thyristor in the panel and how occur the thermal dissipation.