Thesis (M.Sc. (Animal Production)) --University of Limpopo, 2007 / Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary lysine and ascorbic acid supplementation on productivity, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The first experiment examined the effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary lysine supplementation during realimentation on productivity, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens during the winter period. Three hundred and sixty unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens with an initial weight of 30 ± 2 g per bird were assigned to twelve treatments with three replications of ten birds each in a 4 (times of initiation of feeding) x 3 (lysine supplemental levels) factorial, complete randomized design. At each time of initiation of feeding after hatching during the starter and grower stages, the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous but with three different lysine supplementation levels. Lysine supplementation started three days after hatching. Time of initiation of feeding above 36 hours after hatching resulted in growth retardation and high mortality rate. More than 50 % of the birds died between one and three days of age when initiation of feeding after hatching was above 36 hours. However, the birds ‘caught-up’ at the latest within eight days of realimentation. This compensatory growth could be explained in terms of higher intakes. Lysine supplementation during realimentation reduced the number of days of ‘catch-up’ irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Generally, the higher the level of lysine supplementation, the lower was the number of days of ‘catch-up’ upon realimentation. Thereafter, time of initiation of feeding after hatching and lysine supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on live weight, feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, diet digestibility, nitrogen content of breast meat, dressing %, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The second experiment examined the effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary ascorbic acid supplementation on productivity, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens during the summer period. Six v hundred and seventy five unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens with an initial weight of 32 ± 2 g per bird were assigned to fifteen treatments with three replications of fifteen birds each in a 3 (times of initiation of feeding) x 5 (ascorbic acid supplemental levels) factorial, complete randomized design. Ascorbic acid supplementation started 3 days after hatching. An average of 18 % and 31 % of the birds died between one and three days of age when initiation of feeding after hatching was above 36 hours. However, the birds ‘caught-up’ within ten days of realimentation irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. This compensatory growth could be explained in terms of reduced maintenance requirement and possibly, increased efficiency of growth. Following ‘catch-up’, ascorbic acid supplementation during realimentation lowered (P<0.05) mortality rate and improved growth rates irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Growth rate increased incrementally with increasing levels of ascorbic acid supplementation within each time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Improved growth rate in the ascorbic acid supplemented birds resulted in improved live weight in comparison with those without ascorbic acid supplementation at 21 days of age and continued until 42 days of age. Live weight increased incrementally with increasing levels of ascorbic acid supplementation within each time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Similarly, increasing ascorbic acid supplementation within each time of initiation of feeding after hatching increased dressing percentage and breast meat yield at 42 days old. However, ascorbic acid supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake of the birds irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. In both experiments, mortality was positively and strongly correlated with time of initiation of feeding after hatching while live weight was negatively and strongly correlated with time of initiation of feeding after hatching. It is concluded that time of initiation of feeding above 36 hours after hatching is not desirable, mainly because of its effect on mortality. However, lysine supplementation in the diet of broiler chickens subjected to delayed initiation of feeding after hatching might play a key role in accelerating the rate of ‘catch-up’ growth response. vi It is also concluded that the beneficial effect of ascorbic acid supplementation could be exploited in reducing mortality rate and improving growth rates in broiler chickens subjected to delayed initiation of feeding after hatching. / the National Research Foundation

Thesis (M.Sc. (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on intake, growth and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The first experiment determined the effect of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on performance of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to three weeks. Two hundred unsexed day-old chicks were randomly assigned to five treatments with four replications, each replication having ten birds. A complete randomized design was used. The chickens were fed a grower diet supplemented with 0 (EM0), 30 (EM30), 50 (EM50), 70 (EM70) or 100 (EM100) ml of effective microorganisms per litre of water. Effective microorganism supplementation did not improve (P>0.05) diet and metabolisable energy intakes of the chickens. Effective microorganism supplementation reduced (P<0.05) growth rate and live weight of the chickens. Poorer (P<0.05) feed conversion ratios were observed in chickens supplemented with effective microorganisms. However, effective microorganism supplementation improved (P<0.05) crude protein retention of the chickens. Supplementation with effective microorganisms reduced (P<0.05) mortality rate of the chickens from 10 to 0 %. The second experiment determined the effect of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on performance of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. The chickens were randomly allocated to five treatments with four replications, each replication having 10 birds. The chickens aged 21 days, weighing 474 ± 2g, were allocated to the treatments in a complete randomized design. The chickens were fed a grower diet supplemented with 0 (EMM0), 30 (EMM30), 50 (EMM50, 70 (EMM70) or 100 (EMM100) ml of effective microorganisms per litre of water. Effective microorganism supplementation did not improve (P>0.05) intake, DM digestibility, metabolisable energy, feed conversion ratio, fat pad weight and meat sensory attributes of the chickens. Effective microorganism supplementation reduced (P<0.05) growth rate, live weight and carcass weight of the chickens. However, effective microorganism supplementation improved (P<0.05) crude protein retention and crude protein content of meat of the chickens. Supplementation with effective microorganisms reduced (P<0.05) mortality of the chickens from 5 to 0 %. v It is concluded that effective microorganism supplementation to the diets of Ross 308 broiler chickens reduced growth rate and live weight of the chickens. However, effective microorganism supplementation improved crude protein retention and crude protein content of the meat of broiler chickens. Supplementation with effective microorganisms reduced mortality of the chickens to zero.

Darbo tikslas: ištirti ksilanazių, beta gliukanazių, celiulazių ir amonio propionato bei pieno rūgšties įtaką viščiukų broilerių virškinimo procesams. Uždaviniai: 1. ištirti ksilanazių, beta gliukanazių, celiulazių ir amonio propionato bei pieno rūgšties įtaką viščiukų broilerių produktyvumui. 2. ištirti ksilanazių, beta gliukanazių, celiulazių ir amonio propionato bei pieno rūgšties įtaką viščiukų broilerių virškinimo procesams. Išvados: 1. Fermentinio preparato (pagrindiniai fermentiniai aktyvumai - ksilanazių, beta gliukanazių, celiulazių) tiek vieno, tiek kartu su organinėmis rūgštimis (amonio propionato pieno rūgštis) įtakojo viščiukų broilerių kūno masės didėjimą 2 proc., lesalų sąnaudų 1 kg priesvorio gauti sumažėjimą 6 proc., lyginant su kontroline grupe (p > 0,05). Lesalų priedai neturėjo įtakos viščiukų broilerių gaištamumui. 2. Fermentinio preparato ir organinių rūgščių poveikyje pH turėjo didėjimo tendencija dvylikapirštės ir plonosios žarnų, turinyje tuo tarpu aklosios žarnos turinyje šis rodiklis buvo žemesnis, lyginant su kontroline grupe (p > 0,05). 3. Lesalų priedų panaudojimas, įtakojo didesni SM kiekį viščiukų broilerių virškinamojo trakto turinyje, lyginant su kontroline grupe. 4. Fermentinio preparato poveikyje (II tiriamoji grupė) acto, propiono ir sviesto rūgščių kiekis aklosios žarnos turinyje padidėjo nežymiai, atitinkamai 0,1, 0,12 ir 0,08 proc., o III tiriamojoje grupėje (fermentinis preparatas + organinės rūgštys) acto ir sviesto rūgščių kiekis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the work: to investigate the influence of xylanase, beta glucanase, cellulase, ammonium propionate and lactic acid on digestion process of broiler chickens. The tasks of labor: 1. to investigate the influence of of xylanase, beta glucanase, cellulase, ammonium propionate and lactic acid on productivity of broiler chickens; 2. to investigate the influence of xylanase, beta glucanase, cellulase, ammonium propionate and lactic acid on digestion process of broiler chickens. Conclusious: 1. Enzymes (xylanase, beta glucanase, cellulase) used alone or with organic acids (ammonium propionate, lactic acid) influenced the weight increase of broiler chickens by 2%, feed consumption per 1kg decrease in weight gain was 6%, compared with the control group (p > 0.05). Feed additives had no effect on mortality of broiler chickens. 2. pH tends to increase in the duodenum and small intestine, while in caecum this rate was lower compared to the control group (p > 0.05). 3. The use of feed additives influenced the higher DM content in broiler chickens digestive tract content, compared with the control group. 4. In the second experimental group acetic, propionic and butyric acids increased slightly, by 0.1, 0.12 and 0.08%, compared to the control group (p > 0.05). In the third experimental group acetic and propionic acids increased by 0.93 and 0.33%, while butyric acids decreased by 0.65% compared with the control group (p > 0.05). 5. In both - the second and the third – investigated... [to full text]

Darbo tikslas: ištirti kvietrugių maistinę vertę ir jų panaudojimo galimybes viščiukų broilerių mityboje. Darbo uždaviniai: ištirti kvietrugių maistinę vertę; ištirti kvietrugių įtaką viščiukų broilerių virškinimo procesams. Rezultatai: išanalizavus 11 kvietrugių veislių nustatytas vidutinis žalių baltymų kiekis – 11,99 proc., žalių riebalų – 0,83 proc., žalių pelenų – 1,31 proc., vidutinis krakmolo kiekis – 69,69 proc., kalcio – 0,07 proc., fosforo – 0,303 proc. Pagrindinių aminorūgščių, lizino, metionino, treonino ir triptofano vidutiniai kiekiai atitinkamai nustatyti – 0,36 proc., 0,17 proc., 0,3 proc., 0,13 proc. Naudojant viščiukų lesinimui multifunkcinį fermentą bei kvietrugių veislę Tulus žarnyno svoris, ilgis bei aklosios žarnos ilgis mažėjo 4 – 6 proc., o naudojant veislę Lego - esminių pokyčių nenustatyta. Naudojant fermentą bei kvietrugių veisles Lego ir Tulus širdies svoris padidėjo atitinkamai 8 ir 10 proc., lesinant minėtas kvietrugių veisles ir fermentą kepenų svoris padidėjo atitinkamai 10 ir 8 proc. Naudojant viščiukų lesinimui multifunkcinį fermentinį priedą virškinamosios masės klampumas viščiukų broilerių aklojoje žarnoje padidėjo 11 – 23 proc. / Purpose of work: investigate the nutritional value of triticale as well as the use of it as a feed to broiler chicken. The tasks of work: investigation of triticale nutritional value; investigation of triticale influence to digestive processes of broiler chicken. Results: an analysis of 11 triticale varieties has shown that the average crude protein content is 11.99 percent, crude fat 0.83 percent, green ash 1.31 percent, starch 69.69 percent, calcium - 0.07 percent, phosphorus - 0.303 percent. The average amount of basic amino acids, lysine, methionine and tryptophan in triticale are as follows: 0.36 percent, 0.17 percent, 0.3 percent, 0.13 percent. The research has shown that by using multifunctional enzymes and triticale variety Tulus intestinal weight, length and caecum length decreased by 4-6 percent; whereas the use of triticale variety Lego has resulted in no major differences. The use of both varieties Lego and Tulus resulted in increase of heart weight by 8-10 percent and increase in liver weight by 10 for Lego and 8 percent for Tulus variety. The use of multifunctional enzyme has also resulted in viscosity of digestible mass in an increase in broiler caecum by 11-23 percent.

Resumo: O estresse por calor é considerado um dos fatores de maior impacto na criação de frangos de corte, já que exerce grande influência no desempenho e na qualidade da carcaça, bem como no perfil de expressão de genes relacionados ao crescimento e desenvolvimento animal. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou verificar o efeito da temperatura e da restrição alimentar no desempenho, composição de carcaça e nos padrões de expressão de genes envolvidos na regulação do crescimento e desenvolvimento (GHR, IGF-I e IGF-IR), aos 21 e 42 dias de idade dos frangos de corte pela técnica de PCR quantitativo em tempo real. Os resultados evidenciaram que a restrição alimentar imposta pela exposição ao calor reduziu o desempenho e rendimento de peito e aumentou o rendimento de coxas+sobrecoxas. O estresse por calor e o consumo de ração alteraram o rendimento de asas, mas não influenciaram o rendimento de carcaça e de gordura abdominal. O calor aumentou o teor de extrato etéreo no peito e nas asas e diminuiu o de matéria mineral nas coxas+sobrecoxas. Independente da temperatura de criação, a restrição alimentar exerce um efeito negativo na expressão do gene do GHR no fígado das aves jovens, sem maiores reflexos na expressão do gene do IGF-I. O estresse térmico afeta a expressão dos genes hepáticos GHR e IGF-I somente nas aves adultas, as quais apresentam perfil inverso ao das aves restritas pelo "pair-feeding". A reação de amplificação do gene IGF-IR apresentou formação de produtos de amplificação inespecíficos, assim como formação de estruturas secundárias das moléculas dos iniciadores (dímeros e "hairpins"), o que impossibilitou a análise dos resultados / Abstract: Heat stress is considered one of greatest impact factors on broiler chicken production, once that it has great influence on the performance and carcass quality, as well as on the expression profile of genes related to growth and animal development. Thus, the present work had the objective of verifying the effect of temperature and food restriction on the performance, carcass composition and expression pattern of genes involved in the growth regulation and development (GHR, IGF-I and IGF-IR), at 21 and 42 days of age of the broilers using the PCR quantitative real-time technique. The results showed that the food restriction imposed by heat exposure, affected negatively the performance and breast yield and, positively, the tight and drumstick yield. The heat stress and feed intake altered the yield of wings, but did not affect carcass yield and abdominal fat. The heat increased both ether extract content in the breast and wings and reduced the mineral matter content in the tights and drumsticks. Independent of temperature, in the young bird's livers, food restriction endorses a negative effect on the GHR gene expression, without greatest reflects on IGF-I expression. Only on adult bird's, thermal stress affects the expression of GHR and IGF-I hepatic genes, that exhibit an inverse profile of restricted pair-feeding birds. The amplification reaction of IGF-IR gene showed both formation of nonspecific amplification products, as well as secondary structures of the primers of the molecules (dimerous and hairpins), precluding the analysis of results / Orientador: Renato Luís Furlan / Coorientador: Luiz Roberto Furlan / Banca: João Martins Pizauro Júnior / Banca: Poliana Fernanda Giachetto / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-10-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_ps_dr_jabo.pdf: 346991 bytes, checksum: a2351be1f57c5e7c888290c89a434e88 (MD5) / Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) / Foram realizados dois experimentos com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da temperatura de criação, dos consumos de ração e de energia sobre o desempenho, composição bromatológica da carcaça e concentrações de alguns componentes do metabolismo intermediário no plasma e fígado de frangos com potencial genético de crescimento diferenciado. No primeiro experimento, 600 pintos de corte, machos, foram alojados em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, correspondendo a dois grupos genéticos: um da Embrapa Suínos e aves (PCLC), sob acasalamento ao acaso, desde 1984, e outro comercial (ROSS 308). O outro fator foi representado por três grupos de manejo, diferenciados pela prática de fornecimento de ração e temperatura de criação, sendo dois com ração à vontade e submetidos a duas temperaturas distintas (uma termoneutra, 23RA, e outra de estresse por calor, 32RA), e um terceiro grupo utilizado como controle (23RR) com temperatura termoneutra e consumo de ração equivalente, em pair-feed diário com o grupo 32RA. No segundo experimento, 600 pintos de corte, machos, foram alojados em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, correspondendo a dois grupos genéticos, os mesmos da descrição para o primeiro experimento, e três níveis de energia metabolizável da ração (2.950, 3.200 e 3.450 kcal/EM/kg). Frangos de corte mantidos sob altas temperaturas e consumo de ração à vontade apresentam carcaças com menor quantidade de proteína e maior deposição de gordura. Linhagens de maior potencial genético para crescimento são mais adequadas para produzir carcaças com maior rendimento e quantidade de proteína, menor deposição de gordura e maior rendimento de peito. As diferenças observadas nos níveis dos metabólitos permitem concluir que tanto a temperatura elevada quanto a redução do consumo de ração provocam alterações significativas no direcionamento de nutrientes para o metabolismo relacionado com a deposição de gordura. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature, feed consumption, and metabolizable energy consumption on performance, carcass yield, carcass composition and levels of intermediate metabolites in plasma and liver of broiler chickens. Two experiments were performed. In the first trial, 600 male-chicks from two broiler strains (ROSS 308 and PCLC, a control line kept by Embrapa since 1984) were housed considering a factorial design 2 x 3 (strains x management practices). The management consisted of two groups submitted to ad libitum feed consumption, with a temperature difference (neutral, 23RA or heat stres, 32RR), and a third group (23RR) under neutral temperature and controlled feed consumption (daily pair-feed to 32RR). In the second trial, 600 male broiler-chicks were housed considering a factorial design 2 x 3 (strains, as in trial 1 x diet energy levels (2,950; 3,200 and 3,450 kcal/EM/kg). At 42 days of age, the birds were processed in order to access body composition. The results showed that birds raised at high temperatures and ad libitum feed consumption produce a carcass with lower protein content and higher abdominal fat deposition. The use of high growth potential strains showed to be the choice in order to obtain carcasses with higher protein concentration, lower fat deposits, and higher breast yield. It is possible to conclude that both high temperature and reduced feed consumption do produce significant effects on the direction of nutrients for fat deposition.

Orientador: Renato Luis Furlan / Banca: João Waine Pinheiro / Banca: João Martins Pizauro Junior / Resumo: Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da exposição ao calor crônico e cíclico sobre o desempenho, metabolização dos nutrientes, energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e atividade de enzimas pancreáticas em frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 450 frangos, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 esquemas de temperatura/alimentação (TN/Ad libitum, Crônico/Ad libitum, TN/restrito a Crônico, Cíclico/Ad libitum e TN/restrito a Cíclico). Assim, TN representa a temperatura termoneutra e os grupos TN/restrito a Crônico e TN/restrito a Cíclico receberam a mesma quantidade de ração que Crônico/Ad libitum e Cíclico/Ad libitum, respectivamente. A exposição crônica ao calor afetou o desempenho de frangos de corte com maior intensidade que a exposição cíclica, havendo efeito direto do calor crônico e cíclico. Os coeficientes de metabolização da matéria seca, gordura e a EMAn aumentaram com a idade. Os coeficientes de metabolização dos nutrientes foram diminuídos pela exposição crônica ao calor, havendo efeito direto da temperatura apenas para gordura. A restrição alimentar gerada pelo calor crônico causou aumento da atividade da amilase e redução na atividade da tripsina. A atividade da lipase aumentou devido ao efeito direto do calor crônico. A menor digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi associada à piora do desempenho das aves expostas ao calor crônico, porém não foi relacionada à piora dos índices zootécnicos dos frangos expostos ao calor cíclico. A redução da atividade da tripsina pode estar associada à menor digestibilidade da proteína causada pelo estresse por calor crônico. / Abstract: This work evaluated the effect of the chronic and cyclical heat stress in performance, metabolization of nutrients, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (EMAn) and pancreatic enzymes activity in broiler chickens. 450 chickens, distributed in completely randomized design with 5 groups of temperature/feeding (TN/Ad libitum, Chronic/Ad libitum, TN/Chronic restrict, Cyclical/Ad libitum and TN/Cyclical restrict). Thus, TN represents the thermoneutral temperature and the TN/Chronic restrict and TN/Cyclical restrict had received the same amount from feed that Chronic/Ad libitum and Cyclical/Ad libitum, respectively. The chronic exposition to the heat affected the performance of chickens with bigger intensity that the cyclical exposition, having direct effect of the chronic and cyclical heat. The coefficients of metabolization of dry matter, fat and EMAn had increased with the age. The coefficients of metabolization of nutrients had been decreased by the chronic heat stress, having direct effect of the temperature only for fat. The feed restriction generated by the chronic heat caused increase of amylase activity and reduction in trypsin activity. The lipase activity increased due to direct effect of chronic heat exposure. The lesser metabolization of nutrients was associated with the worsening of the performance of the chronic heat exposed broilers, however it was not related to the worsening of performance of chickens exposed to cyclical heat stress. The reduction of the trypsin activity can be associated to the lesser digestibility of the protein caused for chronic heat stress. / Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the main mycotoxins that can be identified in foods, and has relevance for agricultural economics and public health because of its immunotoxic properties. A functional immune system is a basic requirement for a healthy life in modern animal production. The interaction involving nutrition and immunity is a strategic factor to obtain a high quality performance in the poultry industry. Immunomodulators such as β-glucans have an immunostimulating activity, which enables the host ability to resist opportunistic infections. To contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of action of β-glucans in broiler chicken lymphocytes, the effects of the concentrations of 0.1, 1 and 10% of β-glucans derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated in lymphocytes exposed to increasing concentrations of AFB1 (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 20 μg/ml). Lymphocytes were separated by Ficoll-Histopaque density and cultured in 96 well-plates containing AFB1 and/or β-glucans in a 5% CO2 atmosphere at 39°C. MTT, PicoGreen® and 2'-7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate cytotoxicity tests were evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. The comet assay to elucidate the DNA damage was also performed. The percentage of viable cells decreased in the presence of 10 μg/ml AFB1 at 48 h (p < 0.05) and 10 and 20 μg/ml AFB1 at 72 h (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively), when compared to the control group (0 μg/ml). Furthermore, an increase in cell-free DNA in AFB1 concentrations > 1 μg/ml (p < 0.001) and the generation of ROS at 24 h were also observed. DNA damage increased approximately 2.3 fold in lymphocytes exposed to 20 μg/ml of AFB1 when compared to the control group. Conversely, β-glucans showed cytoprotective effects (p < 0.001), and the concentration of 1% reverted the AFB1-induced lymphocyte damage. β-glucans at 10% significantly increased (p < 0.001) the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentiating the AFB1-induced ROS formation. In conclusion, this study showed that AFB1 and β-glucans exert influence on lymphocyte oxidative metabolism and have dose-dependent potentiating effects. The results also showed genoprotective in vitro effect of β-glucans in poultry lymphocytes exposed to AFB1, being the concentration of 1% β-glucans able to maintain DNA integrity. / A aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) é uma das principais micotoxinas que podem ser identificadas em alimentos, possuindo relevância agroeconômica e para a saúde pública, por ser considerada imunotóxica. Um sistema imune funcional é um requisito básico para uma vida saudável na produção moderna de animais. A interação envolvendo nutrição e imunidade é um fator estratégico para obter um bom desempenho em frangos de corte. Devido as suas atividades imunomodulatórias, substâncias como as β-glucanas proporcionam ao hospedeiro uma maior capacidade de resistir a infecções oportunistas. Para melhor compreender o mecanismo de ação das β-glucanas, sobre os linfócitos de frangos de corte, investigou-se os efeitos das concentrações de 0.1, 1 e 10% de β-glucanas derivadas do fungo Saccharomyces cerevisiae em linfócitos expostos a crescentes concentrações de AFB1 (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 20 μg/ml). Os linfócitos foram separados através do reagente de densidade Ficoll-Histopaque e cultivados em placas de 96 poços, contendo as concentrações de AFB1 e/ou β-glucanas em atmosfera de 5% de CO2 a 39°C durante 24, 48 e 72 h. A citotoxicidade celular foi avaliada através dos testes MTT e PicoGreen®, e a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROS) através do ensaio 2′-7′- diacetato diclorofluoresceína. Também foi utilizado o teste cometa para elucidar os danos ao DNA. A viabilidade celular reduziu na presença de 10 μg/ml de AFB1 em 48 h (p < 0.05) e em 10 and 20 μg/ml de AFB1 (p < 0.01 e p < 0.001, respectivamente) em 72 h quando comparada ao grupo controle. Além disso, as concentrações de AFB1 > 1 μg/ml aumentaram significativamente (p < 0.001) a liberação de fita dupla de DNA (dsDNA) e a produção de EROS em 24 h. Os danos causados ao DNA foram confirmados através do momento cauda do cometa e aumentaram cerca de 2,3 vezes em linfócitos expostos a 20 μg/ml de AFB1 quando comparados ao grupo controle. Por outro lado, as β-glucanas exerceram efeitos citoprotetores (p < 0.001), sendo que a concentração de 1% foi capaz de reverter os danos genotóxicos causados pela ação da AFB1. Já a concentração de 10% de β-glucanas aumentou significativamente (p < 0.001) a formação de EROS, potencializando a ação da AFB1. Em conclusão, este estudou evidenciou que a AFB1 e as β-glucanas exercem influência sobre o metabolismo oxidativo dos linfócitos e possui efeito potencializador dose-dependente. Os resultados também evidenciaram o efeito genoprotetor in vitro de β-glucanas em linfócitos de frangos expostos a AFB1, sendo a concentração de β-glucanas a 1% capaz de manter a integridade do DNA.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:36:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sanfelice_c_me_botfmvz.pdf: 528622 bytes, checksum: c9f0911ab04c1ca00ef2a724dcc79192 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Foram realizados dois experimentos. No experimento 1, foi determinado qual das dosagens de vitamina 25-OHD3 promoveria a maior concentração de cálcio plasmático. Foram utilizados 90 frangos de corte e aos 35 dias, as aves foram suplementadas diariamente por sete dias com três dosagens de vitamina D3 na dieta. Todas as dietas continham 2.500UI de vitamina D3. O Tratamento 1, dieta controle, continha somente 2.500UI de vitamina D3/kg ração; o Tratamento 2 foi suplementado com 1.000UI de vitamina 25-OHD3, totalizando 3.500UI; o Tratamento 3, suplementado com 2.500UI de vitamina 25-OHD3, totalizando 5.000UI. A partir dos 42 dias todas as aves receberam a ração controle até os 48 dias de idade. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue, antes, durante e após a administração de vitamina D3 com coletas diárias dos 35-42 dias. O efeito dos níveis de cálcio foi testado de forma contínua por análise de regressão. Foram observadas diferenças ao longo dos dias de coleta de sangue, quanto maior os níveis de vitamina D3 suplementados na ração, maior foram as concentrações de cálcio plasmático. Conclui-se que a dose de 5.000UI de vitamina D, provocou maior concentração de cálcio sanguíneo. No experimento 2, foi avaliado qual o melhor tempo de administração de vitamina D3 antes do abate para se obter níveis elevados de cálcio plasmático por pelo menos dois dias após a última administração. Foram utilizados 60 frangos de corte e aos 35 dias as aves foram suplementadas com vitamina D3 na dieta com a melhor dosagem obtida no experimento 1... / Two trials were conducted. In trial 1, there was determine which dosage of vitamin 25-OHD3 would promoted the highest plasma calcium concentration. There were housed 90 broiler chickens and at 35 days of age, the birds were supplemented daily for seven days with three doses of vitamin D in the diet. All diets contained 2.500UI of vitamin D3. The treatment 1, control diet, contained only 2.500UI D3/kg vitamin in diet; the treatment 2 was supplemented with 1,000UI of 25-OHD3 vitamin, totaling 3.500UI; Treatment 3, was supplemented with 2,500UI of 25-OHD3, totaling 5.000UI. From 42 days all birds received the control diet until 48 days old. Blood samples were collected, before, during and after the administration of vitamin D3 with daily collects in the 35-42 days. The calcium levels effect was continuously tested by regression analysis. There were differences day of blood collection, and the higher levels of 25-OHD3 vitamin supplementation in the diet were higher concentrations of plasma calcium. It is concluded that the dosage of 5,000UI vitamin D3, caused the highest calcium concentration. In experiment 2 there was evaluated the best administration time of vitamin D3 before slaughter to obtain high levels of plasma calcium by at least two days after the last administration. There were housed 60 broilers chickens and at 35 days of age, the birds were supplemented with vitamin 25-OHD3 in the diet with the best dosage obtained in experiment 1, was evaluated in three periods of administration, T1: 3 days, T2: 5 days, T3: 7 consecutive days of administration of the final diet supplemented. After each period of feed, the birds received control diet for four consecutive days. Daily, blood samples were collected, before, during and after the last administration. The plasma calcium in birds fed for five consecutive days... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da glicerina produzida no Brasil e o seu efeito no valor de energia metabolizável e na digestibilidade para frangos de corte, bem como avaliar o desempenho e qualidade de carne, estudando os possíveis efeitos adversos e determinando o melhor nível de inclusão a ser adotado com segurança. Na primeira etapa foram coletadas 10 amostras de glicerina de diferentes fontes e origens para a análise da composição. Em seguida, foram selecionadas 4 glicerinas de composições contrastantes para a determinação da energia metabolizável e digestibilidade em ensaios de metabolismo com 200 frangos de corte durante o período de 21 a 29 dias de idade, através do método de coleta total de excretas. Na segunda etapa, as aves foram submetidas ao um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com 6 tratamentos e 6 repetições de 45 aves cada. Os tratamentos constituíam de uma ração controle e 5 rações com 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10,0 e 12,5% de glicerina, sendo que a glicerina utilizada foi a que apresentou melhor composição química e energia metabolizável de 3145 kcal/kg. A umidade da cama foi analisada aos 28, 35 e 40 dias de idade. Aos 40 dias de idade foram sacrificadas 6 aves por tratamento para determinação do rendimento de carcaça e partes, além de coleta do músculo do peito, perna e fígado. Nos músculos do peito e da perna foram realizadas as análises de qualidade de carne. Também foram determinados a composição centesimal e perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura no músculo do peito. As energias aparente metabolizável corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio das glicerinas foram de 3145, 5026, 2828 e 2892 kcal/kg. Para o desempenho das aves o aumento do nível de glicerina na dieta até 10% não afetou negativamente, somente com a inclusão de 12,5% de glicerina houve piora no peso (P<0,05) para o período de 40 dias de idade. Não houve efeito significativo para o rendimento de carcaça e partes (P>0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças (P>0,05) para a composição centesimal e perfil de ácidos graxos na gordura. Aos 35 e 40 dias de idade foram encontrados aumento no teor de umidade da cama (P<0,05) com a inclusão de 10 e 12,5% de glicerina. Não foram encontrados alterações nos fígados das aves com os maiores níveis de inclusão. Os resultados sugerem que dietas contendo a inclusão de até 5% não causam nenhum efeito negativo para as aves e cama. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the glycerin produced in Brazil and its effect on the value of metabolizable energy and digestibility, the performance and meat quality of broilers, studying the possible adverse effects and determining the best level of inclusion to be adopted safely. In the trial were collected 10 glycerin samples from different sources and analysis of the composition. In the following section, we selected four contrasting glycerins compositions for the determination of metabolizable energy and digestibility in metabolism trials with 200 broiler chickens during the 21-29 days of age, by the method of total excreta collection. In the second trial, the birds were subjected to a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 6 replicates of 45 birds each. The treatments were a control diet and five diets with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5% glycerin, and glycerin was used with the best chemical composition and metabolizable energy 3145 kcal / kg. The litter moisture was analyzed at 28, 35 and 40 days old. At 40 days of age were sacrificed 6 birds per treatment for determination of carcass yield and parts, and collection of the breast muscle, leg and liver. In the muscles of the chest and leg were performed the analyzes of meat quality. We also determined the composition and profile of fatty acid in breast muscle. The apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance of glycerins were 3145, 5026, 2828 and 2892 kcal / kg. For the performance of the birds increased level of glycerin in the diet up to 10% did not affect negatively only with the inclusion of 12.5% glycerin worsened in weight (P <0.05) for the period of 40 days old. There was no significant effect on carcass yield and parts (P> 0.05). There were no differences (P> 0.05) for the composition and profile of fatty acids in fat. At 35 and 40 days of age were found increase in moisture content of the bed (P <0.05) with the inclusion of 10 and 12.5% glycerin. No changes were found in the livers of the birds with the highest levels of inclusion. The results suggest that diets containing the inclusion of up to 5% do not cause any negative effects for the broilers, meat quality and litter