Grandes mamíferos herbívoros exercem papel fundamental para a função e estrutura dos ecossistemas terrestres, através principalmente da herbivoria e da deposição de fezes e urina, que influenciam a germinação e crescimento de plantas, a composição e diversidade de comunidades vegetais, a ciclagem e translocação de nutrientes, o estoque de carbono e a freqüência de distúrbios como o fogo. Entretanto, em florestas tropicais, o papel de grandes mamíferos herbívoros foi pouco estudado até o momento. De acordo com a Teoria de Forrageio Ótimo, a seleção de recursos alimentares é resultado do balanço entre o ganho energético e o gasto com a procura, captura e ingestão do alimento. Na escala da paisagem, um dos processos que pode gerar manchas com diferentes qualidades nutricionais para herbívoros é a sucessão da vegetação. Estádios iniciais de sucessão, por serem dominados por espécies de plantas de baixa estatura e crescimento rápido, com folhas tenras, alto conteúdo de nitrogênio, poucos compostos secundários e mais palatáveis, deveriam ser preferidos por grandes mamíferos herbívoros. No entanto, para herbívoros podadores, que incluem frutos na dieta, a disponibilidade destes itens, que são mais nutritivos que a folhagem, deve também influenciar o forrageio. Neste trabalho investigamos como varia a intensidade de forrageio e a deposição de fezes por Tapirus terrestris entre estádios sucessionais, visando contribuir para o entendimento do papel do maior herbívoro terrestre sul-americano para a regeneração da floresta e a translocação de nutrientes. Investigamos se T. Terrestris forrageia mais intensamente em manchas de vegetação em estádios mais iniciais de sucessão, se esta preferência é mais forte quando não há a oferta de um recurso alimentar muito nutritivo, os frutos de cambuci (Campomanesia phaea), e se deposita maior quantidade de fezes onde forrageia mais intensamente e assim não transloca nutrientes. Para tanto, em uma paisagem de 20.000 ha de Floresta Atlântica contínua, foram alocados 12 sítios de amostragem em manchas com diferentes proporções de vegetação em estádios mais iniciais de sucessão. Em cada sítio, a amostragem foi realizada em quatro transecções perpendiculares de 160 m cada durante seis sessões entre março e agosto de 2011. A anta foi registrada através de armadilhas fotográficas e de rastros e fezes localizados e removidos no início e no final de cada sessão. Foram também quantificados a proporção das transecções ocupada por estádios iniciais de sucessão (estádios pioneiro, inicial e médio), o número de clareiras, e o número de pontos das transecções onde a densidade do sub-bosque, do estrato herbáceo e de árvores com DAP até 5 cm foi considerada alta ou muito alta. A frutificação do cambuci foi acompanhada ao longo do período de estudo, tendo sido registrada em metade das sessões de amostragem. Através da abordagem de seleção de modelos, comparamos um conjunto de modelos candidatos para três variáveis dependentes: (a) parâmetro abundância (λ, interpretado como a intensidade de forrageio ao longo das sessões de amostragem) em modelos de abundância (que assumem que não há variações temporais na abundância), considerando apenas modelos simples com cada uma das variáveis explanatórias associadas à proporção de vegetação em estádios mais iniciais de sucessão; (b) número de setores com rastros (interpretado como a intensidade de forrageio dentro das sessões de amostragem) em modelos mistos (GLMMs), considerando estes mesmos modelos simples e mais um grupo de modelos compostos que incluem uma variável temporal relacionada à frutificação do cambuci; e (c) número total de fezes em modelos lineares (GLMs), considerando todos os modelos descritos anteriormente e um modelo com o número total de setores com rastros (interpretado como a intensidade de forrageio total). Nossos resultados indicam que, como esperado pela Teoria de Forrageio Ótimo, Tapirus terrestris seleciona manchas de vegetação em estádios mais iniciais de sucessão, particularmente áreas com maior densidade de árvores pequenas e com maior número de clareiras, e especialmente quando não há oferta de frutos de cambuci. Embora o número total de fezes seja melhor explicado pelo número total de setores com rastros, a relação do número total de fezes com a proporção de estádios iniciais tende a ser negativa, sugerindo que possa haver alguma translocação de nutrientes dos estádios jovens para os tardios. Embora inferências sobre o efeito de T. terrestris sobre a comunidade de plantas dependam de estudos complementares em escalas menores, nossos resultados sugerem que: a herbivoria afeta estádios iniciais de sucessão, onde pode resultar no aumento da diversidade de plantas; antas podem ser agentes de translocação de nutrientes de estádios ricos (iniciais) para aqueles onde nutrientes tendem a ser limitantes (tardios), e a espécie é um potencial agente dispersor do cambuci, espécie ameaçada de extinção / Large herbivorous mammals play a crucial role to the function and structure of terrestrial ecosystems, mainly through herbivory and deposition of dung and urine, which influence plant germination and growth, composition and diversity of plant communities, nutrient cycling and translocation, carbon storage and the frequency of disturbances such as fire. So far, however, the role of large herbivorous mammals in tropical forests has been poorly studied. According to the Optimal Foraging Theory, selection of food resources results from the balance between energy intake and costs to search, capture and ingest the food. At the landscape scale, a process that can generate patches with different nutritional quality for herbivores is vegetation succession. Early successional stages should be preferred by large herbivorous mammals because they are dominated by plant with low height and fast growth, with leaves that are tender, present high nitrogen content and few secondary compounds, and are more palatable. However, for herbivore browsers, which include fruits in their diet, the availability of these items that are more nutritious than foliage should also affect foraging. Here, we investigate how foraging intensity and dung deposition by Tapirus terrestris vary among successional stages, aiming at contributing to the understanding of the role of the largest South American terrestrial herbivore to forest regeneration and nutrient translocation. We investigated if T. terrestris forages more intensively in earlier successional stages, if this preference is stronger when there is no availability of a highly nutritious food resource, the fruits of cambuci (Campomanesia phaea), and if it deposits larger amounts of dung where it forages more intensively, not translocating nutrients. In a 20,000 ha landscape of continuous Atlantic Forest, we allocated 12 sampling sites in patches with different proportion of vegetation in early successional stages. At each site, samplings were conducted in four 160 m long perpendicular transects during six sessions between March and August 2011. Tapir were registered by camera traps and tracks and dung located and cleared at the beginning and end of each session. We also quantified the proportion of transects occupied by early successional stages (pioneer, initial, and mid stage), the number of gaps, and the number of points in transects where the density of the understory , of herbaceous vegetation and of trees with DBH up to 5cm was considered high or very high. The fruiting of cambuci was registered throughout the study period, and was recorded in half of the sampling sessions. Using a model selection approach, we compared a set of candidate models for three dependent variables: (a) the parameter abundance (λ, interpreted as foraging intensity along sampling sessions) in abundance models (which assume no temporal variations in abundance), considering only simple models containing each of the explanatory variables associated with the proportion of earlier successional stages, (b) the number of transect sectors with tracks (interpreted as foraging intensity within sampling sessions) in mixed-effects models (GLMMs), considering these same simple models and a group of composite models that included a temporal variable related to cambuci frutification, and (c) the total number of dung piles in linear models (GLMs), considering all models described above and a model with the total number of transect sectors with tracks (interpreted as total foraging intensity). Our results indicate that, as expected by the Optimal Foraging Theory, Tapirus terrestris selects patches of vegetation in earlier successional stages, in particular areas with higher density of small trees and higher number of gaps, and especially when there is no availability of cambuci fruits. Although the total number of dung piles is better explained by the total number of transect sectors with tracks, the relationship between the number of dung piles and the proportion of earlier successional stages tends to be negative, suggesting that there may be translocation of nutrients from initial to later successional stages. Although conclusions on the effect of T. terrestris on plant communities depend on complementary studies at smaller scales, our results suggest that: herbivory affects early successional stages, where it can result in increased plant diversity; tapirs may act as agents of nutrient translocation from nutrient-rich stages (earlier) to those where nutrients tend to be limiting (later); and tapirs are a potential disperser of cambuci, an endangered plant species

Peer-to-peer (p2p) technology provides an excellent platform for the delivery of rich content and media that scales with the rapid growth of the Internet. This work presents a lookup service design and implementation that provides provable fault tolerance and operates in a cost-conscious manner over the Internet. <br><br> Using a distributed hash table (DHT) as a foundation, we propose a replica placement that improves object availability and reachability to implement a robust lookup service. We present a framework that describes tree-based routing DHTs and formally prove several properties for DHTs of this type. Specifically, we prove that our replica placement, which we call MaxDisjoint, creates a provable number of disjoint routes from any source node to a replica set. We evaluate this technique through simulation and demonstrate that it creates disjoint routes more effectively than existing replica placements. Furthermore, we show that disjoint routes have a marked impact on routing robustness, which we measure as the probability of lookup success. <br><br> To mitigate the costs incurred by multi-hop DHT routing, we develop an organization-based id assignment scheme that bounds the transit costs of prefix-matching routes. To further reduce costs, we use MaxDisjoint placement to create multiple routes of varying costs. This technique helps reduce cost in two ways: (1) replication may create local copies of an object that can be accessed at zero transit cost and (2) MaxDisjoint replication creates multiple, bounded cost, disjoint routes of which the minimal cost route can be used to resolve the lookup. We model the trade-off between the storage cost and routing cost benefit of replication to find the optimal degree to which an object should be replicated. We evaluate our approach using a lookup service implementation and show that it dramatically reduces cost over existing DHT implementations. Furthermore, we show that our technique can be used to manage objects of varying popularity in a manner that is more cost effective than caching. <br><br> By improving its robustness and cost effectiveness, we aim to increase the pervasiveness of p2p in practice and unlock the potential of this powerful technology.

Grandes mamíferos herbívoros exercem papel fundamental para a função e estrutura dos ecossistemas terrestres, através principalmente da herbivoria e da deposição de fezes e urina, que influenciam a germinação e crescimento de plantas, a composição e diversidade de comunidades vegetais, a ciclagem e translocação de nutrientes, o estoque de carbono e a freqüência de distúrbios como o fogo. Entretanto, em florestas tropicais, o papel de grandes mamíferos herbívoros foi pouco estudado até o momento. De acordo com a Teoria de Forrageio Ótimo, a seleção de recursos alimentares é resultado do balanço entre o ganho energético e o gasto com a procura, captura e ingestão do alimento. Na escala da paisagem, um dos processos que pode gerar manchas com diferentes qualidades nutricionais para herbívoros é a sucessão da vegetação. Estádios iniciais de sucessão, por serem dominados por espécies de plantas de baixa estatura e crescimento rápido, com folhas tenras, alto conteúdo de nitrogênio, poucos compostos secundários e mais palatáveis, deveriam ser preferidos por grandes mamíferos herbívoros. No entanto, para herbívoros podadores, que incluem frutos na dieta, a disponibilidade destes itens, que são mais nutritivos que a folhagem, deve também influenciar o forrageio. Neste trabalho investigamos como varia a intensidade de forrageio e a deposição de fezes por Tapirus terrestris entre estádios sucessionais, visando contribuir para o entendimento do papel do maior herbívoro terrestre sul-americano para a regeneração da floresta e a translocação de nutrientes. Investigamos se T. Terrestris forrageia mais intensamente em manchas de vegetação em estádios mais iniciais de sucessão, se esta preferência é mais forte quando não há a oferta de um recurso alimentar muito nutritivo, os frutos de cambuci (Campomanesia phaea), e se deposita maior quantidade de fezes onde forrageia mais intensamente e assim não transloca nutrientes. Para tanto, em uma paisagem de 20.000 ha de Floresta Atlântica contínua, foram alocados 12 sítios de amostragem em manchas com diferentes proporções de vegetação em estádios mais iniciais de sucessão. Em cada sítio, a amostragem foi realizada em quatro transecções perpendiculares de 160 m cada durante seis sessões entre março e agosto de 2011. A anta foi registrada através de armadilhas fotográficas e de rastros e fezes localizados e removidos no início e no final de cada sessão. Foram também quantificados a proporção das transecções ocupada por estádios iniciais de sucessão (estádios pioneiro, inicial e médio), o número de clareiras, e o número de pontos das transecções onde a densidade do sub-bosque, do estrato herbáceo e de árvores com DAP até 5 cm foi considerada alta ou muito alta. A frutificação do cambuci foi acompanhada ao longo do período de estudo, tendo sido registrada em metade das sessões de amostragem. Através da abordagem de seleção de modelos, comparamos um conjunto de modelos candidatos para três variáveis dependentes: (a) parâmetro abundância (&lambda;, interpretado como a intensidade de forrageio ao longo das sessões de amostragem) em modelos de abundância (que assumem que não há variações temporais na abundância), considerando apenas modelos simples com cada uma das variáveis explanatórias associadas à proporção de vegetação em estádios mais iniciais de sucessão; (b) número de setores com rastros (interpretado como a intensidade de forrageio dentro das sessões de amostragem) em modelos mistos (GLMMs), considerando estes mesmos modelos simples e mais um grupo de modelos compostos que incluem uma variável temporal relacionada à frutificação do cambuci; e (c) número total de fezes em modelos lineares (GLMs), considerando todos os modelos descritos anteriormente e um modelo com o número total de setores com rastros (interpretado como a intensidade de forrageio total). Nossos resultados indicam que, como esperado pela Teoria de Forrageio Ótimo, Tapirus terrestris seleciona manchas de vegetação em estádios mais iniciais de sucessão, particularmente áreas com maior densidade de árvores pequenas e com maior número de clareiras, e especialmente quando não há oferta de frutos de cambuci. Embora o número total de fezes seja melhor explicado pelo número total de setores com rastros, a relação do número total de fezes com a proporção de estádios iniciais tende a ser negativa, sugerindo que possa haver alguma translocação de nutrientes dos estádios jovens para os tardios. Embora inferências sobre o efeito de T. terrestris sobre a comunidade de plantas dependam de estudos complementares em escalas menores, nossos resultados sugerem que: a herbivoria afeta estádios iniciais de sucessão, onde pode resultar no aumento da diversidade de plantas; antas podem ser agentes de translocação de nutrientes de estádios ricos (iniciais) para aqueles onde nutrientes tendem a ser limitantes (tardios), e a espécie é um potencial agente dispersor do cambuci, espécie ameaçada de extinção / Large herbivorous mammals play a crucial role to the function and structure of terrestrial ecosystems, mainly through herbivory and deposition of dung and urine, which influence plant germination and growth, composition and diversity of plant communities, nutrient cycling and translocation, carbon storage and the frequency of disturbances such as fire. So far, however, the role of large herbivorous mammals in tropical forests has been poorly studied. According to the Optimal Foraging Theory, selection of food resources results from the balance between energy intake and costs to search, capture and ingest the food. At the landscape scale, a process that can generate patches with different nutritional quality for herbivores is vegetation succession. Early successional stages should be preferred by large herbivorous mammals because they are dominated by plant with low height and fast growth, with leaves that are tender, present high nitrogen content and few secondary compounds, and are more palatable. However, for herbivore browsers, which include fruits in their diet, the availability of these items that are more nutritious than foliage should also affect foraging. Here, we investigate how foraging intensity and dung deposition by Tapirus terrestris vary among successional stages, aiming at contributing to the understanding of the role of the largest South American terrestrial herbivore to forest regeneration and nutrient translocation. We investigated if T. terrestris forages more intensively in earlier successional stages, if this preference is stronger when there is no availability of a highly nutritious food resource, the fruits of cambuci (Campomanesia phaea), and if it deposits larger amounts of dung where it forages more intensively, not translocating nutrients. In a 20,000 ha landscape of continuous Atlantic Forest, we allocated 12 sampling sites in patches with different proportion of vegetation in early successional stages. At each site, samplings were conducted in four 160 m long perpendicular transects during six sessions between March and August 2011. Tapir were registered by camera traps and tracks and dung located and cleared at the beginning and end of each session. We also quantified the proportion of transects occupied by early successional stages (pioneer, initial, and mid stage), the number of gaps, and the number of points in transects where the density of the understory , of herbaceous vegetation and of trees with DBH up to 5cm was considered high or very high. The fruiting of cambuci was registered throughout the study period, and was recorded in half of the sampling sessions. Using a model selection approach, we compared a set of candidate models for three dependent variables: (a) the parameter abundance (&lambda;, interpreted as foraging intensity along sampling sessions) in abundance models (which assume no temporal variations in abundance), considering only simple models containing each of the explanatory variables associated with the proportion of earlier successional stages, (b) the number of transect sectors with tracks (interpreted as foraging intensity within sampling sessions) in mixed-effects models (GLMMs), considering these same simple models and a group of composite models that included a temporal variable related to cambuci frutification, and (c) the total number of dung piles in linear models (GLMs), considering all models described above and a model with the total number of transect sectors with tracks (interpreted as total foraging intensity). Our results indicate that, as expected by the Optimal Foraging Theory, Tapirus terrestris selects patches of vegetation in earlier successional stages, in particular areas with higher density of small trees and higher number of gaps, and especially when there is no availability of cambuci fruits. Although the total number of dung piles is better explained by the total number of transect sectors with tracks, the relationship between the number of dung piles and the proportion of earlier successional stages tends to be negative, suggesting that there may be translocation of nutrients from initial to later successional stages. Although conclusions on the effect of T. terrestris on plant communities depend on complementary studies at smaller scales, our results suggest that: herbivory affects early successional stages, where it can result in increased plant diversity; tapirs may act as agents of nutrient translocation from nutrient-rich stages (earlier) to those where nutrients tend to be limiting (later); and tapirs are a potential disperser of cambuci, an endangered plant species

Context: Now a day’s end users are using different types of computer applications like web browsers, data processing tools like MS office, notepad etc., to do their day-to-day works. In the real world scenario, the usage of Open Source Software (OSS) products by both industrial people and end users are gradually increasing. The success of any OSS products depends on its quality standards. ‘Efficiency’ is one of the key quality factor, which portray the standards of product and it is observed that this factor is given little importance during its development. Therefore our research context lies within evaluating the efficiency quality attribute in OSS web browsers. Objectives: As discussed earlier the context of this research lies in evaluating the efficiency of OSS web browsers, the initial objective was to identify the available efficiency measures from the current literature and observe which type of measures are suitable for web browsers. Then our next objective is to compute values for the identified efficiency measures by considering a set of predefined web browsers from all the categories. Later we proposed Efficiency Baseline Criteria (EBC) and based on this criterion and experiment results obtained, the efficiency of OSS web browsers had been evaluated. Therefore the main objective of conducting this research is to formulate EBC guidelines, which can be later used by OSS developers to test their web browsers and ensure that all the quality standards are strictly adhered during the development of OSS products. Methods: Initially Literature Review (LR) was conducted in order to identify all the related efficiency quality attributes and also observe the sub-attribute functionalities, that are useful while measuring efficiency values of web browsers. Methods and procedures which are discussed in this LR are used as input for identifying efficiency measures that are related to web browsers. Later an experiment was performed in order to calculate efficiency values for CSS &amp; proprietary set of web browsers (i.e. Case A) and OSS web browsers (i.e. Case B) by using different tools and procedures. Authors themselves had calculated efficiency values for both Case A and Case B web browsers. Based on the results of Case A web browsers, EBC was proposed and finally an statistical analysis (i.e. Mann Whitney U-test) is performed in order to evaluate the hypothesis which was formulated in experiment section. Results: From the LR study, it is observed that efficiency quality attribute is classified into two main categories (i.e. Time Behavior and Resource Utilization). Further under the category of Time behavior a total of 3 attributes were identified (i.e. Response time, Throughput and Turnaround time). From the results of LR, we had also observed the measuring process of each attribute for different web browsers. Later an experiment was performed on two different sets of web browsers (i.e. Case A and Case B web browsers). Based on the LR results, only 3 efficiency attributes (i.e. response time, memory utilization and throughput) were identified which are more suitable to the case of web browsers. These 3 efficiency attributes are further classified into 10 sub-categories. Efficiency values are calculated to both Case A and B for these 10 identified scenarios. Later from Case A results EBC values are generated. Finally hypothesis testing was done by initially performing K-S test and results suggest choosing non-parametric test (i.e. Mann Whitney U-test). Later Mann Whitney U-test was performed for all the scenarios and the normalized Z scores are more than 1.96, further suggested rejecting null hypothesis for all the 10 scenarios. Also EBC values are compared with Case B results and these also suggest us that efficiency standard of OSS web browsers are not equivalent to Case A web browsers. Conclusions: Based on quantitative results, we conclude that efficiency standards of OSS web browsers are not equivalent, when compared to Case A web browsers and the efficiency standards are not adhered during development process. Hence OSS developers should focus on implementing efficiency standards during the development stages itself in order to increase the quality of the end products. The major contribution from the two researchers to this area of research is “Efficiency Baseline Criteria”. The proposed EBC values are useful for OSS developers to test the efficiency standards of their web browser and also help them to analyze their shortcomings. As a result appropriate preventive measures can be planned in advance. / +91 - 9491754620

Utvecklingen på webben går snabbt framåt och webbapplikationerna blir bara mer avancerade. Samtidigt så har de mobila webbläsarna utvecklats i en snabb takt. Dock skiljer det fortfarande mycket mellan en mobil webbläsare och en vanlig webbläsare, samt att man integrerar med en mobiltelefon på ett annat sätt än vad man gör med en dator. Detta examensarbete undersöker om det är möjligt att skapa avancerade webbapplikationer som, genom att utnyttja de senaste webbteknologierna, kan ersätta vanliga mobilapplikationer. Undersökningen genomförs genom att skapa en lättviktsvariant av en telefonapplikation, Mobile Documents till Symbian S60, som är en applikation som hanterar dokument, mejl och bilagor. Utvecklingen sker till största del i Google Web Toolkit och tekniker så som AJAX och Comet används. Eftersom antalet olika sorters telefoner med tryckskärm är väldigt stort så kommer undersökningen att rikta sig mot ett fåtal telefoner som kör webbläsarna Mobile Safari, microB och Android Browser. Slutsatserna av rapporten är att JavaScript-stödet hos dagens webbläsare är stort nog till att köra avancerade webbapplikationer. Dock skiljer det mycket webbläsarna emellan och det största problemet är att skapa sig ett välfungerande användargränssnitt som fungerar lika bra på alla telefoner och med alla de olika interaktionsmöjligheter som finns i en mobiltelefon. / The web develops fast and web applications are getting more advanced. At the same time the mobile browsers develop at a rapid pace. However, it still differs a lot between a mobile browser and a standard web browser. You also interact with a mobile phone in a different way than what you do with a computer. This thesis examines whether it is possible to create advanced web applications that by utilizing the latest web technologies can replace ordinary mobile applications. The investigation is done by creating a lightweight version of a phone application, Mobile Documents on Symbian S60, which is an application that manages documents, emails and attachments. The development is done in Google Web Toolkit and technologies such as AJAX and Comet are both used. As the number of different types of phones with touch screens is very large the investigation only will target a small number of phones running web browsers as Mobile Safari, microB and Android Browser. The conclusions of this report is that the JavaScript support of today's browsers is enough to run advanced web applications. However, it differs a lot between browsers and the main problem is to create a functional user interface that works equally well on all phones and with all the different interaction possibilities that a mobile phone gives.

The purpose of Presentations World Wide System (PWWS) is to allow students to view a live presentation through an Internet browser and allow the instructor to have control over the presentation.

The animated vehicle turning path simulation system on Internet/Intranet web browser presented in this project is intended to provide civil engineers with an easy-to-use, all functional simulation system that could help them with highway and street design.

The goal of this project is to create a customized web browser to facilitate the skimming of documents by offsetting the document with relevant information. This project added techniques of learning information retrieval to automate the web browsing experience to the web texturizer. The script runs on the web texturizer website; and it allows users to quickly navigate through the web page.

This work describes actual state of open-source browsers on the Android platform and compares their features. It describes webpage classification problem and methods how to detect porn websites. It also shows a design of a system for blocking and detection of webpages with adult content and its implementation. For pornography detection there were used text based methods but also methods based on detection in images from web page with deep learning. Implemented solution was tested with experiments and described. The last chapter contains summarization of this work and proposal of improvements.

Today more and more advanced and demanding applications are finding their way to the web. These are applications like video editing, games, and mathematical calculations. Up until a few years ago, JavaScript was the only language present on the web. That was until Mozilla, Google, Microsoft, and Apple decided to develop WebAssembly. WebAssembly is a low-level language, similar to assembly, but running in the browser. WebAssembly was not created to replace JavaScript, but to be used alongside it and complement JavaScript’s weaknesses. WebAssembly is still a relatively new language (2017) and is in continuous development. This work is presented as a guideline, and to give a general direction of how WebAssembly is performing (in 2022) when operating on GIS data. When comparing the execution speed of WebAssembly running in different environments (NodeJS, Google Chrome, and Mozilla Firefox), NodeJS was the fastest. The second fastest was Mozilla Firefox, and the slowest was Google Chrome. However, when compared to the native implementation in C++, no environment came close to the developers’ promised 10% slowdown compared to the native code. The average slowdowns found in this study were: The benchmark with small input files ran 63% slower than native. The benchmark with medium input files ran 62% slower than native, and the benchmarks with large input files ran 68% slower than native. The results are comparable to the study [6], which found that the slowdown was around 45% when running WebAssembly on Mozilla Firefox and 55% on Google Chrome with a peak of 2.5 times slowdown compared to native. This study aimed to measure memory usage in the different environments for operations on GIS data. However, the methods used in this study to measure memory proved to be too unsophisticated when dealing with JIT and garbage collection. For future work, a more detailed "memory allocated over time" graph should probably be used to be able to measure the peaks of memory currently allocated to the process instead of looking at the difference in memory before and after.