This thesis explores city making, specifically good public space. The City of Tshwane is envisaged “to become the leading international African capital city of excellence…” (TICDRS; 2005: 5). Public transport is identified as being one of the interventions for achieving this vision. The Tshwane Spatial Development Strategy 2010 and beyond state that “the ability to travel from one place to another is a basic requirement of a successful metropolitan area.” The inner city core and the Marabastad precinct represent the heart of the Inner City and its Capital City significance. The main feature defining Marabastad’s character today are the public transport systems contributing to the area as being an intermodal transport node (IUDFM; 2002: 253). This thesis develops a multi-nodal transport interchange hub in Marabastad at the Belle Ombre train station. The program of the building is made up of three parts: Firstly the building defines a new public square in front of the Belle Ombre train station that is also the termination point for the green strip running through Marabastad, as planned in the Integrated Urban Design Framework for Marabastad. This square also provides a spill-out point for all the commutors of the various transport facilties surrounding the square. Secondly to provide formal facilities for the proposed new Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and inner city distribution bus system, and thirdly to provide a connection for these new transit systems to the Belle Ombre train station. The building will have a mixed use character with programs such as informal market, offices and transitional housing units. “Transport interchanges have become the agora of the newly democratic state, the place of maximum commercial exchange and social interaction” (Deckler; 2006: 59). Copyright / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

Réalisant un croisement de regards entre l’Europe et l’Amérique Latine, cette thèse étudie le caractère d’un nouveau type de voie - le boulevard - qui a été redéfini à l’occasion des travaux d’Haussmann à Paris et s’est transformé tout au long de ce dernier siècle et demi. Un nouveau type de boulevard s’affirme ainsi au cours du XXe siècle, caractérisé par une répartition de la chaussée favorisant l’ordonnancement des différentes formes de mobilité en couloirs réservés par fonctions (piétons, vélos, bus, voitures). Ce nouveau boulevard est aussi le reflet d’une stéréotypie dans le projet de la voirie résultant d’un aménagement davantage techniciste de l’infrastructure. Il fait référence à des espaces qui adoptent et adaptent des modèles exogènes sans vraiment réussir à produire des configurations urbaines en accord avec les caractéristiques paysagères identitaires des villes, tout en créant des espaces de voirie fragmentés. Au XXIe siècle, cette configuration a été renforcée par l’introduction des nouveaux dispositifs de bus (BSP, BRT, BHNS). Les exemples du boulevard Magenta à Paris transformé en "espace civilisé" et de la avenida de las Américas à Cali avec l’implantation du BRT MIO illustrent cette problématique. / Taking into account different perspectives from Europe and Latin America through a crossing view methodology, we have studied the birth and transformation of a new type of boulevard developed since Haussmann. This boulevard derives from a roadbed distribution favoring the organization of various forms of mobility into dedicated corridors according to their function (pedestrians, bicycles, buses, cars). It also reflects a form of stereotyping in the urban project, contributing to an even more technical street planning. It refers to a road space pretending to adopt and adapt exogenous models without really succeeding on producing urban configurations in accordance with the city’s particular landscape, whilst creating fragmented road spaces. In the 21st century, this composition has been reinforced by the introduction of new bus devices (own-site bus service, BRT, BHLS). The example of the Magenta Boulevard in Paris transformed into a civilized space and the las Américas avenue in Cali with the introduction of the MIO BRT illustrate this issue.

Orientador: Luiz Alberto Koehler. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica.

Le trafic routier englobe plusieurs facteurs, entre autres la géométrie des infrastructures routières, le comportement des conducteurs, la diversité des flux de véhicules,etc...Les situations auxquelles sont confrontés les exploitants des réseaux routiers dépendent du type de réseau dont ils ont la charge. Cette complexité du trafic en a fait un domaine de recherche d'un intérêt croissant et ce depuis les premières études qui ont donné naissance au modèle LWR au milieu des années cinquante. Afin de modéliser le trafic sur un réseau routier, deux approches, complémentaires l'une de l'autre sont nécessaires. La première est la modélisation de l'écoulement qui permet de décrire l'évolution des flux de trafic sur un tronçon de route et l'affectation qui décrit la façon dont les usagers choisissent leurs itinéraire sur un réseau. L'objet de ces travaux de thèse est d'apporter une contribution à cette amélioration de la modélisation des flux de trafic, en se concentrant dans un premier lieu sur la modélisation d'un trafic autoroutier constitué de deux classes de véhicules: des véhicules particuliers et des bus. L'étude numérique du modèle se fait en adaptant le modèle de transmission cellulaire de Daganzo. Un estimateur des densités et autre des vitesses de ce trafic mixte sur un tronçon de route ont été présentés. Des résultats de stabilité dans les différents régimes de ce trafic ont été établis. Dans un second lieu sur la modélisation d'un trafic urbain multimodal constitué de trois classes de véhicules: aux deux classes précedement citées, est intégrée une nouvelle classe de bus à haut niveau de service BHNS ou BRT, classe qui tend à se propager au milieu urbain et suburbain et qui est perçue comme solution à de nombreux problèmes liés au trafic par les exploitants de la route.Nous proposons deux modèles pour modéliser la progression du BRT sur le réseau, puis nous développons une stratégie de régulation de ce système de tranport urbain trimodal.L'objectif de la régulation est double, veiller à la fluidité du trafic en général et le respect de positions réferences pour le mode bhns.L'architecture s'appuie sur la commande des systèmes en boucle fermée et utilise la commande prédictive généralisée. Nous avons proposé un modèle hybride de trafic routier basé sur le couplage d'un modèle macroscopique générique de second ordre et d'un modèle microscopique en coordonnées Lagrangiennes. Pour la validation de la bonne transmission de l'information à travers le schéma de couplage, nous avons étudié la propagation et la remontée d'une congestion. / The traffic includes several factors, including the geometry of the road infrastructure, driver behavior, the diversity of vehicle flow, etc ... The situations faced by network operators depend on the type of road network under their charge. This complexity has made traffic a research area of growing interest ever since the first studies that gave rise to the LWR model in the mid-fifties.To model the traffic on a road network, two approaches are complementary to each other are needed. The first is the flow modeling for describing the evolution of traffic flows on a stretch of road and the assignment that describes how users choose their route on a network. The purpose of this thesis work is to contribute to the improvement of the modeling of traffic flows, focusing in primarily on the modeling of a motorway traffic consists of two classes of vehicles: passenger cars and buses. The numerical study of the model is done by adapting the cell transmission model of Daganzo. An estimator for densities and speeds of the mixed traffic on a stretch of road have been submitted. Stability results in the different regimes of trafficking have been established. In the second place on the modeling of a multimodal urban traffic consists of three classes of vehicles: for the two classes mentioned above, is part a new class of high-level bus service class BRT, that tends to spread to urban and suburban which is seen as a solution to many problems related to traffic by the operators of route. We propose two models for the BRT and we develop a control strategie of this system of urban tranport trimodal (cars, buses and BRT). The purpose of the regulation of this strategy is twofold, to ensure the flow of traffic in general and respect for the positions references for the BRT mode. The architecture is based on the control of closed loop systems and uses the generalized predictive control. We have proposed a hybrid model of traffic based on the coupling of a generic second order macroscopic model and a microscopic model in Lagrangian coordinates. To validate the correct transmission of information through the coupling scheme, we have studied the spread and the rise of a congestion.

Since literature that evaluates the impacts that Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) has on surrounding property values is limited, this research contributes to this research by investigating if proximity to a BRT station has an effect, either positive or negative, on residential housing values. Further, it investigates if the nature and extent of this effect varied during different stages of implementation of the BRT system and different housing market conditions. Fluctuations in sale prices were mitigated based on a six month moving median. Four hedonic price models were then used to evaluate the influence of independent variables on the dependent variable, adjusted sales price. Results indicated that properties that were in an area between 0.4 and 0.8 mile (network distance) away from a BRT station, possessed about a $5,000 premium in sales price during the bust and initial recovery of the real estate market that occurred between 2009 and 2013. Additional results also indicated that in areas where the percentage of households without access to a vehicle increased, sales prices on residential properties also increased. This study did not employ the use of spatial models and concludes that such models should be used in future research to account for spatial autocorrelation. Further, this research suggests that additional geographic variables should be used to evaluate how residents value accessibility to other transportation systems when compared to BRT.

The Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority is currently in the stages of implementing Austin’s first bus rapid transit line along one of the city’s principal urban corridors. The line will run approximately 20 miles, along North Lamar, Guadalupe and South Congress Avenue. Considering the key role that land use patterns play in determining ridership for mass transit systems, transit agencies are increasingly pursuing strategies to encourage transit-oriented development as a means of securing the success of their transit investments. Considering the relatively intense uses already existing along this corridor, the location of some of the city’s primary institutions along it, and its general importance in defining the “image” of the city, this corridor seems ideally situated to absorb significant density increases. The focus of this study, therefore, is to evaluate the general need for increased densities and transit-supportive development along Austin’s BRT starter route, to examine the overall ability of bus-based transit to generate development pressures, to outline some of the land use policies necessary for encouraging TOD, and finally, to suggest an ideal planning approach for encouraging transit-supportive development along Austin’s BRT corridor. / text

A prioridade aos sistema de transporte coletivo por ônibus gera inúmeros benefícios operacionais, como menores tempos de viagem, velocidades operacionais mais elevadas, proporcionando, também, melhores condições aos usuários nos seus deslocamentos. Apresenta-se uma caracterização geral de 374 corredores prioritários ao ônibus, incluindo sistemas BRT (Bus Rapid Transit), BHLS (Bus with High Level of Service) e corredores com segregação viária. Análises de clusterização foram usadas para encontrar similaridades entre os diferentes corredores e resultaram na formação de quatro grupos. Verificou-se que as dez características com maior influência para a formação dos agrupamentos consistem de características físicas e operacionais dos corredores. Foi possível identificar características próprias para cada um dos clusters. Para entender o impacto de diferentes elementos de projeto e desempenho dos corredores na velocidade operacional realizou-se análises de relação entre variáveis. / The priority of public transport, more specifically bus systems, generates numerous operational benefits, such as lower travel times, higher operating speeds, as well as offering better conditions for users. A general characterization of the 374 bus priority corridors is presented, including BRT systems (Bus Rapid Transit), BHLS (Bus with High Level of Service) and segregated bus priority corridors. Clustering analyses was used to find out similarities between the different corridors and resulted in the formation of four groups. It was found that the ten most influential characteristics for the formation of the 4 groups consisted of physical and operational characteristics of the corridors. It was possible to identify set of characteristics for each one of the clusters. Relationship between the variables was used to understand the impact of different design elements and performance of bus priority corridors in terms of operational speed.

A confiabilidade e a variabilidade do tempo de viagem são importantes fatores na escolha modal dos passageiros em viagens urbanas. Cada vez mais os sistemas de transporte têm buscado, além da redução do tempo médio de viagem, garantir ao usuário maior precisão na previsão do tempo total gasto entre sua origem e seu destino, incluindo aí o tempo de espera, o tempo de viagem e, em alguns casos, o tempo de transferência. Com o incremento do uso do automóvel nas cidades e, consequentemente, o aumento nos índices de congestionamento, a solução adotada pelos planejadores tem sido a dedicação de faixas exclusivas para sistemas de transporte coletivo. É então que, a partir da experiência dos sistemas sobre trilhos aliada à flexibilidade permitida pelos sistemas sobre pneus, surgem os sistemas Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). Esta dissertação contempla a análise da variabilidade do tempo de viagem em sistemas de faixas de prioridade para ônibus a partir do estudo de caso de três sistemas implantados em cidades brasileiras. Através da análise de dispersão dos tempos verificados para os dias úteis de uma semana padrão de operação, é avaliada a variabilidade por faixa horária em cada corredor abordado no estudo de caso. Os resultados apontam para um desvio-padrão por faixa horária entre 0,7% e 14,8% em relação ao tempo médio de viagem nos corredores analisados. A abordagem da variabilidade em corredores de faixas preferenciais para ônibus através do estudo de caso de três corredores Bus Rapid Service (BRS) apontou um coeficiente de variação entre 16,9% e 25,2%. Os resultados da análise comparativa apontam um desempenho superior dos sistemas BRT em relação a corredores BRS no tocante à confiabilidade do tempo de viagem em sistemas de ônibus. / Reliability and travel time variability are key factors in modal choices for urban travel. Apart from reducing the average travel time, transport systems have tried to ensure that travelers could have a sharper prediction in time to be spent commuting including waiting time, journey time and in some cases the transference time. As cars have become more used in big cities, and thus increasing traffic jam, the solution found by planners have been lanes only for public transportation. Mixing the experience of rail systems with the flexibility allowed by road ones, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) were created. This study approaches the analysis of the travel time variability in priority systems for bus type BRT from the case study of three systems implemented in Brazilian cities. Through analysis of dispersion times observed for working days of a week standard operation, the variability per hour found in each corridor covered in the case study is evaluated. The results show an standard deviation by time band of 0.7% - 14.8% over the average travel time. The approach of the variability in corridors with preferential bus lanes through the case study of three corridors Bus Rapid Service (BRS) showed a coefficient of variation between 16.9% and 25.2%. Results indicate superior performance of BRT systems in relation to BRS corridors regarding the reliability of travel time by bus systems.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Partindo do princípio de que o acesso das populações aos meios de transporte é um elemento essencial para sua participação nas dinâmicas econômicas e sociais, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a transformação da mobilidade urbana ocorrida na Colômbia nos últimos quatorze anos. O governo colombiano, a partir do ano 2000, promoveu o sistema BRT (bus rapid transit) como solução para os tradicionais problemas de mobilidade urbana do país. Essa política fundamentou-se na experiência do sistema Transmilenio de Bogotá, primeiro BRT da Colômbia e reconhecido internacionalmente como uma alternativa de qualidade e baixo custo, equiparável aos sistemas sobre trilhos. O trabalho estuda a política que propagou o modelo Transmilenio, focando-se principalmente na réplica que este teve em uma das principais cidades da Colômbia, Barranquilla. Analisam-se os principais delineamentos, os atores que têm influência na tomada de decisões sobre mobilidade urbana e seus mecanismos de ação. Tal percurso é a base para, finalmente, compreendermos a realidade hoje vivenciada pela população de Barranquilla. Destaca-se a influência do Banco Mundial como gerador de política internacional de mobilidade urbana e seu papel no financiamento dos sistemas de massa colombianos / Partiendo de la base que el acceso a los medios de transporte es esencial para una efectiva participación de las poblaciones en las dinámicas económicas y sociales, la presente investigación se propone analizar las transformaciones en la movilidad urbana de Colombia de los últimos catorce años. Desde el año 2000, el gobierno colombiano promovió el sistema BRT (bus rapid transit) como solución a los problemas de movilidad urbana del país. Está política se fundamentó en la experiencia del sistema Transmilenio de Bogotá: el primer BRT de Colombia y reconocido internacionalmente como una alternativa barata y de calidad equiparable a los sistemas sobre rieles. Este trabajo aborda la política colombiana que difundió el sistema, enfocándose principalmente en su implantación en Barranquilla, una de las principales ciudades de Colombia. Se analizan los lineamientos principales, los actores que tienen influencia en la toma de decisiones de movilidad en el país y sus respectivos mecanismos de acción. Este recorrido sirve de base para compreender la realidad que hoy es vivida por la población de Barranquilla. A lo largo del trabajo, se destaca el papel del Banco Mundial como generador de políticas de movilidad urbana y su papel en el financiamiento de los sistemas de transporte masivo en Colombia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Partindo do princípio de que o acesso das populações aos meios de transporte é um elemento essencial para sua participação nas dinâmicas econômicas e sociais, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a transformação da mobilidade urbana ocorrida na Colômbia nos últimos quatorze anos. O governo colombiano, a partir do ano 2000, promoveu o sistema BRT (bus rapid transit) como solução para os tradicionais problemas de mobilidade urbana do país. Essa política fundamentou-se na experiência do sistema Transmilenio de Bogotá, primeiro BRT da Colômbia e reconhecido internacionalmente como uma alternativa de qualidade e baixo custo, equiparável aos sistemas sobre trilhos. O trabalho estuda a política que propagou o modelo Transmilenio, focando-se principalmente na réplica que este teve em uma das principais cidades da Colômbia, Barranquilla. Analisam-se os principais delineamentos, os atores que têm influência na tomada de decisões sobre mobilidade urbana e seus mecanismos de ação. Tal percurso é a base para, finalmente, compreendermos a realidade hoje vivenciada pela população de Barranquilla. Destaca-se a influência do Banco Mundial como gerador de política internacional de mobilidade urbana e seu papel no financiamento dos sistemas de massa colombianos / Partiendo de la base que el acceso a los medios de transporte es esencial para una efectiva participación de las poblaciones en las dinámicas económicas y sociales, la presente investigación se propone analizar las transformaciones en la movilidad urbana de Colombia de los últimos catorce años. Desde el año 2000, el gobierno colombiano promovió el sistema BRT (bus rapid transit) como solución a los problemas de movilidad urbana del país. Está política se fundamentó en la experiencia del sistema Transmilenio de Bogotá: el primer BRT de Colombia y reconocido internacionalmente como una alternativa barata y de calidad equiparable a los sistemas sobre rieles. Este trabajo aborda la política colombiana que difundió el sistema, enfocándose principalmente en su implantación en Barranquilla, una de las principales ciudades de Colombia. Se analizan los lineamientos principales, los actores que tienen influencia en la toma de decisiones de movilidad en el país y sus respectivos mecanismos de acción. Este recorrido sirve de base para compreender la realidad que hoy es vivida por la población de Barranquilla. A lo largo del trabajo, se destaca el papel del Banco Mundial como generador de políticas de movilidad urbana y su papel en el financiamiento de los sistemas de transporte masivo en Colombia