No description available.

O Trypanosoma brucei é o agente etiológico da Tripanossomíase Africana Humana. Este protozoário é um parasita extracelular que possui um único flagelo e um citoesqueleto de alta estabilidade, responsável por vários processos celulares como motilidade, morfologia, infectividade e divisão celular. Em todos os gêneros da família Trypanosomatidae foram descritas proteínas de alto peso molecular (500-3500 kDa) as quais, além do papel estrutural, podem estar envolvidas na organização e regulação do citoesqueleto e seus constituintes. Este projeto teve como objetivo caracterizar no âmbito celular, bioquímico e molecular as proteínas gigantes de T. brucei e determinar os seus papéis funcionais na biologia do parasito. A partir do isolamento do citoesqueleto de T. brucei e análise por SDS-PAGE, produzimos anticorpos contra as proteínas gigantes que serviu como ferramenta para realização de Western Blotting (WB) e imunofluorescência no estudo das propriedades moleculares destas proteínas. O sequenciamento por espectrometria de massas foi utilizado para determinação da sequência primária parcial destas proteínas e identificação dos genes em no banco de dados TriTrypDB. Aqui, mostramos que as proteínas de alta massa molecular se localizam em estruturas essenciais para a regulação do citoesqueleto como na zona de adesão flagelar (FAZ), bem como no complexo tripartido responsável pela adesão do flagelo ao cinetoplasto. A espectrometria de massas revelou 19 novas proteínas de alta massa molecular ainda não estudadas em T. brucei dentre as quais 2 foram caracterizadas funcionalmente: FAZ10 e Tb927.8.3540. Para investigar os seus papeis biológicos utilizamos o modelo de silenciamento gênico por RNA de interferência. O silenciamento da proteína FAZ10 levou ao destacamento do flagelo, ao reposicionamento incorreto dos núcleos e cinetoplastos, e mais importante ao erro na definição do local de ingressão do sulco de clivagem durante a citocinese, em formas procíclicas e sanguícolas de T. brucei. Por sua vez, a proteína Tb927.8.3540 é responsável pela estabilização do citoesqueleto de microtúbulos e formação do FAZ e flagelo. Quando ausente nas células, estas adquirem um formato esférico com a presença de um flagelo internalizado. Em ambos os casos, as células induzidas apresentam inibição da proliferação celular e o acúmulo de células multinucleadas na cultura. O estudo funcional das proteínas gigantes revelou que elas possuem um papel central na morfogênese do T. brucei, agindo diretamente na organização e formação de estruturas do citoesqueleto, na manutenção da adesão flagelar, e no direcionamento da citocinese. / Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness or Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), has been used as experimental model for cellular, biochemical and molecular studies. This is an extracellular protozoan parasite that has a single flagellum and a highly stable cytoskeleton, responsible for many cellular processes such as motility, morphology, infectivity and cell division. In Trypanosomatidae family, a novel class of High Molecular Weight Proteins (HMWPs; 500-3500 kDa) has been described, which besides their structural role, may play a role in cytoskeleton organization and regulation. Trypanosomatids cytoskeletons contain abundant HMWPs, but many of their biological functions are still unclear. Here, we aimed to describe the cellular and molecular properties of these proteins, and to determine their functional roles in the parasite biology. SDS-PAGE was used to analyze T. brucei cytoskeletons. Also, the HMWP bands were injected in mouse in order to produce polyclonal antibodies, which were used as a molecular tool in Western Blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence analysis. Here we show that the high molecular weight proteins are located on essential structures for the regulation of the cytoskeleton such as the flagellar adhesion zone (FAZ) and the tripartite complex, which connects the flagellum to the kinetoplast. Detergent-extracted cytoskeletons were also analyzed by gradient SDS-PAGE and the HMWP bands were sent to mass spectrometry analysis. We able to identify 19 new high molecular weight proteins most of which are uncharacterized so far in T. brucei. Here, we report the characterization of two giant proteins: FAZ10 and Tb927.8.3540. To investigate their biological roles we used a model of gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi). Our data showed that FAZ10 is an essential giant cytoskeletal protein in both procyclic and bloodstream parasite life cycle stages, since its depletion led to defects in cell morphogenesis, flagellum attachment and kinetoplast and nucleus positioning. More importantly, ablation of FAZ10 impaired the timing and placement of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis, resulting in premature or asymmetrical cell division. In turn, the Tb927.8.3540 protein is responsible for the stabilization and regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton as well as the flagellum and FAZ. In its absence, cells acquire a spherical shape together with an internalized flagellum. In both cases, the resulting phenotype results in inhibition of cell proliferation and accumulation of multinucleated cells in culture. The functional study of the giant proteins revealed that they have a central role in morphogenesis of T. brucei, acting directly on the organization and regulation of cytoskeletal structures, such as the flagellum and the FAZ.

A excisão de sequencias intrônicas dos precursores de mRNAs é um passo crítico durante a expressão gênica eucariótica. Essa reação é catalisada pelo complexo macromolecular denominado spliceossomo, composto por partículas ribonucleoproteicas nucleares (U1, U2, U4/U6, U5 snRNPs), além de inúmeros fatores associados. Em tripanossomatídeos, os genes são transcritos em longas unidades policistrônicas e a reação de SL trans-splicing é requerida para geração de transcritos monocistrônicos maduros. O spliceossomo é uma maquinaria altamente dinâmica e parte das mudanças conformacionais ocorridas neste complexo é mediada por RNA helicases. A RNA helicase/ATPásica Sub2 (em mamífero, UAP56), cujas homólogas foram descritas como membros do complexo TREX (transcrição/exportação do RNA), é essencial na montagem do pré-spliceossomo, além de estudos sugerirem sua participação em outras etapas de montagem desse complexo. Em tripanossomatídeos, a função desta proteína no transporte de mRNA entre núcleo e citoplasma já foi descrita, entretanto, seu envolvimento na reação de splicing permanece indefinido. Neste trabalho, buscou-se estudar esse envolvimento através de técnicas de purificação em tandem e RNA de interferência. A purificação dos parceiros de interação da proteína somada à identificação por espectrometria de massas mostrou que TbSub2 co-purifica com proteínas envolvidas em múltiplas vias do metabolismo do parasito, incluindo proteínas e fatores relacionados ao processamento de mRNA. Além disso, essa proteína é essencial para os parasitos na forma procíclica e sanguínea e apresenta localização nuclear em ambas as linhagens. Análises por qPCR em tempo real e RT-PCR mostraram que o silenciamento de TbSub2 causa defeito na maquinaria de SL trans-splicing mas seu efeito no cis-splicing não é claro. Por fim, foi possível realizar a expressão heteróloga e purificação da proteína TbSub2 recombinante, bem como estudos para avaliar seu estado oligomérico e estabilidade. Dessa forma, foi constatado que essa proteína é estável em diferentes tampões e apresenta estados oligoméricos distintos nas técnicas empregadas nesse trabalho. O estudo aqui apresentado trouxe evidências da participação da proteína TbSub2 na reação de SL trans-splicing em ambas as linhagens, bem como em múltiplas vias do metabolismo do parasito na forma procíclica, contribuindo para uma elucidação das funções dessa proteína em tripanossomatídeos. / The excision of intronic sequences from precursor mRNAs is a critical step during eukaryotic gene expression. This reaction is catalyzed by the macromolecular complex called spliceosome, composed of nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (U1, U2, U4 / U6, U5 snRNPs), besides numerous associated factors. In trypanosomatids, genes are transcribed in long polycistronic units and the SL trans-splicing reaction is required for the generation of mature monocistronic transcripts. The spliceosome is a highly dynamic machinery and part of this complex\'s conformational changes is regulated by RNA helicases. The RNA helicase / ATPase Sub2 UAP56, in mammalian), whose homologous proteins have been described as members of the TREX complex (transcription / RNA export), is essential in the pre-spliceosome assembly, besides its participation in other assembly steps of this complex, as suggested by other studies. In trypanosomatids, the role of this protein in the nucleus/cytoplasm mRNA transport has already been described, however its involvement in the splicing reaction remains unknown. In this work, we studied this involvement through tandem affinity purification and RNA interference. The purification of this proteins binding partners added to the identification by mass spectrometry showed that TbSub2 co-purifies with proteins involved in multiple metabolism pathways of the parasite, including proteins and factors related to mRNA processing. In addition, this protein is essencial for the parasites in procyclic and bloodstream forms and localizes in the nucleus in both strains. qPCR and RT-PCR analysis showed that the silencing of TbSub2 causes defect in the SL trans-splicing machinery but its effect on cis-splicing is unclear. Finally, it was possible to perform the heterologous expression and purification of recombinant TbSub2 protein, as well as studies to evaluate its oligomeric state and stability. Thus, it was found that this protein is stable in different buffers and presents different oligomeric states in the techniques employed in this work. This study has provided evidence of this helicases participation in the SL trans-splicing reaction in booth strains, as well as in several metabolism pathways of the parasite in prociclic form, contributing to the elucidation of the protein functions in trypanosomatids.

La Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine (THA) ou maladie du sommeil est une infection provoquée par un protozoaire du genre Trypanosoma. La recherche de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques est nécessaire afin d’améliorer l’efficacité et la tolérance des traitements. Dans un premier travail, nous avons étudié l’importance de CYP51 (stérol 14α-déméthylase), une cible potentielle, par la technique d’interférence à ARN (RNAi). Nous avons démontré le caractère essentiel de cette enzyme pour le parasite, ainsi que les conséquences de sa déplétion sur la cytodiérèse. De plus, la survie de souris infectées par la souche CYP51RNAi induite était prolongée, montrant l’implication de CYP51 dans la virulence. La combinaison du posaconazole, un dérivé triazolé inhibant CYP51, à l’éflornithine a montré un effet similaire à la combinaison nifurtimox-éflornithine dans un modèle murin. Nos résultats soulignent l’intérêt potentiel d’un traitement ciblant CYP51 dans la trypanosomose. Du fait de l’importance de l’immunodépression dans la THA et de la capacité du trypanosome à échapper au système immunitaire de l’hôte, nous avons étudié, dans un deuxième travail, l’effet de T. gambiense et de son sécrétome (protéines excrétées/sécrétées) sur des cellules dendritiques humaines (DCs) in vitro. Nous avons ainsi montré une altération de la maturation des DCs induite par le LPS en présence du sécrétome. Nous avons également montré qu’une des protéines de ce sécrétome, TbKHC1, est exprimée par différentes espèces de trypanosomes. Elle est impliquée dans l’induction de l’arginase macrophagique chez la souris, un mécanisme d’échappement au système immunitaire. Ces travaux apportent des éléments pour une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes immunopathologiques rencontrés, dans la perspective de thérapeutiques ciblées et d’une approche vaccinale. / Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, an extracellular eukaryotic flagellate parasite, is the main causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness. Trypanosomes have developped efficient mechanisms to escape the host immune response. New therapeutic options are needed for patients with HAT. Sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is a potential drug target but its essentiality has not been studied in T. brucei. In a first study, we demonstrated its essentiality by RNA interference (CYP51RNAi) in vitro. CYP51RNAi induction caused morphological defects with multiflagellated cells, suggesting cytokinesis dysfunction. Additionally, the survival of CYP51RNAi infected-mice was improved, showing CYP51 RNAi effect on trypanosomal virulence. During infection with virulent strains, posaconazole-eflornithine and nifurtimox-eflornithine combinations showed similar improvement in mice survival. Thus, our results provide support for a CYP51 targeting based treatment in HAT. In a second work, we studied the innate host immune system characteristics in trypanosomiasis, as a severe immune dysregulation is present in HAT. To analyse the potential immunomodulatory activity of T. gambiense in human settings, we assess the effect of its secretome on dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro, using human monocyte-derived DCs. A significant inhibition of the LPS-induced maturation of DCs was observed with secretome. In line with this impairment, secretome down regulated cytokines production by LPS-activated DCs. TbKHC1, a kinesin heavy chain, is a component of the parasite secretome. We confirmed its role in parasitic escape to immune system by inducing arginase activity, in a murine model. Our results provide new information about the immune system characteristics during trypanosomiasis, which may help to uncover new therapeutic approachs in HAT.

Trypanosoma brucei is an obligate parasite and causative agent of severe diseases affecting humans and livestock. The protist lives extracellularly in the bloodstream of the mammalian host, where it is prone to attacks by the host immune system. As a sophisticated means of defence against the immune response, the parasite’s surface is coated in a dense layer of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), that reduces identification of invariant epitopes on the cell surface by the immune system to levels that prevent host immunity. The VSG has to form a coat that is both dense and mobile, to shield invariant surface proteins from detection and to allow quick recycling of the protective coat during immune evasion. This coat effectively protects the parasite from the harsh environment that is the mammalian bloodstream and leads to a persistent parasitemia if the infection remains untreated. The available treatment against African Trypanosomiasis involves the use of drugs that are themselves severely toxic and that can lead to the death of the patient. Most of the drugs used as treatment were developed in the early-to-mid 20th century, and while developments continue, they still represent the best medical means to fight the parasite. The discovery of a fluorescent VSG gave rise to speculations about a potential interaction between the VSG coat and components of the surrounding medium, that could also lead to a new approach in the treatment of African Trypanosomiasis that involves the VSG coat. The initially observed fluorescence signal was specific for a combination of a VSG called VSG’Y’ and the triphenylmethane (TPM) dye phenol red. Exchanging this TPM to a bromo-derivative led to the observation of another fluorescence effect termed trypanicidal effect which killed the parasite independent of the expressed VSG and suggests a structurally conserved feature between VSGs that could function as a specific drug target against T. b. brucei. The work of this thesis aims to identify the mechanisms that govern the unique VSG’Y’ fluorescence and the trypanocidal effect. Fluorescence experiments and protein mutagenesis of VSG’Y’ as well as crystallographic trials with a range of different VSGs were utilized in the endeavour to identify the binding mechanisms between TPM compounds and VSGs, to find potentially conserved structural features between VSGs and to identify the working mechanisms of VSG fluorescence and the trypanocidal effect. These trials have the potential to lead to the formulation of highly specific drugs that target the parasites VSG coat. During the crystallographic trials of this thesis, the complete structure of a VSG was solved experimentally for the first time. This complete structure is a key component in furthering the understanding of the mechanisms governing VSG coat formation. X-ray scattering techniques, involving x-ray crystallography and small angle x-ray scattering were applied to elucidate the first complete VSG structures, which reveal high flexibility of the protein and supplies insight into the importance of this flexibility in the formation of a densely packed but highly mobile surface coat. / Trypanosoma brucei ist ein eukaryotischer Parasit welcher bei Menschen und Nutztieren schwere Krankheiten auslöst. Der Protist lebt extrazellulär im Blutstrom seines Säugetier-Wirtes, in welchem er unter konstantem Angriff durch das Wirts-Immunsystem steht. Als ausgeklügelte Methode zur Umgehung der Immunantwort besitzt der Parasit einen dichten Oberflächenmantel des variablen Oberflächen-Glycoproteins (VSG), welcher die Identifikation invariabler Oberflächenproteine durch das Immunsystem erschwert und Wirts-Immunität gegen den Parasiten verhindert. Der gebildete VSG-Mantel muss gleichzeitig eine hohe Dichte besitzt, um invariable Oberflächenproteine vor Immundetektion zu beschützen, und eine hohe Mobilität aufweisen, um ein schnelles Recycling des Schutzmantels während Immunantworten zu gewährleisten. Dieser Mantel schützt den Parasiten effektiv vor dem Wirts-Immunsystem und führt bei fehlender Behandlung des Patienten zur persistenten Parasitemie durch Trypanosoma brucei. Die verfügbaren Behandlung gegen die Afrikanische Trypanosomiasis beinhaltet die Benutzung von Medikamenten welche ihrerseits z.T. stark toxisch sind und den Tod des Patienten verursachen können. Ein Großteil der verfügbaren Medikamente wurden zu Beginn des letzten Jahrhunderts entwickelt und stellen trotz anhaltenden Entwicklungen noch immer die beste Lösung im Kampf gegen den Parasiten dar. Die Entdeckung eines fluoreszierenden VSGs deutete auf eine Interaktionen zwischen dem VSG Mantel und Bestandteilen des umgebenden Medium hin, welche die Entwicklung von Medikamenten mit dem VSG Mantel als Drug Target ermöglichen könnte. Das ursprünglich beobachtete Fluoreszenz-Signal war spezifisch für eine Kombination eines VSG namens VSG’Y’ und dem Triphenylmethan (TPM) Phenolrot. Der Austausch von Phenolrot gegen ein Brom-Derivat führte zur Beobachtung eines weiteren Fluoreszenz-Effekts, welcher unabhängig vom exprimierten VSG auftritt und letal für den Parasiten ist. Dieser so genannten Trypanozide Effekt lässt auf konservierte Strukturen schließen, welche von allen VSGs geteilt werden und als hochspezifisches Drug Target gegen T. b. brucei fungieren könnten. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Mechanismen zu identifizieren, welche die einzigartige VSG’Y’-Fluoreszenz und den Trypanoziden Effekt auslösen. Fluoreszenz-Experimente und Protein-Mutagenese von VSG’Y’, sowie röntgenkristallographische Analysen mit mehreren unterschiedlichen VSGs wurden in dem Bestreben durchgeführt, die Bindung zwischen VSGs und TPMs zu charakterisieren, potentiell konservierte Strukturen von VSGs zu finden und die Mechanismen der einzigartigen VSG’Y’-Fluoreszenz und des Trypanoziden Effekts zu identifizieren. Diese Arbeiten haben das Potenzial die Formulierung hochspezifischer Medikamente mit VSGs als Drug Target anzutreiben. Im Rahmen der kristallographischen Analysen wurden die ersten vollständigen VSG Strukturen ermittelt, welche eine hohe Bedeutung für das Verständnis über die Bildung des VSG-Mantels haben. Die VSG Strukturen wurden u.a. per Röntgenkristallographie und Kleinwinkel-Röntgenstreuung aufgeschlüsselt und zeigten dass VSGs ein hohes Maß an Flexibilität besitzen. Diese Flexibilität ist wichtig für die Bildung eines dichten und hochmobilen VSG-Mantels.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-175).

Dissertation (Ph.D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2006. / Vita. Bibliography: p. 87-94.

Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Würzburg, Univ., Diss., 2008

A excisão de sequencias intrônicas dos precursores de mRNAs é um passo crítico durante a expressão gênica eucariótica. Essa reação é catalisada pelo complexo macromolecular denominado spliceossomo, composto por partículas ribonucleoproteicas nucleares (U1, U2, U4/U6, U5 snRNPs), além de inúmeros fatores associados. Em tripanossomatídeos, os genes são transcritos em longas unidades policistrônicas e a reação de SL trans-splicing é requerida para geração de transcritos monocistrônicos maduros. O spliceossomo é uma maquinaria altamente dinâmica e parte das mudanças conformacionais ocorridas neste complexo é mediada por RNA helicases. A RNA helicase/ATPásica Sub2 (em mamífero, UAP56), cujas homólogas foram descritas como membros do complexo TREX (transcrição/exportação do RNA), é essencial na montagem do pré-spliceossomo, além de estudos sugerirem sua participação em outras etapas de montagem desse complexo. Em tripanossomatídeos, a função desta proteína no transporte de mRNA entre núcleo e citoplasma já foi descrita, entretanto, seu envolvimento na reação de splicing permanece indefinido. Neste trabalho, buscou-se estudar esse envolvimento através de técnicas de purificação em tandem e RNA de interferência. A purificação dos parceiros de interação da proteína somada à identificação por espectrometria de massas mostrou que TbSub2 co-purifica com proteínas envolvidas em múltiplas vias do metabolismo do parasito, incluindo proteínas e fatores relacionados ao processamento de mRNA. Além disso, essa proteína é essencial para os parasitos na forma procíclica e sanguínea e apresenta localização nuclear em ambas as linhagens. Análises por qPCR em tempo real e RT-PCR mostraram que o silenciamento de TbSub2 causa defeito na maquinaria de SL trans-splicing mas seu efeito no cis-splicing não é claro. Por fim, foi possível realizar a expressão heteróloga e purificação da proteína TbSub2 recombinante, bem como estudos para avaliar seu estado oligomérico e estabilidade. Dessa forma, foi constatado que essa proteína é estável em diferentes tampões e apresenta estados oligoméricos distintos nas técnicas empregadas nesse trabalho. O estudo aqui apresentado trouxe evidências da participação da proteína TbSub2 na reação de SL trans-splicing em ambas as linhagens, bem como em múltiplas vias do metabolismo do parasito na forma procíclica, contribuindo para uma elucidação das funções dessa proteína em tripanossomatídeos. / The excision of intronic sequences from precursor mRNAs is a critical step during eukaryotic gene expression. This reaction is catalyzed by the macromolecular complex called spliceosome, composed of nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (U1, U2, U4 / U6, U5 snRNPs), besides numerous associated factors. In trypanosomatids, genes are transcribed in long polycistronic units and the SL trans-splicing reaction is required for the generation of mature monocistronic transcripts. The spliceosome is a highly dynamic machinery and part of this complex\'s conformational changes is regulated by RNA helicases. The RNA helicase / ATPase Sub2 UAP56, in mammalian), whose homologous proteins have been described as members of the TREX complex (transcription / RNA export), is essential in the pre-spliceosome assembly, besides its participation in other assembly steps of this complex, as suggested by other studies. In trypanosomatids, the role of this protein in the nucleus/cytoplasm mRNA transport has already been described, however its involvement in the splicing reaction remains unknown. In this work, we studied this involvement through tandem affinity purification and RNA interference. The purification of this proteins binding partners added to the identification by mass spectrometry showed that TbSub2 co-purifies with proteins involved in multiple metabolism pathways of the parasite, including proteins and factors related to mRNA processing. In addition, this protein is essencial for the parasites in procyclic and bloodstream forms and localizes in the nucleus in both strains. qPCR and RT-PCR analysis showed that the silencing of TbSub2 causes defect in the SL trans-splicing machinery but its effect on cis-splicing is unclear. Finally, it was possible to perform the heterologous expression and purification of recombinant TbSub2 protein, as well as studies to evaluate its oligomeric state and stability. Thus, it was found that this protein is stable in different buffers and presents different oligomeric states in the techniques employed in this work. This study has provided evidence of this helicases participation in the SL trans-splicing reaction in booth strains, as well as in several metabolism pathways of the parasite in prociclic form, contributing to the elucidation of the protein functions in trypanosomatids.

Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished