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This thesis assesses the underlying political and financial reasons of the recent budgetary crisis of the European Union. It aims to discuss the possible reform alternatives for the European Union budget in order to improve it to better serve for the objectives of the enlarged Union and to enable the Member States to share the budget burden more fairly. To this purpose, the thesis first analyzes the budget of the European Union in terms of its aims, evolution and structure of revenue and expenditure items and than presents a general overview of the shortcomings of the present own resources system. In general, the thesis discusses possible reform areas, in which the reform process could take place. The thesis also shows how the Union overcame the policy challenges, and particularly the budgetary implications brought out with the inclusion of Central and Eastern European countries and how its financial perspectives covering the 2000-06 and 2007-2013 periods were finalized.

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Urban Studies / Master / Master of Social Sciences

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

No description available.

Atkūrus nepriklausomybę Lietuvos fiskalinėje politikoje įvyko daug labai svarbių permainų: įvestas fiskalinis valdymas, tinkantis rinkos sąlygoms; mokesčių reforma iš esmės pakeitė valstybės pajamų sandarą, o valstybės finansų išlaidų sąrangą buvo pakeista perskirstant funkcijas tarp įvairių valdymo lygių ir skolos valdymas iškilo kaip visai nauja viešųjų finansų sritis. Šio darbo tema – “Lietuvos savivaldybių biudžetai (Vilniaus miesto savivaldybės biudžeto pavyzdžiu) ir biudžeto reforma Lietuvoje”. Pasirinka tema yra labai aktuali. Šiuo metu Lietuvoje vykdoma biudžeto reforma, kuria siekiama pagerinti valstybės bei savivaldybių biudžetų planavimą bei biudžeto procedūras, patobulinti finansinių išteklių valdymą ir kontrolę, o taip pat spręsti klausimus susijusius su Europos Sąjungos finansine parama. Nagrinėjant savivaldybių biudžetų klausimus, vienas svarbiausių ir aktualiausių - kokio lygio turi būti savivaldybių fiskalinis savarankiškumas. / The subject of the thesis is “Budgets of Lithuanian Municipalities (on the example of Vilnius City Municipality Budget) and Budget Reform in Lithuania.” The subject is very urgent. At present the budget reform is being carried out in Lithuania, and the aim of the reform is to improve planning and procedures of national and municipal budgets, to perfect management and control of financial resources and also to solve the problems related to the European Union budget. Considering the budget problems of municipalities one of the most important and urgent problems is what the level of fiscal-dependence of municipalities should be. The purpose of the thesis is to consider financing of municipality budgets and to analyse and evaluate the main regulations of the budget system reform in Lithuania and to present the conclusions. To reach the purpose, the following tasks are raised in the thesis: to examine Lithuanian budget system; to consider fiscal decentralization level in Lithuania; analyse the structure of finance in Lithuanian municipalities and describe the municipality budget; to consider and evaluate the budget reform. The thesis raises the following hypothesis: municipalities do not have fiscal self-dependence enough, that is why not all principles of the budget reform are effectively put into practise.

Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjami pagrindiniai santykio tarp Lietuvos valstybės biudžeto ir ES biudžeto aspektai. Dėl to darbe visų pirma aptariama bendra ES biudžeto charakteristika ir šio biudžeto ypatumai bei skirtumai nuo ES valstybių narių, įskaitant ir Lietuvą, biudžetų. Pirmoji labiau teorinio pobūdžio darbo dalis leidžia suvokti ES biudžeto esmę. Toliau yra nagrinėjami Lietuvos valstybės biudžeto ir biudžetinės sistemos integracijos į ES finansinę ir biudžetinę sistemą etapai. Tuo tikslu yra analizuojamas Lietuvos derybų procesas dėl narystės ES biudžeto ir biudžetinės sistemos kontekste. Taip pat yra apžvelgiamos Lietuvos atliktos reformos siekiant įgyvendinti ES acquis biudžeto ir finansų srityje bei faktiniai pasiekimai šioje srityje. Siekiant objektyviau įvertinti Lietuvos biudžetinės sistemos teisinės bazės paruošimą ES acquis įgyvendinimui, tam tikrais atžvilgiais buvo palygintos Lietuvos ir Slovėnijos valstybių biudžetinės sistemos reformos bei pasiekimai konkrečiose srityse. Darbo pabaigoje nagrinėjamas iš svarbiausių sąveikos tarp Lietuvos valstybės biudžeto ir ES biudžeto aspektų – biudžetinė sistema ir pateikiamos išvados. / The diploma paper analyses the principle ideas of the relationship between Lithuania`s state budget and the budget of the European Union. The main object is to assess relationship between Lithuanian budget and EU budget. To this end evaluation of the basic characteristics of the EU budget and its particularities is provided. Moreover the development process of Lithuanian budget integration into EU financial and budgetary framework is examined as well. The paper also aims to analyze the negotiation process of the accession of the Republic of Lithuania into the EU. The author attempts to introduce a systematic view towards Lithuanian and EU budgetary systems with special emphasis on their legal background. The EU budget compared to the budget of the Republic of Lithuania has some specific features. There are several points that should be considered as regards the relationship between Lithuanian budget and EU budget. Firstly, Lithuania`s membership entails interaction between these two budgets in financial terms, namely payments from Lithuania`s budget to the EU budget and allowances from the latter to Lithuania`s budget. Secondly, there is an obligation as regards Lithuania`s membership in the EU to harmonise its legal acts with EU acquis in financial and budgetary field. This harmonization aims to ensure smooth implementation procedure of EU budgetary discipline principle into Lithuania`s budgetary system.

Background: Swedish football clubs have lost their competitiveness both economically andgamely. The last time a Swedish team was represented in Champions League was 1999 and last season there were only 2 clubs with positive financial results in Allsvenskan. One factor that has not worked is budgeting where many clubs have budgeted too optimistic and thus not able to make positive results.Purpose: The purpose of this report is to review and analyze how the Swedish football clubs are working with their budgeting. The goal was to identify problems in their budgeting and to find solutions which can be used practically.Methodology: This report is a qualitative study consisting of a cross-sectional study of how Swedish football clubs are working on budgeting in 2014. Data collection has primarily consisted of interviews of budgetmakers in the clubs. Also studies in annual reports and business economic theories have been part of the report.Results and conclusions: The study shows that there is big differences in the clubs budgeting. Audience-revenue and transfers is most difficult to budget. These problems leadsto a model with the purpose to improve the budgeting in football clubs. / Bakgrund: Svenska fotbollsklubbar har tappat i konkurrenskraft såväl ekonomiskt somsportsligt. Senast ett svenskt klubblag representerades i Champions League var år 1999 och det senaste året var det endast två allsvenska klubbar som visade positiva ekonomiska resultat. En faktor som inte fungerat är budgeteringen där många klubbar har budgeterat för optimistiskt och därmed inte kunnat göra positiva resultat.Syfte: Ett första syfte med studien är att granska och analysera hur allsvenska fotbollsklubbar arbetar med deras budgetering. Ett andra syfte är att identifiera eventuella brister i budgeteringen samt hitta lösningar på dessa som kan användas praktiskt.Metod: Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ studie bestående av en tvärsnittsstudie kring hur allsvenska klubbarna arbetar med budgetering år 2014. Datainsamlingen har primärt bestått av intervjuer med de budgetansvariga i flertalet fotbollsklubbar. Även studier i årsredovisningar och företagsekonomiska teorier har varit en del i studien.Resultat och slutsatser: Studien visar att det finns stora skillnader i hur olika fotbollsklubbar budgeterar. De svåraste posterna att budgetera har visat sig vara publikintäkter och spelarförsäljningar. Dessa problem mynnar ut i en modell med syfte att förbättrafotbollsklubbars budgetering.

Det vanligaste ekonomiska styrmedlet är budgetering, budgetering används i alla branscher oavsett hur stor den externa osäkerheten är. Den här studien behandlar och granskar hur budgeteringsarbetet ser ut i organisationer som verkar i en osäker miljö, där vårt fokus riktas mot hockeyklubbarna i de två högsta hockeyligorna i Sverige.Syftet med uppsatsen är att förklara hur organisationerna i de två högsta hockeyligorna i Sverige arbetar med budgetering. I syftet ingår även att redogöra för hur organisationerna hanterar extern osäkerhet. I den teoretiska referensramen presenteras de olika definitioner och tidigare forskning som finns inom budget, budgetering samt osäkerhetsfaktorer. I studien har använts en kvalitativ metod med verktygen; personlig intervju, mejlintervju samt dokumentinsamling. Sex ekonomer som arbetar i sex olika hockeyklubbar har intervjuats via en personlig samt fem mejlintervjuer.Analysen fokuserar på den decentralisering organisationer inom hockeyligorna arbetar med i sitt budgetarbete samt hur utvecklingen ser ut. Där behandlas även miljön organisationerna verkar i samt olika osäkerhetsfaktorer. Exempel på viktiga slutsatser är att organisationer som verkar i osäkra miljöer kan dra fördel av att dela upp budgeten i mindre delar för att separera osäkerhet A från osäkerhet B samt att organisationerna inom den Svenska Hockeyligan och HockeyAllsvenskan kan dra fördel av att använda decentralisering i budgetarbetet. / The most common element of management control system is budgeting, budgeting is used in all industries no matter how big the external uncertainty is. This study will reflect on and examine how budgeting works in organizations that appear in uncertain environments, where the focus will be on the two highest rated hockey leagues in Sweden.The purpose of the study is to describe how the organizations in the two highest rated hockey leagues in Sweden work with budgeting. The purpose is also to describe how organizations manage external uncertainty. The theoretical framework presents different definitions and previous research about budget, budgeting and uncertainties. In the study we have been using a qualitative method with the tools; face-to-face interview, e-mail interview and documentary secondary data. Six economists who work in six different hockey organizations have been interviewed.The analysis focuses on the decentralization that organizations in the hockey leagues work within their budgeting and also how the development appears. It also discusses the environment in which the organizations operate and uncertainty factors. Examples of important conclusions are that organizations in uncertain environments can benefit from dividing the budget into smaller parts, separating uncertainty A from uncertainty B. The organizations in the Swedish Hockey league and HockeyAllsvenskan can also benefit from decentralization when working with their budget.