Detta examensarbete har undersökt vilka möjligheter som skapas genom att använda Building Information Modelling (BIM) för Livscykelkostnadsanalyser (LCCA). Arbetet beskriver först LCCA och sedan hur BIM samt öppna standardiserade dataformat kan användas för LCCA och för kvalitetssäkring av data. Till sist visas hur ett verktyg som räknar ut LCC direkt från en byggnadsmodell kan utformas. Genom att kunna synliggöra konsekvenserna av olika lösningsalternativ och göra kvalitativa LCCA erhålls genomtänkta lösningar och medvetenhet om de framtida förvaltningskostnaderna. För en byggherre som också ansvarar för driften kan dessa alternativsvärderingar och analyser leda till betydligt lägre förvaltningskostnader. För Norska Statsbygg som idag förvaltar 2.6 miljoner kvadratmeter fördelat på 2300 byggnader innebär lägre förvaltningskostnader inte bara besparingar för dem utan även för hela det Norska samhället. Därför är LCCA ett viktigt beslutsunderlag för Statsbygg. För LCCA behövs verktyg som ger adekvata resultat och för detta ändamål är de senaste årens utveckling inom BIM intressant. Syftet med detta arbete var att först beskriva och analysera möjligheten att använda BIM för LCCA och sedan att visa hur ett LCC-verktyg kan utformas. Arbetet grundade sig enbart i kvalitativa arbetsmetoder genom intervjuer och direktmedverkan. I undersökningen har jag valt att intervjua anställda på Statsbygg för att få veta mer om LCC. De har varit drivande i utveckling av metoder och den norska standarden NS3454 sedan 1982, de är också en av Norges största byggherrar som även förvaltar sina byggnader och LCCA får därför stor betydelse. Jag har också valt att fokusera på renhållning som är en av posterna i den norska standarden NS3454 för LCCA. Renhållning valdes eftersom det är den största kostnaden under förvaltningsfasen. Kunskaper om BIM erhölls genom direktmedverkan hos Jotne EPM-Technology i Oslo som har arbetat med öppna standardiserade dataformat och BIM sedan 1985. Som en del av deras utvecklingsmiljö arbetades det fram ett verktyg för beräkning av framtida renhållningskostnader. Slutsatsen i arbetet är att genom användning av BIM för LCCA kan det erhållas bättre kvalitet i den slutliga produkten genom fler möjligheter för optioneering och kvalitetskontroller. Dessutom kan det ge mer adekvata LCCA genom Master Data Management och möjligheten att planera mer i detalj. För att dessa fördelar ska kunna bli verklighet behöver det utvecklas fler verktyg för både förvaltning och LCCA. Det behöver också utvecklas fler kunskapsdatabaser för LCC, underhåll, energi samt rengöring. All utveckling bör dessutom basera sig på öppna standardiserade dataformat. / This thesis has investigated the possibilities of using Building Information Modelling (BIM) for Life Cycle Cost Analys (LCCA). It describes LCC and how BIM can be used for LCC and for data quality control. It also shows how a tool that calculates the LCC directly from a building model can be designed. Being able to highlight the consequences of various design solutions and make qualitative LCCA, results in better solutions and awareness off the future facility management(FM) -costs. For a builder who also is responsible for the operational phase these analysis can lead to significantly lover costs. Statsbygg currently manages 2.6 million square meter spread over 2300 buildings. Lower FM-costs implies savings not only for the company itself, but for the Norwegian society as well. Therefore LCCA is an important decision basis for Statsbygg. LCCA requires tools that provide adequate results, and for this purpose the recent developments in BIM are interesting. BIM enables operational procedures and analysis that previously not was possible and it has potential to be used within the LCCA. The purpose of this work was first to describle and analyze the possibility of using BIM to make LCCA and then to show how a solution for calculating can be designed. The work was based only in qualitative methods through interviews and being a part of developers enviroment. It was chosen to interview employees at Statsbygg to know more about LCC. They have worked with development and methods since 1982 and have extensive expertise in the field. They are one of Norway’s largest property developers, wich also manages its buildings and therefore LCCA is important. It was also chosen to focus on cleaningcosts wich is one of the costs in the Norwegian standard NS 3454 for LCCA. Cleaning was chosen because it is a major cost in the FM-phase. Knowledge of BIM was obtained beeing part of the development enviroment at Jotne EPM-Technology in Oslo who has worked with open standard data formats and BIM since 1985. As part of their enviroment the works with the cleaningcost-tool proceed. The conclusion of this work is that use of BIM for LCCA can obtain better quality of the final product by more opportunities for optioneering and quality controls. Moreover, it may provide more accurate LCCA through master data management systems and the ability to plan in more detail. To realize all benefits it is necessary to develop more tools for FM and LCCA based on open standard data formats. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop knowledge databases for LCC, maintenance, energy and cleaning based on open standard data formats.

In dieser Arbeit wird ein BIM-konformer Workflow zur Konzeptionierung von TGA-Systemen vorgestellt. Das Ziel ist es, den Studierenden der HTWK Leipzig ein Hilfsmittel und Nachschlagewerk bereitzustellen, das insbesondere für die Anwendung im Mastermodul „Digitalisierung im Bauwesen – BIM“ herangezogen wird. Die Erstellung erfolgte exemplarisch anhand eines Einfamilienhauses unter Verwendung der Softwareanwendungen Autodesk Revit, SolarComputer und auxalia CADstudio MEPprojectBox.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Zielstellung 1.2 Arbeitsaufteilung 2 Theoretische Grundlagen 2.1 Übersicht des BIM-konformen Workflows 2.2 Grundlagen für den erarbeiteten Inhalt 2.3 Grundlagen der betrachteten Software 3 BIM-konformer Workflow 3.1 Software 3.2 Struktur des Workflows 3.2.1 Allgemein 3.2.2 Vorbereitende Koordination 3.2.3 Planung der Heizungstechnik 3.2.4 Planung der Lüftungstechnik 3.2.5 Planung der Sanitärtechnik 3.2.6 Allgemeine Koordination 4 Analyse 4.1 Konzeptionierung des Workflows 4.2 Ausblick 5 Zusammenfassung Literaturverzeichnis Anhang

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According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, 293 people lost their life from 2008-2012 in the field of Facility Management (FM). In that same timeframe, private employers recorded 98,420 cases of occupational injuries and illness, with 26,190 cases requiring a minimum of 31 days away from work. Workers in this field are at constant risk of electrical shock, falls, crushing, cuts, and bruises and as a result, have a much higher rate of injury and illness than the national average. Case study analysis confirms that many of the recorded accidents could have been avoided had the victim followed appropriate hazard mitigation steps to safely execute a facility repair and maintenance task, defined in this research as safety protocol. Currently, safety related information is conveyed to FM staff through training seminars, OandM manuals, plans and specifications, database storage, safety meetings, and safety literature. This information, although comprehensive, often remains fragmented among multiple resources and is left up to the worker's discretion whether the information is relevant. Research has shown that the more time and effort, known as inconvenience, an individual must spend obtaining information, the less likely they are to retrieve the information and obey the stated warnings. This research focuses on the identification, categorization, transference, and delivery of safety related information applicable to facility management staff. This is executed by, obtaining safety inputs through various mechanisms of data collection, categorizing the safety inputs, transferring the information utilizing existing BIM-based software and research methods into a data storage repository, and designing a data retrieval and processing system (DRPS), integrated into the repository to interact with the data. The DRPS adds structure and relationships through a UML Class Diagram and Sequence Diagram. Additionally, standardized safety properties are developed for asset groups using the Asset Safety Identification Tool (ASIT). Finally, a conceptual graphical user interface (GUI) is developed to represent the interaction between the DRPS and the FM Worker. By combining the DRPS with a GUI, a FM worker can efficiently interact with a singular repository for safety information, eliminating the need to reference multiple resources in order to obtain comprehensive safety information. The goal of this research is to mitigate the fragmentation and timing inefficiencies within safety related information retrieval by developing a BIM-based framework to categorize, consolidate, and deliver job specific safety information, eliminating the need to reference multiple documents in order to develop a comprehensive, task specific safety plan. / Ph. D.

In recent years, the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) databases has enabled architects/engineers to quantify the environmental impact of building materials for whole building analysis and comparative analyses of design alternatives. The application of building information modeling (BIM) has facilitated this process by providing designers and engineers with the detailed bill of materials required for LCA. However three limitations exist: First, LCA assessments have been limited to the design phase of a project delivery or post completion phase. Consequently, it does not help incentivize the choice of suppliers and delivery strategies that minimize the cradle-to-site impacts. Second, majority LCA tools ignore the impact of construction means and methods during the construction phase. Third, there is a lack of metrics and visualization tools that assess environmental impacts of decisions made during pre-construction and construction phase. As a result, little incentive exists for suppliers to provide embodied carbon footprint rates, and similarly, for contractors to balance project costs, schedule objectives with the corresponding environmental impact. To address these challenges, we propose and develop a new framework that applies BIM for reliable, effective benchmarking, monitoring, and visualization of embodied carbon footprint of construction projects. It comprises of a benchmarking module, and a monitoring and visualization module. In the experiments, this framework is implemented on concrete placement activities during the construction of the Center for the Arts facility at Virginia Tech. The developed framework can revolutionize construction by a) a rapid assessment and visualization of the deviations between expected and released carbon footprint, b) incentivizing contractors to request that manufacturers and suppliers gauge and share their carbon footprints as a part of contractor submittal process and c) incentivizing those construction firms that can complete their project with an overall carbon footprint rate lower than what is budgeted during the pre-construction or compared to the values from the design phase, while documenting and using the performance results as a benchmark for future similar projects. / Master of Science

O presente trabalho de mestrado estuda a aplicação de tecnologias e ferramentas de modelagem virtual e prototipagem rápida em projeto de Arquitetura, abordando casos em escritórios brasileiros e instituições de ensino que utilizam laboratórios de prototipagem rápida no desenvolvimento de projeto. A partir da revisão bibliográfica abrangendo processo de projeto, projeto paramétrico, modelagem virtual, Building Information Model(ing), prototipagem rápida, buscou-se desenvolver a ligação do trabalho acadêmico desses temas com a prática e o desenvolvimento de projeto a fim de estudar as interferências, potencialidades e desdobramentos que tais tecnologias podem oferecer no desenvolvimento de projeto de arquitetura. Dois estudos de campo foram desenvolvidos para observar como as tecnologias estão influenciando a prática de projeto: através do estudo de campo descritivo junto a cinco escritórios de arquitetura do estado de São Paulo, levantaram-se os diversos usos que têm sido feitos dessas ferramentas na prática de projeto. Utilizou-se também o estudo de campo exploratório que contou com três instituições de ensino de excelência que utilizam métodos atuais com inserção de ferramentas de modelagem virtual paramétrica junto aos laboratórios de Fabricação Digital da FEC/UNICAMP, Brasil, AA, Londres, Inglaterra e UTL, Lisboa, Portugal observou-se as mudanças na prática do ensino de projeto. Conclui-se que a inserção dessas tecnologias no ensino e na prática de projeto tem um papel transformador na forma de se projetar envolvendo mudança nas práticas decisórias, simulação, experimentação, representação de projeto, geração de documentos, colaboração entre projetistas, etc. Porém, esses grupos acadêmicos, que utilizam a tecnologia em prol da concepção e produção de uma arquitetura contemporânea, não refletem a realidade da prática profissional pesquisada onde os escritórios utilizam software com conceito BIM isoladamente já que escritórios de projetos complementares não utilizam a mesma tecnologia. / This master research work studies the employment of tools like virtual modeling and rapid prototyping on architectural designs trough educational institutions and commercial offices case studies from that use Rapid Prototyping Laboratories during the design process. Based on a literature review regarding design process, parametric design, virtual modeling, Building Information Model(ing) and rapid prototyping, connection between academic knowledge and potential design were performed in order to study the potentials, interferences, and future these technologies can offer to architectural design process. Two field studies were employed to investigate how technologies are influencing the design projects. The descriptive work presents the professional practice reality in São Paulo, Brazil, through interviews with five architectural design offices that are using these tools in different ways during the design project. The exploratory study was performed at three schools of excellent: University of Campinas, Brazil, Architectural Association in London, UK and Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal where the methodology employs parametric virtual modeling technology, giving evidence of changes in design teaching using the Digital Fabrication facilities. It concludes that the use of these technologies on design project teaching and practice a hanger the way of design, involving decision-making, simulation, design drawings, documents generation and collaboration between designers. However the academic research groups that use the technology for contemporary design conception and production do not represent the professional practice reality once they are using the BIM software on an isolated way given that complementary design offices don\'t have access to the same technology.

The purpose of this study is to facilitate sustainable building by the use of BIM. The goal is to determine which aspects of sustainable building, which can be analyzed mainly with BIM tools, but also other aids. The study is based on literature studies and interviews. The literature review examines aspects important for sustainable building by studying environmental certification systems applicable in Sweden, as well as the BIM tools available on the market to analyze these aspects. The literature also includes the concepts of BIM and sustainability in order to provide a clearer view of its meaning. The interviews have brought the study's overall understanding of the industry and guidance on the subject. The results are presented in a table, where the aspects relevant to sustainable building are listed. It can also be read which aspect the certification systems raise. Overall, the study shows 132 aspects distributed across seven areas: Site, Water and Wastewater, Energy and Pollution, Materials and Waste, Indoor and Wellbeing, City Design and finally Implementation and Management. The table also suggests BIM tools and other aids, which can be used in the analysis of a specific aspect. The study shows a slight majority of the aspects, 55 percent, are possible to analyze with BIM tools. The Site is the area with most aspects, which can be analyzed with BIM tools, 95 percent. And Materials and Waste resulted in least aspects with only ten percent. Overall, the study examined 35 different BIM tools. The aspects that require other means of analysis often generates important information about the project, from a sustainability point of view, and in many cases the information can be integrated in the BIM model manually. In the end, the project gets a packed BIM model with useful information, which follows the project all the way into management and later demolition and recycling. The study shows that sustainable building demands a holistic approach where several aspects should be considered in order to achieve sustainability. To analyze the aspects of sustainability requires that relevant and accurate information about the project be collected. Various proposals can be drawn and compared to generate the most sustainable option. A tool for this is BIM. BIM is defined partly as a method of work, building information modeling, but also as a virtual model, building information model. BIM facilitates the coordination of information gathering, both as a working method and a technical tool. This will contribute BIM to achieve the purpose sustainable building. / Syftet med den här studien är att underlätta hållbart byggande genom användandet av BIM. Målet är att utreda vilka aspekter inom hållbart byggande som kan analyseras med fokus på i huvudsak BIM-verktyg, men också andra hjälpmedel. Studien bygger på litteraturstudier och intervjuer. I litteraturstudien undersöks aspekter som är betydelsefulla vid hållbart byggande genom att studera miljöcertifieringssystem som är tillämpningsbara i Sverige, samt vilka BIM-verktyg som finns att tillgå på marknaden för att analysera dessa aspekter. Litteraturstudien innefattar även begrepp rörande BIM och hållbarhet för att ge en klarare bild av dess innebörd. Intervjuerna har tillfört studien övergripande förståelse för branschen och vägledning i ämnet. Resultatet redovisas i en tabell, där de aspekter som är relevanta för hållbart byggande är listade. I tabellen går det även att utläsa vilka aspekter certifieringssystemen tar upp. Totalt visar studien på 132 aspekter fördelade inom sju delområden; Platsen, Vatten och Avlopp, Energi och Föroreningar, Material och Avfall, Inomhusklimat och Välmående, Stadens Gestaltning samt Genomförande och Förvaltning. I tabellen redovisas dessutom förslag på BIM-verktyg samt andra hjälpmedel som används vid analys av en specifik aspekt. Studien visar att en knapp majoritet av aspekterna, 55 procent, är möjliga att analysera med BIM-verktyg. Platsen är det delområde som visar flest aspekter som går att analysera med BIM-verktyg, 95 procent. Material och avfall resulterade i minst aspekter med endast tio procent. Sammantaget har studien undersökt 35 stycken olika BIM-verktyg. De aspekter som kräver andra hjälpmedel för analys genererar ofta information viktig för projektet ur hållbarhetssynpunkt, och går i många fall att integrera i BIM-modellen manuellt. Sammantaget medför det att projektet får en fullmatad BIM-modell med användbar information som följer projektet ända in i förvaltning och sedermera rivning och återvinning. Studien visar att hållbart byggande handlar om att ha en helhetssyn där flertalet aspekter ska beaktas för att uppnå hållbarhet. Det räcker således inte att bara se till exempelvis energihushållning för att anse att ett projekt är hållbart. För att analysera aspekter rörande hållbarhet krävs att relevant och riktig information om projektet insamlas. Då kan olika förslag utarbetas och jämföras för att ta fram det mest hållbara alternativet. Ett redskap för detta är BIM. BIM är definierat dels som en arbetsmetod, byggnadsinformationsmodellering, men också som en virtuell modell, byggnadsinformationsmodell. BIM underlättar samordningen av den insamlande informationen, både som arbetsmetod och som tekniskt verktyg. På så vis bidrar BIM till att uppnå syftet hållbart byggande.

O presente trabalho de mestrado estuda a aplicação de tecnologias e ferramentas de modelagem virtual e prototipagem rápida em projeto de Arquitetura, abordando casos em escritórios brasileiros e instituições de ensino que utilizam laboratórios de prototipagem rápida no desenvolvimento de projeto. A partir da revisão bibliográfica abrangendo processo de projeto, projeto paramétrico, modelagem virtual, Building Information Model(ing), prototipagem rápida, buscou-se desenvolver a ligação do trabalho acadêmico desses temas com a prática e o desenvolvimento de projeto a fim de estudar as interferências, potencialidades e desdobramentos que tais tecnologias podem oferecer no desenvolvimento de projeto de arquitetura. Dois estudos de campo foram desenvolvidos para observar como as tecnologias estão influenciando a prática de projeto: através do estudo de campo descritivo junto a cinco escritórios de arquitetura do estado de São Paulo, levantaram-se os diversos usos que têm sido feitos dessas ferramentas na prática de projeto. Utilizou-se também o estudo de campo exploratório que contou com três instituições de ensino de excelência que utilizam métodos atuais com inserção de ferramentas de modelagem virtual paramétrica junto aos laboratórios de Fabricação Digital da FEC/UNICAMP, Brasil, AA, Londres, Inglaterra e UTL, Lisboa, Portugal observou-se as mudanças na prática do ensino de projeto. Conclui-se que a inserção dessas tecnologias no ensino e na prática de projeto tem um papel transformador na forma de se projetar envolvendo mudança nas práticas decisórias, simulação, experimentação, representação de projeto, geração de documentos, colaboração entre projetistas, etc. Porém, esses grupos acadêmicos, que utilizam a tecnologia em prol da concepção e produção de uma arquitetura contemporânea, não refletem a realidade da prática profissional pesquisada onde os escritórios utilizam software com conceito BIM isoladamente já que escritórios de projetos complementares não utilizam a mesma tecnologia. / This master research work studies the employment of tools like virtual modeling and rapid prototyping on architectural designs trough educational institutions and commercial offices case studies from that use Rapid Prototyping Laboratories during the design process. Based on a literature review regarding design process, parametric design, virtual modeling, Building Information Model(ing) and rapid prototyping, connection between academic knowledge and potential design were performed in order to study the potentials, interferences, and future these technologies can offer to architectural design process. Two field studies were employed to investigate how technologies are influencing the design projects. The descriptive work presents the professional practice reality in São Paulo, Brazil, through interviews with five architectural design offices that are using these tools in different ways during the design project. The exploratory study was performed at three schools of excellent: University of Campinas, Brazil, Architectural Association in London, UK and Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal where the methodology employs parametric virtual modeling technology, giving evidence of changes in design teaching using the Digital Fabrication facilities. It concludes that the use of these technologies on design project teaching and practice a hanger the way of design, involving decision-making, simulation, design drawings, documents generation and collaboration between designers. However the academic research groups that use the technology for contemporary design conception and production do not represent the professional practice reality once they are using the BIM software on an isolated way given that complementary design offices don\'t have access to the same technology.