No description available.

Sustainable innovations are observed as a major way by which the ill-effects of the built environment can be avoided or offset. The adoption of innovations are critical to the society, as they pave the way for further incremental or radical innovations, depending on the feedback from their users. In this process, the attributes of an innovation play an important role in its adoption. The objective of this study was to determine whether observability, one of many attributes of innovations identified in the literature as affecting their adoption, plays a critical role in the adoption of sustainable innovations, specifically Rainwater Harvesting Technologies and Strategies (RwHTS). Further, the study aimed to determine whether the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) resulted in frequent adoption RwHTS. Last but not least, the study also sought to understand how designers used BIM to enhance the acceptance of RwHTS in capital projects. The stakeholders identified for this study were architectural firms that are geographically located in the southeastern states of the United States, and the study was conducted from their perspective. This study was segregated into two major phases. The first phase involved a survey of 2,200 designers/architects located in seven southeastern states, including Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Virginia, Maryland, and District of Columbia. The survey questions targeted experiences associated with the implementation of RwHTS and the use of BIM for designing and constructing facilities over the last decade by the architectural firms. Based on the responses received, six firms were purposively selected for Phase II, which involved a case study approach that included meeting with the designers, conducting interviews, understanding general firm policies for capital projects, identifying factors that result in the adoption of RwHTS, and developing a process-based profile undertaken by the firm to understand how key decisions were made. By the end of this phase the researcher identified the factors that result in the adoption of RwHTS. In addition, the researcher also found that observability did not emerge as an attribute that played a critical role in the adoption of RwHTS, in comparison to the other attributes. The study also found that the current use of BIM did not result in the frequent adoption of RwHTS. Finally, the study was able to produce a generalized process map that depicted the steps undertaken during the design process for the adoption of RwHTS in capital projects. This study encompassed the basic principles of sustainability in the built environment, adoption of innovation, and Building Information Modeling use within the design industry. / Ph. D.

The quality of healthcare environments has been linked to patient safety, patient and staff stress, clinical output, and patient outcome. As part of maintaining the physical environment within the healthcare settings facility managers need to ensure that complex systems are working properly. Facility management tasks need to be completed with minimal interference with clinical services. This is often difficult to do because facility information is often stored in multiple systems and may be inadequate and incomplete. Communication and exchange of information throughout the lifecycle and throughout the operational phase of the building is fragmented. Relevant information and effective facility information management are important for efficient operation and maintenance of the facility. It is even more important when systems are being constantly upgraded and renovated due to new technologies and for the need for facility managers to do more work with fewer resources. This research is examining the link between facility management and clinical activities, especially in terms of information exchange and management. A framework is proposed to help facility managers more efficiently manage healthcare facility information. Case analysis was completed on facility related patient safety events to determine the types of information needed and exchanged through the event's response by facility personnel. The information was then organized into a product model and ontology to help capture, manage, and retrieve the information. The goal of the research is to offer a method of storing healthcare facility information in an efficient and effective manner to support facility managers in their response to patient safety events. This dissertation outlines the objectives of this research and the methodologies used in the case analysis. The development of the product model and information exchanges identified is also discussed. Lastly, conceptual model for a prototype was developed and is presented to demonstrate how the product model and ontology can be used to allow the user to query information and interact with the system. / Ph. D.

Digital twins (DT) describe the integration of the physical and digital worlds with the aim of optimizing real world operations and functions. The digital twin concept has gained increasing attention across industries in the past decade including the building sector. However digital twins remain ambiguous with various existing definitions and characteristics. While DTs include all life cycle phases, ultimately their goal is optimization of operations during the use phase. Of the building life cycle phases, building facilities management (FM) is responsible for considerable costs and energy consumption and has potential for improvement through DT implementation. Along with increased building information modeling (BIM) implementation, recent advances in data driven technologies have encouraged the exploration of DT in the building sector. BIM has been coupled with technologies such as internet of things (IoT), data analytics, and cloud computing to optimize various FM functions often resembling DT. This study has reviewed existing literature on digital twins in facilities management using a structured literature review and characterized similar characteristics and definitions by different authors. Additionally, DT implementation in different FM application areas was quantified and analyzed. Results show that DT implementation in FM is still at nascent stages with major challenges surrounding standardization and data integration. / Master of Science / Digital twins (DT) describe the integration of the physical and digital worlds with the aim of optimizing real world operations and functions. The digital twin concept has gained increasing attention across industries in the past decade including the building sector. However digital twins remain ambiguous with various existing definitions and characteristics. DTs include all building life cycle phases from design, construction, to operation and maintenance. Ultimately their goal is optimization of operations also referred to as facilities management during the use phase. Of the building life cycle phases, building facilities management (FM) is responsible for considerable costs and energy consumption and has potential for improvement through DT implementation. Building information modeling (BIM) describes geometric and semantic information of physical assets and has been used to optimize operations in FM. Along with increased BIM implementation, recent advances in data driven technologies have encouraged the exploration of DT in the building sector. BIM has been coupled with technologies such as internet of things (IoT), data analytics, and cloud computing to optimize various FM functions often resembling DT. This study has reviewed existing literature on digital twins in facilities management using a structured literature review and characterized similar characteristics and definitions by different authors. Additionally, DT implementation in different FM application areas was quantified and analyzed. Results show that DT implementation in FM is still at nascent stages with major challenges surrounding standardization and data integration.

Object recognition systems require baseline information upon which to compare sensed data to enable a recognition task. The ability to integrate a diverse set of object recognition data for different components in a Building Information Model (BIM) will enable many autonomous systems to access and use these data in an on-demand learning capacity, and will accelerate the integration of object recognition systems in the construction environment. This research presents a new framework for linking feature descriptors to a BIM to support construction object recognition. The proposed framework is based upon the Property and External Reference Resource schemas within the IFC 2x3 TC1 architecture. Within this framework a new Property Set (Pset_ObjectRecognition) is suggested which provides an on-demand capability to access available feature descriptor information either embedded in the IFC model or referenced in an external model database. The Property Set is extensible, and can be modified and adjusted as required for future research and field implementation. With this framework multiple sets of feature descriptors associated with different sensing modalities and different algorithms can all be aggregated into one Property Set and assigned to either object types or object instances. / Ph. D.

A Modelagem da Informação da Construção (Building Information Modeling - BIM) veio ajudar a modernizar a indústria da construção civil. No Brasil, com a instabilidade do mercado AEC (Arquitetura, Engenharia e Construção), o BIM se torna um diferencial para as empresas que optam por este processo. São várias as opções de uso para construtoras e sua abrangência corre por todo o ciclo de vida da edificação. Através de revisão bibliográfica e estudo de caso dentro de uma construtora, o presente trabalho visa mostrar as possíveis aplicações do BIM dentro do canteiro de obras, identificando as barreiras para sua aplicação plena. A partir do material de estudo levantado e de survey aplicada a funcionários da construtora estudada, são realizadas propostas de uso da Modelagem da Informação da Construção durante a fase de execução do empreendimento, ou seja, durante a obra. Apesar de serem propostas baseadas em casos de uma empresa de porte e bem situada no mercado, procurou-se generalizar de forma a que distintas construtoras possam se identificar e tirar o máximo proveito dos estudos e conclusões aqui apresentados. / The Building Information Modeling (BIM) is helping to modernize the construction industry. In Brazil, faced with AEC (Architecture, Engineering & Construction) market instability, BIM becomes a differential for companies that opt for this process. There are several construction options for builders and their use throughout the lifecycle of the building. Through a bibliographic review and case study within a construction company, the present research aims to show the possible applications of BIM in construction site, identifying the barriers for its full implantation. From the study material collected and survey applied to employees of the construction company studied, proposals are made to use the Building Information Modeling during the execution phase of the project, that is, during the construction. In spite of being proposals based on cases of a company of size and well placed in the market, it was tried to generalize so that different constructors can identify and take full advantage of the studies and conclusions presented here.

Simulações computacionais são um recurso de grande valia no projeto do edifício, particularmente na área de desempenho ambiental, permitindo predizer fenômenos complexos como desempenho térmico, lumínico, acústico e energético dos edifícios e de seu entorno. O surgimento do BIM (Building Information Modeling ou Modelagem da Informação da Construção), por sua vez, forneceu aos profissionais da indústria da construção novas ferramentas para auxiliar na criação e gestão da informação da construção. Ao combinar um modelo 3D com um banco de dados único do projeto, BIM acaba por reduzir a perda de informação e o retrabalho, permitindo o trabalho colaborativo e aumentando a confiabilidade e rastreabilidade das informações do projeto ao longo do ciclo de vida da construção. Muito antes do BIM, ferramentas de simulação de desempenho do edifício (Building Performance Simulation - BPS, na sigla em inglês) já empregavam modelos 3D, o que significa que especialistas de avaliação ambiental do edifício frequentemente tinham que modelar o edifício - e remodelá-lo cada vez que o projeto fosse alterado - dentro destas ferramentas de modo a executar as análises de desempenho. Neste contexto, a integração entre ferramentas BIM e BPS é fundamental para aumentar a eficiência de uma indústria da construção altamente fragmentada. Nos últimos anos, muitos pesquisadores têm se focado em alcançar tal integração. Este estudo sintetiza as pesquisas nesta questão por meio da revisão sistemática de mais de 250 pesquisas publicadas mundialmente no período de 1991 a 2015. Os resultados mostram que, apesar de um aumento significativo no número de estudos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, a plena integração entre BIM e BPS é um assunto complexo e continua sendo um desafio. Esta revisão sistemática produziu um diagnóstico abrangente e contribui com pesquisadores por revelar padrões, tendências e lacunas da área de pesquisa, orientando assim futuros esforços de pesquisa. / Computer simulations are a valuable resource in building design, notably in the environmental performance field, enabling designers and engineers to predict complex phenomena such as thermal, lighting, acoustic and energy performance. The emergence of BIM (Building Information Modeling), in turn, provided these professionals with new tools to assist in the creating and managing of building information. By combining a 3D model to a unique project database, BIM ultimately reduces the loss of information and rework, allowing collaborative work and increasing reliability and traceability of the project information throughout the construction lifecycle. Long before BIM, Building Performance Simulation (BPS) tools already employed 3D models, meaning that simulationists frequently had to model the building - and remodel it as many times as the design changed - within these tools in order to run performance analyses. In this context, the integration of BIM and BPS tools is critical to increase efficiency of a highly fragmented construction industry. In the past years, many researchers have been focusing on achieving this integration. This study summarizes research on this topic by systematically reviewing over 250 researches published worldwide from 1991 to 2015. Results show that, despite a significant increase in the number of studies published in the last five years, fully integration between BIM and BPS is a complex subject and remains a challenge. This systematic review produced a comprehensive diagnosis and contributes with researchers by revealing patterns, trends and gaps of the research area, orientating future research efforts.

Simulações computacionais são um recurso de grande valia no projeto do edifício, particularmente na área de desempenho ambiental, permitindo predizer fenômenos complexos como desempenho térmico, lumínico, acústico e energético dos edifícios e de seu entorno. O surgimento do BIM (Building Information Modeling ou Modelagem da Informação da Construção), por sua vez, forneceu aos profissionais da indústria da construção novas ferramentas para auxiliar na criação e gestão da informação da construção. Ao combinar um modelo 3D com um banco de dados único do projeto, BIM acaba por reduzir a perda de informação e o retrabalho, permitindo o trabalho colaborativo e aumentando a confiabilidade e rastreabilidade das informações do projeto ao longo do ciclo de vida da construção. Muito antes do BIM, ferramentas de simulação de desempenho do edifício (Building Performance Simulation - BPS, na sigla em inglês) já empregavam modelos 3D, o que significa que especialistas de avaliação ambiental do edifício frequentemente tinham que modelar o edifício - e remodelá-lo cada vez que o projeto fosse alterado - dentro destas ferramentas de modo a executar as análises de desempenho. Neste contexto, a integração entre ferramentas BIM e BPS é fundamental para aumentar a eficiência de uma indústria da construção altamente fragmentada. Nos últimos anos, muitos pesquisadores têm se focado em alcançar tal integração. Este estudo sintetiza as pesquisas nesta questão por meio da revisão sistemática de mais de 250 pesquisas publicadas mundialmente no período de 1991 a 2015. Os resultados mostram que, apesar de um aumento significativo no número de estudos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, a plena integração entre BIM e BPS é um assunto complexo e continua sendo um desafio. Esta revisão sistemática produziu um diagnóstico abrangente e contribui com pesquisadores por revelar padrões, tendências e lacunas da área de pesquisa, orientando assim futuros esforços de pesquisa. / Computer simulations are a valuable resource in building design, notably in the environmental performance field, enabling designers and engineers to predict complex phenomena such as thermal, lighting, acoustic and energy performance. The emergence of BIM (Building Information Modeling), in turn, provided these professionals with new tools to assist in the creating and managing of building information. By combining a 3D model to a unique project database, BIM ultimately reduces the loss of information and rework, allowing collaborative work and increasing reliability and traceability of the project information throughout the construction lifecycle. Long before BIM, Building Performance Simulation (BPS) tools already employed 3D models, meaning that simulationists frequently had to model the building - and remodel it as many times as the design changed - within these tools in order to run performance analyses. In this context, the integration of BIM and BPS tools is critical to increase efficiency of a highly fragmented construction industry. In the past years, many researchers have been focusing on achieving this integration. This study summarizes research on this topic by systematically reviewing over 250 researches published worldwide from 1991 to 2015. Results show that, despite a significant increase in the number of studies published in the last five years, fully integration between BIM and BPS is a complex subject and remains a challenge. This systematic review produced a comprehensive diagnosis and contributes with researchers by revealing patterns, trends and gaps of the research area, orientating future research efforts.

No description available.

Aufgrund der weiter fortschreitenden Digitalisierung verändern sich die seit langer Zeit etablierten Prozesse im Bauwesen. Dies zeigt sich zum Beispiel in der stetig steigenden Bedeutung des Building Information Modelings (BIM). Eine der wesentlichen Grundideen von BIM besteht darin, das zentrale Modell über den gesamten Lebenszyklus des Bauwerks zu verwenden. Das digitale Bauwerksmodell stellt somit eine der zentralen Komponenten der BIM-Methode dar. Neben den rein geometrischen Ausprägungen des Bauwerks werden im Modell auch eine Vielzahl an semantischen Informationen vorgehalten. Da insbesondere bei größeren Bauwerken ein fortlaufender Veränderungsprozess stattfindet, muss das Modell entsprechend aktualisiert werden, um dem tatsächlichen Istzustand zu entsprechen. Diese Aktualisierung betrifft nicht nur Veränderungen in der Geometrie, sondern auch in den verknüpften Sachdaten. Bezüglich der Aktualisierung des Modells kann die Photogrammetrie mit ihren modernen Messverfahren wie zum Beispiel Structure-from-Motion (SfM) und daraus abgeleiteten Punktwolken einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Datenerfassung des aktuellen Zustands leisten. Für die erfolgreiche Verknüpfung des photogrammetrisch erfassten Istzustands mit dem durch das Modell definierten Sollzustand müssen beide Datentöpfe in einem gemeinsamen Koordinatensystem vorliegen. In der Regel werden zur Registrierung photogrammetrischer Produkte im Bauwerkskoordinatensystem definierte Passpunkte verwendet. Der Registrierprozess über Passpunkte ist jedoch mit einem erheblichen manuellen Aufwand verbunden. Um den Aufwand der Registrierung möglichst gering zu halten, wurde daher in dieser Arbeit ein Konzept entwickelt, das es ermöglicht, kleinräumige Bildverbände und Punktwolken automatisiert mit einem digitalen Bauwerksmodell zu koregistrieren. Das Verfahren nutzt dabei geometrische Beziehungen zwischen aus den Bildern extrahierten 3D-Liniensegmenten und Begrenzungsflächen, die aus dem digitalen Bauwerksmodell gewonnen werden. Die aufgenommenen Bilder des Objektes dienen zu Beginn als Grundlage für die Extraktion von zweidimensionalen Linienstrukturen. Auf Basis eines über SfM durchgeführten Orientierungsprozesses können diese zweidimensionalen Kanten zu einer Rekonstruktion in Form von 3D-Liniensegmenten weiterverarbeitet werden. Die weiterhin benötigten Begrenzungsflächen werden aus einem mit Hilfe der Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) definierten BIM-Modell gewonnen. Das entwickelte Verfahren nutzt dabei auch die von IFC bereitgestellten Möglichkeiten der räumlichen Aggregationshierarchien. Im Zentrum des neuen Koregistrieransatzes stehen zwei große Komponenten. Dies ist einerseits der mittels eines Gauß-Helmert-Modells umgesetze Ausgleichungsvorgang zur Transformationsparameterbestimmung und andererseits der im Vorfeld der Ausgleichung angewandten Matching-Algorithmus zur automatischen Erstellung von Korrespondenzen zwischen den 3D-Liniensegmenten und den Begrenzungsflächen. Die so gebildeten Linien-Ebenen-Paare dienen dann als Beobachtung im Ausgleichungsprozess. Da während der Parameterschätzung eine durchgängige Betrachtung der stochastischen Informationen der Beobachtungen erfolgt, ist am Ende des Registrierprozesses eine Qualitätsaussage zu den berechneten Transformationsparametern möglich. Die Validierung des entwickelten Verfahrens erfolgt an zwei Datensätzen. Der Datensatz M24 diente dabei zum Nachweis der Funktionsfähigkeit unter Laborbedingungen. Über den Datensatz Eibenstock konnte zudem nachgewiesen werden, dass das Verfahren auch in praxisnahen Umgebungen auf einer realen Baustelle zum Einsatz kommen kann. Für beide Fälle konnte eine gute Registriergenauigkeit im Bereich weniger Zentimeter nachgewiesen werden.:Kurzfassung 3 Abstract 4 1. Einleitung 7 1.1. Photogrammetrie und BIM 7 1.2. Anwendungsbezug und Problemstellung 7 1.3. Zielsetzung und Forschungsfragen 9 1.4. Aufbau der Arbeit 10 2. Grundlagen 12 2.1. Photogrammetrie 12 2.1.1. Structure-from-Motion (SfM) 12 2.1.2. Räumliche Ähnlichkeitstransformation 14 2.2. Building Information Modeling (BIM) 16 2.2.1. Besonderheiten der geometrisch / topologischen Modellierung 18 2.2.2. Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) 19 2.3. Parameterschätzung und Statistik 21 2.3.1. Nicht lineares Gauß-Helmert-Modell mit Restriktionen 21 2.3.2. Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) 23 2.3.3. Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) 24 3. Stand der Forschung 26 4. Automatische Koregistrierung von Bildverbänden 30 4.1. Überblick 30 4.2. Relative Orientierung des Bildverbandes und Extraktion der 3D-Liniensegmente 33 4.2.1. Line3D++ 33 4.2.2. Stochastische Informationen der 3D-Liniensegmente 36 4.3. Ebenenextraktion aus dem digitalen Gebäudemodell 37 4.4. Linien-Ebenen-Matching 42 4.4.1. Aufstellen von Ebenenhypothesen 42 4.4.2. Analyse und Clustern der Normalenvektorhypothesen 43 4.4.3. Erstellung von Minimalkonfigurationen 44 4.5. Berechnung von Näherungswerten für die Transformationsparameter 46 4.6. Implementiertes Ausgleichungsmodell 49 4.6.1. Funktionales Modell 49 4.6.2. Stochastisches Modell 50 4.7. Entscheidungskriterien der kombinatorischen Auswertung 51 5. Validierung der Methoden 56 5.1. Messung Seminarraum M24 HTW Dresden 56 5.1.1. Untersuchung des Einfluss der SfM2BIM -Programmparameter 59 5.1.2. Ergebnisse der Validierung 64 5.2. Messung LTV Eibenstock 71 6. Diskussion der Ergebnisse 81 6.1. Bewertung der erzielten Genauigkeit 81 6.2. Bewertung der Automatisierbarkeit 82 6.3. Bewertung der praktischen Anwendbarkeit 83 6.4. Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen 85 7. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 88 Literaturverzeichnis 90 Abbildungsverzeichnis 94 Tabellenverzeichnis 96 A. Anhang 97 A.1. Systemarchitektur SfM2BIM 97 A.2. Untersuchung SfM2BIM Parameter 97 / Due to the ongoing digitalization, traditional and well-established processes in the construction industry face lasting transformations. The rising significance of Building Information Modeling (BIM) can be seen as an example for this development. One of the core principles of BIM is the usage of the model throughout the entire life cycle of the building. Therefore, the digital twin can be regarded as one of the central components of the BIM method. Besides of the pure geometry of the building the corresponding model also contains a huge amount of semantic data. Especially in large building complexes constant changes are taking place. Consequently, the model also has to be updated regularly in order to reflect the actual state. These actualizations include both changes in geometry and in the linked technical data. Photogrammetry with its modern measuring and reconstruction techniques like structure from motion can help to facilitate this update process. In order to establish a link between the photogrammetric recorded present state and the nominal state specified by the building model both datasets have to be available in a common reference frame. Usually ground control points are used for registering the photogrammetric results with the building coordinate system. However, using ground control points results in a very labor-intensive registration process. In order to keep the required effort as low as possible this work proposes a novel concept to automatically co-register local image blocks with a digital building model. The procedure makes use of geometric relationships between 3D-linesegments that get extracted from the input images and bounding surfaces that are derived from the building model. At first the captured images are used to extract two-dimensional line patterns. These edges get further processed to 3D line segments based on an orientation estimation using structure from motion. The additionally required bounding surfaces are derived from a building model defined by the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). The spatial aggregation structures defined in the IFC are used for alleviating the procedure. Two big components form the core piece of the novel approach. On the one hand this is the adjustment calculation for the estimation of transformation parameters using a full Gauß-Helmert-Model and the developed matching algorithm for establishing line-plane-correspondences on the other hand. The so formed correspondences serve as the observation for the adjustment process. During the parameter estimation stochastic information of the observations is completely considered. Therefore, quality predictions can be made upon completion of the registration process. The validation of the developed was conducted using two datasets. The dataset M24 served as primary validation source since the results of the algorithm could be checked under laboratory conditions and compared with results obtained by ground control points. By examine the Eibenstock dataset it could be demonstrated that the procedure also works in practical conditions on a real construction site. For both cases the registration accuracy averages to a few centimeters.:Kurzfassung 3 Abstract 4 1. Einleitung 7 1.1. Photogrammetrie und BIM 7 1.2. Anwendungsbezug und Problemstellung 7 1.3. Zielsetzung und Forschungsfragen 9 1.4. Aufbau der Arbeit 10 2. Grundlagen 12 2.1. Photogrammetrie 12 2.1.1. Structure-from-Motion (SfM) 12 2.1.2. Räumliche Ähnlichkeitstransformation 14 2.2. Building Information Modeling (BIM) 16 2.2.1. Besonderheiten der geometrisch / topologischen Modellierung 18 2.2.2. Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) 19 2.3. Parameterschätzung und Statistik 21 2.3.1. Nicht lineares Gauß-Helmert-Modell mit Restriktionen 21 2.3.2. Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) 23 2.3.3. Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) 24 3. Stand der Forschung 26 4. Automatische Koregistrierung von Bildverbänden 30 4.1. Überblick 30 4.2. Relative Orientierung des Bildverbandes und Extraktion der 3D-Liniensegmente 33 4.2.1. Line3D++ 33 4.2.2. Stochastische Informationen der 3D-Liniensegmente 36 4.3. Ebenenextraktion aus dem digitalen Gebäudemodell 37 4.4. Linien-Ebenen-Matching 42 4.4.1. Aufstellen von Ebenenhypothesen 42 4.4.2. Analyse und Clustern der Normalenvektorhypothesen 43 4.4.3. Erstellung von Minimalkonfigurationen 44 4.5. Berechnung von Näherungswerten für die Transformationsparameter 46 4.6. Implementiertes Ausgleichungsmodell 49 4.6.1. Funktionales Modell 49 4.6.2. Stochastisches Modell 50 4.7. Entscheidungskriterien der kombinatorischen Auswertung 51 5. Validierung der Methoden 56 5.1. Messung Seminarraum M24 HTW Dresden 56 5.1.1. Untersuchung des Einfluss der SfM2BIM -Programmparameter 59 5.1.2. Ergebnisse der Validierung 64 5.2. Messung LTV Eibenstock 71 6. Diskussion der Ergebnisse 81 6.1. Bewertung der erzielten Genauigkeit 81 6.2. Bewertung der Automatisierbarkeit 82 6.3. Bewertung der praktischen Anwendbarkeit 83 6.4. Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen 85 7. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 88 Literaturverzeichnis 90 Abbildungsverzeichnis 94 Tabellenverzeichnis 96 A. Anhang 97 A.1. Systemarchitektur SfM2BIM 97 A.2. Untersuchung SfM2BIM Parameter 97