A planetary nebula (PN) consists of material, mainly gas, that has been ejected from a star on the asymptotic giant branch of its life cycle. This material emits electromagnetic radiation due to photoionization and recombination, collisional and radiative excitation or free-free radiation. The envelope of material moves outwards from the central star and may take one of a variety of shapes. These shapes are believed to be sculpted by the stellar wind, magnetic fields and interactions with a binary companion. However, within a time scale of as little as 10 000 years the nebula fades from view and merges with the interstellar medium.Similar variations in the shape of planetary nebulae (PNe) can be seen in both the Galactic Bulge and Disc and in the Magellanic Clouds. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the shaping process is universal. By classifying PNe by morphology and relating those shapes to other nebular properties we have attempted to derive information about that shaping process.We have used photometric narrowband observations of a sample of PNe listed in the Strasbourg-ESO Catalogue of Galactic Planetary Nebulae to investigate the relationship between PN morphology and the other PN characteristics. The high resolution images were made using ESO's New Technology Telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope. The information we could obtain directly from the observations was augmented by information in the literature in order to address that question. The observations were used to classify the morphologies of 154 PNe, to estimate the sizes of 138 of those nebulae that we considered to lie within the Galactic Bulge, to determine the orientations of 130 of those Bulge nebulae and to derive photometric fluxes for the 69 PNe which had observations of standard stars made during the same night. Information on central star binarity, nebular abundances and radial and expansion velocity was obtained from the literature.Our photometrically derived PNe line fluxes were used to verify 59 H-beta and 69 [OIII] catalogued values (which were obtained using spectroscopy). We found sufficient discrepancy between the values for 9 PNe to merit a further check taking place.We found no distinguishing relationship between PN morphology and any of PN size, radial velocity, or angular location within the Bulge. The abundances of He and O, and the N/O ratio, are generally lower in bipolar nebulae than in those nebulae with no apparent internal structure. We are unable to come to any conclusion as to a relationship between PN morphology and stellar metallicity.Given the short lifespan of PNe and the age of the Bulge it appears that almost all PNe in the Bulge must be associated with low mass stars. The high ratio of bipolar PNe we found in our Bulge sample suggests that, at least within the Bulge, bipolar nebulae are not necessarily associated with high mass stars. Our results show that unlike the orientations of other types of PNe the orientations of the bipolar nebulae in the Bulge are not randomly distributed. Measured to a line tip to tip along the lobes they peak and have their mean approximately along the Galactic Plane. This suggests that the bipolar PNe originate in a different environment from other morphological types, perhaps related to binary separation. However, we find that bipolarity does not imply common-envelope evolution. If the hypothesis that bipolar nebulae are formed in binary star systems is correct, binary systems in the Galactic Bulge have angular momentum vectors that are preferentially aligned along the Galactic Plane. As the orientation appears to be unrelated to lobe size and hence nebular age, the alignment implies that the non-random nature of the angular momentum vectors originated at the time the Bulge stellar population formed. We suggest that it is due to the direction and strength of the ambient magnetic fields.

The diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of the behavior of the thin-walled tubular test specimen during the technological test of the liquid draining of the tubes. The test specimen ‘in the form a tube was made of austenitic stainless steel 17 240 (1.4301, X5CrNi18-10). During the experiment, the radial expanding tool was quasi-statically charged by the internal fluid pressure. In the introductory part, the thesis focuses on the stress-strain description of the method of tube bulging and possible ways of detecting the strain of material during forming. The experimental part is primarily focused on the analysis of the test sample that was obtained from the experiment. Theoretical approaches were used to analyze the real test sample to detect strain and stress in material, numerical simulation of the bulge process and 3D ATOS scanning device, which helped clarify behavior tube during bulging process. At the end of the thesis is proposed possible design of the tool. This modification should contribute in the future to the full functionality of the radial expanding tool, or the bulging of the tube by liquid.

Main objective of this diploma thesis is to finish a construction of the Bulge test apparatus for measurement of thin films, perform first tests on commercially available Si3N4 membranes and bilayer membrane with aluminium. First part of the thesis is focused mainly on literature review of current knowledge regarding this topic and other methods of thin films testing. Experimental part deals with construction of apparatus, methodology of data evaluation and results of the measurement. The thin films of interest are fabricated as amorphous silicon nitride or bilayer of mentioned nitride and either aluminium, titanium or Ta-B-C layer. The apparatus has been built in house in collaboration with Institute of Scientific Instruments of CAS. Both reliability and repeatability of this method has been tested on over 160 measurements of commercially available membrane. The results of measurements are compared with literature and nanoindentation test. More detailed data analysis is currently under development with colleagues at Institute of Physics of Materials. It has been proven beyond doubt that Bulge test method and constructed apparatus are suitable for the measurement of several mechanical properties of thin films.

The 1944 German Ardennes offensive failed. It was overly ambitious, built on erroneous assumptions, insufficiently supported by logistics, and depended on the weather for success. Yet, the offensive achieved more than it should have given the strength and combat experience of the Allied armies in Europe. Previous attempts to explain the limited success of the German offensive have emphasized the failure of Allied strategic intelligence - Ultra. Intelligence is an accurate, but incomplete explanation for initial German success in the Ardennes. Three conditions allowed the Wehrmacht, approaching its manpower and logistical end, to crush the US First Army. First, coalition warfare so weakened the First Army that it became vulnerable to attack. Second, the Allies failed to develop a unified intelligence network capable of assessing the information that indicated the timing and target of the German attack. Finally, a well-executed German security and deception plan surprised the Allies. The well-executed German offensive manipulated both Allied intelligence and the Anglo-American coalition.

Many histories written by professional historians discuss the Battle of the Bulge; however, none of them incorporate the growing field of environmental history as a lens of analysis. This paper aims to address that hole in the scholarship by evaluating the impact that environmental factors exerted on the American army's ability to fight in and around Bastogne and St. Vith, Belgium during the first week of the battle. Had it not been for the environmental factors and the Americans' ability to make better use of the natural and manmade conditions than the Germans, the Allies would not have been able to achieve eventual victory. In the historiography of the battle, weather conditions are usually referenced only as the setting in which the fighting occurred. This paper goes further than simply using the environment and climate as a stage set. By looking at the way environmental conditions impacted strategic, operational, and tactical issues, a new perspective is opened up. The role that these environmental factors played is emphasized and shows that they had a greater effect on the outcome than scholars have previously credited. This paper uses first person accounts from participants, from the command level to the soldier in his foxhole, as well as unit histories, oral histories, and the vast amount of secondary sources to focus on and synthesize the effects that the environment had. Without exploiting the environmental factors that existed in the Ardennes, the American army would not have been able to hold off the German offensive.

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Increasing the access to post-secondary education is a top priority around the world, but still many graduates experience serious challenges in entering the labor market. In Tanzania the issue is prominent and partly associated with the skills mismatch, but also with the imbalance of the number of jobs available in relation to the number of graduates seeking for a job. Skills development is acritical element of all efforts in this challenging area, and therefore a number of organizations has emerged to focus on this, especially in Tanzania. The area has been explored in the literature, but mainly quantitatively on a macro-level. Hence, there is a need of more qualitative research regarding the best practices of organizations focusing on skills development. This thesis therefore aims to investigate how skills development organizations can support graduates in entering the labor market in Tanzania. The thesis is a Minor Field Study, implying that semi-structured interviews with graduates and skillsdevelopment organizations were conducted on-site in Tanzania. Further, hypotheses, regarding challenges that graduates experience when entering the labor market, were formulated and tested through qualitative and quantitative data. The findings imply that the challenges graduates experience can be categorized into three groups: structural, skills and attitude. Skills development organizations can therefore support graduates in entering the labor market by addressing these challenges and adopt measures in three different operations: the planning, the execution and the evaluation of skills development activities. Except for specific actions within each operation, the findings accentuate the importance of incorporating both the graduate and employer perspective, as well as viewing the support as a long-term process, from the first years of studies to obtaining employment. / Att öka tillgången till eftergymnasial utbildning har hög prioritet runt om i världen, men trots att fler utbildas är arbetslösheten bland unga fortfarande ett stort problem. I Tanzania är detta särskilt påtagligt och delvis förknippat med kompetens- och kunskapsbrist, men också med obalansen mellan antalet lediga jobb och antalet utexaminerade som söker jobb. Hur organisationer kan stötta unga i övergången från utbildning till arbetsmarknaden har undersökts tidigare, men då främst genom kvantitativ forskning på makronivå. Därför behövs fler kvalitativa studier om hur organisationer effektivt kan stötta unga personer in på arbetsmarknaden, vilket detta arbete syftar till. Studien har utförts som en mindre fältstudie på plats i Tanzania. Den empiriska data som har använts i studien har samlats in genom intervjuer med studenter och organisationer samt genom ett frågeformulär. De empiriska resultaten kombinerades sedan med litteratur för att besvara forskningsfrågorna. Resultaten visar att utmaningar som utexaminerade studenter upplever kan delas in i tre kategorier; strukturella-, kompetens- och attitydutmaningar. Organisationer kan därför stödja utexaminerade studenter att komma in på arbetsmarknaden genom att möta dessa utmaningar och vidta åtgärder inom tre olika områden: planering, genomförande och utvärdering av aktiviteter för kompetensutveckling. Förutom specifika åtgärder inom vardera områden, betonar resultaten vikten av att införa både student- och arbetsgivarperspektivet, samt att se stödet som en långsiktig process, från de första studieåren till anställning eller självanställning

Increasing the access to post-secondary education is a top priority around the world, but still many graduates experience serious challenges in entering the labor market. In Tanzania the issue is prominent and partly associated with the skills mismatch, but also with the imbalance of the number of jobs available in relation to the number of graduates seeking for a job. Skills development is a critical element of all efforts in this challenging area, and therefore a number of organizations has emerged to focus on this, especially in Tanzania. The area has been explored in the literature, but mainly quantitatively on a macro-level. Hence, there is a need of more qualitative research regarding the best practices of organizations focusing on skills development. This thesis therefore aims to investigate how skills development organizations can support graduates in entering the labor market in Tanzania. The thesis is a Minor Field Study, implying that semi-structured interviews with graduates and skills development organizations were conducted on-site in Tanzania. Further, hypotheses, regarding challenges that graduates experience when entering the labor market, were formulated and tested through qualitative and quantitative data. The findings imply that the challenges graduates experience can be categorized into three groups: structural, skills and attitude. Skills development organizations can therefore support graduates in entering the labor market by addressing these challenges and adopt measures in three different operations: the planning, the execution and the evaluation of skills development activities. Except for specific actions within each operation, the findings accentuate the importance of incorporating both the graduate and employer perspective, as well as viewing the support as a long-term process, from the first years of studies to obtaining employment. / Att öka tillgången till eftergymnasial utbildning har hög prioritet runt om i världen, men trots att fler utbildas är arbetslösheten bland unga fortfarande ett stort problem. I Tanzania är detta särskilt påtagligt och delvis förknippat med kompetens- och kunskapsbrist, men också med obalansen mellan antalet lediga jobb och antalet utexaminerade som söker jobb. Hur organisationer kan stötta unga i övergången från utbildning till arbetsmarknaden har undersökts tidigare, men då främst genom kvantitativ forskning på makronivå. Därför behövs fler kvalitativa studier om hur organisationer effektivt kan stötta unga personer in på arbetsmarknaden, vilket detta arbete syftar till. Studien har utförts som en mindre fältstudie på plats i Tanzania. Den empiriska data som har använts i studien har samlats in genom intervjuer med studenter och organisationer samt genom ett frågeformulär. De empiriska resultaten kombinerades sedan med litteratur för att besvara forskningsfrågorna. Resultaten visar att utmaningar som utexaminerade studenter upplever kan delas in i tre kategorier; strukturella-, kompetens- och attitydutmaningar. Organisationer kan därför stödja utexaminerade studenter att komma in på arbetsmarknaden genom att möta dessa utmaningar och vidta åtgärder inom tre olika områden: planering, genomförande och utvärdering av aktiviteter för kompetensutveckling. Förutom specifika åtgärder inom vardera områden, betonar resultaten vikten av att införa både student- och arbetsgivarperspektivet, samt att se stödet som en långsiktig process, från de första studieåren till anställning eller självanställning

In this thesis I investigate the dynamics and stellar populations of a sample of 28 edge-on early-type (S0--Sb) disk galaxies, 22 of which host a boxy or peanut-shaped bulge. I begin by constructing mass models of the galaxies based on their observed photometry and stellar kinematics. Subject to cosmologically motivated assumptions about the shape of dark haloes, I measure in a purely dynamical way their stellar and dark masses. I make a preliminary comparison between the dynamically determined stellar masses and those predicted by stellar population models. I then compare the Tully-Fisher (luminosity--velocity) relations of the spirals and S0s in the sample. I show that S0s are systematically fainter at a given rotational velocity, but the amount by which they are fainter is less than expected by models in which they are the products of truncation of star formation in spirals. This raises the possibility that S0s are smaller or more concentrated than spirals of the same mass. I then study the vertical structure of the boxy and peanut-shaped bulges of a subset of the sample. Among this sample of five galaxies, I find one example in which the stellar populations show no evidence that the bulge and the disk formed in different processes, and in which the bulge is in perfectly cylindrical rotation, i.e. its line-of-sight velocity does not change with height above the disk. This galaxy is probably a pure disk galaxy. However, even with this small sample, I also show that cylindrical rotation and homogeneous stellar populations are not ubiquitous properties of boxy and peanut-shaped bulges. Finally I analyse central and radial trends in the stellar populations of the bulges of full sample of 28 galaxies. I find that, at a given velocity dispersion, the central stellar populations of these barred early-type disk galaxies are identical to those of elliptical galaxies, which suggests that secular evolution does not dominate the centre of these galaxies. However, the radial metallicity gradients are shallower than those of ellipticals. This is qualitatively consistent with chemodynamical models of bar formation, in which radial inflow and outflow smears out pre-existing gradients.