Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:10:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseEDB_DISSERT.pdf: 1252363 bytes, checksum: d72ba53b4d6eea90138b2ec7108318a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The extent of the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, a global biodiversity hotspot, has been reduced to less than 7% of its original range. Yet, it contains one of the richest butterfly fauna in the world. Butterflies are commonly used as environmental indicators, mostly because of their strict association with host plants, microclimate and resource availability. This research describes diversity, composition and species richness of frugivorous butterflies in a forest fragment in the Brazilian Northeast. It compares communities in different physiognomies and seasons. The climate in the study area is classified as tropical rainy, with two well defined seasons. Butterfly captures were made with 60 Van Someren-Rydon traps, randomly located within six different habitat units (10 traps per unit) that varied from very open (e.g. coconut plantation) to forest interior. Sampling was made between January and December 2008, for five days each month. I captured 12090 individuals from 32 species. The most abundant species were Taygetis laches, Opsiphanes invirae and Hamadryas februa, which accounted for 70% of all captures. Similarity analysis identified two main groups, one of species associated with open or disturbed areas and a second by species associated with shaded areas. There was a strong seasonal component in species composition, with less species and lower abundance in the dry season and more species and higher abundance in the rainy season. K-means analysis indicates that choice of habitat units overestimated faunal perceptions, suggesting less distinct units. The species Taygetis virgilia, Hamadryas chloe, Callicore pygas e Morpho achilles were associated with less disturbed habitats, while Yphthimoides sp, Historis odius, H. acheronta, Hamadryas feronia e Siderone marthesia likey indicate open or disturbed habitats. This research brings important information for conservation of frugivorous butterflies, and will serve as baseline for future projects in environmental monitoring / Um dos hotspots da biodiversidade mundial, a Mata Atl?ntica encontra-se reduzida a apenas 7% de sua ?rea original. Ainda assim, apresenta uma das mais ricas faunas de borboletas do mundo. Borboletas s?o usadas com freq??ncia em avalia??o ambiental, pois mostram forte associa??o com plantas hospedeiras, microclima e padr?es de disponibilidade de recursos, sendo bons indicadores de diversidade e integridade ambiental. Este trabalho descreve a diversidade, composi??o e riqueza de esp?cies de borboletas frug?voras em um fragmento de Mata Atl?ntica do nordeste brasileiro, comparando a composi??o entre fisionomias distintas e sua sazonalidade. A ?rea apresenta clima tropical chuvoso com duas esta??es bem definidas, seca e chuvosa. As capturas foram feitas com 60 armadilhas do tipo Van Someren-Rydon, instaladas em seis unidades amostrais (10 armadilhas por unidade), que variaram desde uma ?rea aberta (p. ex. planta??o de coqueiros) at? ambientes de interior de mata. As coletas foram feitas entre janeiro e dezembro de 2008 por cinco dias consecutivos de cada m?s. Foram capturados 12090 indiv?duos pertencentes a 32 esp?cies. As esp?cies mais abundantes foram Taygetis laches, Opsiphanes invirae e Hamadryas februa, que somaram 70% do total das capturas. A an?lise de similaridade identificou dois grupos principais, o primeiro composto por unidades mais impactadas e/ou abertas e o segundo, com as unidades em mata ou ?reas mais fechadas. Foi observado um forte componente sazonal, com menos esp?cies e menor abund?ncia no per?odo seco e mais esp?cies e maior abund?ncia no per?odo chuvoso. A an?lise de K-means revelou que as escolhas das unidades superestimou a percep??o da fauna, sugerindo menos unidades distintas. As esp?cies Taygetis virgilia, Hamadryas chloe, Callicore pygas e Morpho achilles sinalizam ambientes menos perturbados, enquanto que Yphthimoides sp, Historis odius, H. acheronta, Hamadryas feronia e Siderone marthesia potencialmente indicam ambientes abertos ou impactados. Este trabalho traz informa??es importantes para a conserva??o das esp?cies de frug?voras, como tamb?m servir? de guia para futuros projetos de monitoramento ambiental

As populações de Heliconius ethilla narcaea Godart (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) diferem quanto ao uso das plantas hospedeiras (passifloráceas) no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), utilizando preferencialmente Passiflora alata Dryander, na Depressão Central. Tal aspecto pode ter conseqüências para a performance de suas larvas, bem como resultar em mudanças ecológicocomportamentais. Por exemplo, inexistem estudos correspondentes para a região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, RS, cuja flora de passifloráceas é distinta. Neste estudo, foi quantificada uma população de adultos de H. ethilla narcaea na Floresta Nacional (Flona) de São Francisco de Paula, região de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, no período de março 2006 a maio 2007. Em condições de laboratório, testou-se a influência de sete espécies de Passiflora existentes no RS (P. alata, P. actinia, P. caerulea, P. capsularis, P. edulis, P. misera e P. suberosa) sobre a sobrevivência e tempo de desenvolvimento das larvas, e tamanho dos adultos. A preferência alimentar das larvas de primeiro e quinto ínstares também foi avaliada, utilizando-se discos foliares em testes de dupla escolha, quando criadas individualmente nas diferentes passifloráceas e, múltipla, quando criadas em P. alata. A indução correspondente foi determinada testando-se a preferência daquela espécie de maracujá utilizada na criação, comparada às demais, nos testes de escolha dupla. A sobrevivência foi maior em P. alata, P. caerulea, P. actinia, P. edulis e P. misera. O tempo de desenvolvimento larval foi menor na última e, o tamanho dos adultos, foi maior em P. edulis. Nos testes de dupla escolha, as larvas preferiram as plantas nas quais foram criadas, na maioria dos casos. Nos testes de múltipla escolha, houve preferência por P. edulis, P. misera, P. actinia, as quais conferiram um menor tempo no desenvolvimento das larvas. Assim, os dados sugerem que H. ethilla narcaea desenvolve-se satisfatoriamente em diversas espécies de passifloráceas, para as quais pode apresentar indução na preferência alimentar (aprendizado no estágio de larva). Dependendo da associação da variação quanti- e qualitativa destas hospedeiras ao comportamento de escolha das larvas (alimentação) por parte dos adultos (oviposição), o qual precisa ser testado, poderá haver especializações locais. Ou seja, a existência de indução na preferência alimentar no estágio de larva, efeito de Hopkins (influência da experiência da larva na escolha do adulto) e/ou aprendizado associativo das fêmeas quanto à espécie de hospedeira poderiam levar a uma diferenciação geográfica na evolução do uso das plantas hospedeiras por este heliconíneo. / In Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Brazil, Heliconius ethilla narcaea Godart (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) populations varies in host plants use (Passifloraceae), using preferential Passiflora alata Dryander, in Central Depression. This would have consequences for larval performance, as well as resulting in ecological and behavioral changes. Corresponding studies in the Campos de Cima da Serra region, inexist. This region has a distinct of Passifloraceae flora. In this study, it was quantified a population of adults of H. ethilla narcaea in Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, RS, region of Araucaria Forest, in March 2006 to May 2007. In laboratory conditions, it was tested the influence of seven species of Passiflora (P. alata, P. actinia, P. caerulea, P. capsularis, P. edulis, P. suberosa and P. misera) on larval performance and size of adults. Larval feeding preferences were evaluated through leaf disk, for first and fifth instars, using double choice tests, when created individually in different passion vines and, multiple, when created in P. alata. The corresponding induction was determined testing it preference of that passion vine species used in creation, compared with excessively, in double choice tests. Larval survivorship was greatest on P. alata, P. caerulea, P. actinia, P. edulis and P. misera. Development time was fewer in P. misera and, the size of adults, was better in P. edulis. In double choice tests, larvae preferred plants which they had been servants, in majority of cases. Larvae chose P. edulis, P. misera, P. actinia, on multiple choice tests, which conferred less development time. Thus, our data suggest that H. ethilla narcaea is developed satisfactorily in many species of Passifloraceae, for which can present induction of feeding preference (learning in the larval stage). Depending on association in qualitative and quantitative variation of these host plants to behavior of larval choice (feeding) on part of adults (oviposition), which need to be tested, will be able to have local specializations. The existence of induction in feeding preference in larval stage, Hopkins’ effect (influence of larval experience in the choice of adult) and/or associative learning of females in relation to host species could take a geographic differentiation in evolution of host plants use by this butterfly.

Caracteres fenotípicos convergentes em diferentes espécies de insetos herbívoros sugerem uma adaptação funcional a um mesmo hábito alimentar. Nesse sentido, as barreiras apresentadas pelas plantas dificultam o acesso do herbívoro influenciando a evolução de suas estruturas. Espécies de Heliconiini com diferentes padrões alimentares (consumo de tecidos rígidos ou tenros) têm mostrado formas diferenciadas da cápsula cefálica e não existe estudo que explique essas diferenças. Levando em conta que os heliconíneos menos derivados tendem a se alimentar em folhas velhas e os mais derivados em folhas jovens, e que durante o processo de alimentação a mandíbula é a estrutura principalmente associada à mastigação, propomos que dito aumento da cabeça seja devido a modificações sofridas na forma mandibular e ao maior desenvolvimento do músculo adutor da mandíbula, que responde diferencialmente ao tipo de tecido consumido. Avaliamos as alometrias ontogenética e filogenética das mandíbulas das principais linhagens de Heliconiini criadas nas suas plantas hospedeiras preferidas, e mediante o uso de morfometria geométrica, elaboraremos uma proposta filogenética para ser comparada com as relações filogenéticas reconhecidas para o grupo, que também serão reconstruídas nesse trabalho, com base em marcadores moleculares. Identificamos também mediante a morfologia mandibular se as alterações de forma são causadoras das mudanças cefálicas e se correspondem aos diferentes hábitos alimentares apresentados pelas espécies. Para isso, induzimos alometría mudando quanto o comportamento alimentar de uma espécie restrita a folhas novas (tenras) para folhas velhas (rígidas), na procura de possíveis modificações nas mandíbula e músculo adutor. Adicionalmente, usando análises alométricas da mandíbula e músculo adutor, exploramos um aspecto comportamental importante em Heliconiini: a gregariedade, buscando elucidar se o incremento na sobrevivência obtida a altas densidades larvais, já reconhecida no grupo, é ocasionada por facilitação alimentar (comportamento) ou por mudanças alométricas nas estruturas alimentares (morfologia). / Convergent phenotypic traits in different species of herbivorous insects may indicate a functional adaptation to the same feeding habits. The barriers presented by plants hinder the herbivore's access, influencing the evolution of their feeding structures; species of Heliconiini with different feeding patterns (consumption of either tough or soft tissues) have shown different forms of head capsule and there are no studies explaining these differences. Taking into account that the less derived heliconians tend to eat old leaves and the more derived heliconians eat young ones, and that during the feeding process the mandible is main chewing structure, we propose that increase in head size is due to changes in the mandibular form and to greater development of the mandibular adductor muscle that responds differentially to the type of tissue consumed. We evaluate ontogenetic and phylogenetic allometries of the mandibles from the main lineages of Heliconiini that were reared on their favorite host plants. By using geometric morphometry, we tested a corresponding phylogenetic hypothesis to be compared to the molecular phylogenetic relations recognized to the group, also reconstructed in this work based on molecular markers. We also tested, through mandibular morphology, if the changes in shape are caused by cephalic changes in size and if they correspond to the different feeding habits presented by each species. To do this, we induced allometry by experimentally altering feeding behavior of one species restricted to new leaves (soft) to old leaves (tough), searching for possible changes in the mandible and adductor muscle. In addition, using allometric analysis of the mandible and adductor muscle, we explored an important behavioral aspect in Heliconiini -the gregariousness, trying to elucidate whether increase in the survival rates achieved at high larval densities, already recognized in the group, is caused by food facilitation (behavioral effect) or by allometric changes in the feeding structures (morphological cause).

As populações de Heliconius ethilla narcaea Godart (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) diferem quanto ao uso das plantas hospedeiras (passifloráceas) no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), utilizando preferencialmente Passiflora alata Dryander, na Depressão Central. Tal aspecto pode ter conseqüências para a performance de suas larvas, bem como resultar em mudanças ecológicocomportamentais. Por exemplo, inexistem estudos correspondentes para a região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, RS, cuja flora de passifloráceas é distinta. Neste estudo, foi quantificada uma população de adultos de H. ethilla narcaea na Floresta Nacional (Flona) de São Francisco de Paula, região de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, no período de março 2006 a maio 2007. Em condições de laboratório, testou-se a influência de sete espécies de Passiflora existentes no RS (P. alata, P. actinia, P. caerulea, P. capsularis, P. edulis, P. misera e P. suberosa) sobre a sobrevivência e tempo de desenvolvimento das larvas, e tamanho dos adultos. A preferência alimentar das larvas de primeiro e quinto ínstares também foi avaliada, utilizando-se discos foliares em testes de dupla escolha, quando criadas individualmente nas diferentes passifloráceas e, múltipla, quando criadas em P. alata. A indução correspondente foi determinada testando-se a preferência daquela espécie de maracujá utilizada na criação, comparada às demais, nos testes de escolha dupla. A sobrevivência foi maior em P. alata, P. caerulea, P. actinia, P. edulis e P. misera. O tempo de desenvolvimento larval foi menor na última e, o tamanho dos adultos, foi maior em P. edulis. Nos testes de dupla escolha, as larvas preferiram as plantas nas quais foram criadas, na maioria dos casos. Nos testes de múltipla escolha, houve preferência por P. edulis, P. misera, P. actinia, as quais conferiram um menor tempo no desenvolvimento das larvas. Assim, os dados sugerem que H. ethilla narcaea desenvolve-se satisfatoriamente em diversas espécies de passifloráceas, para as quais pode apresentar indução na preferência alimentar (aprendizado no estágio de larva). Dependendo da associação da variação quanti- e qualitativa destas hospedeiras ao comportamento de escolha das larvas (alimentação) por parte dos adultos (oviposição), o qual precisa ser testado, poderá haver especializações locais. Ou seja, a existência de indução na preferência alimentar no estágio de larva, efeito de Hopkins (influência da experiência da larva na escolha do adulto) e/ou aprendizado associativo das fêmeas quanto à espécie de hospedeira poderiam levar a uma diferenciação geográfica na evolução do uso das plantas hospedeiras por este heliconíneo. / In Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Brazil, Heliconius ethilla narcaea Godart (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) populations varies in host plants use (Passifloraceae), using preferential Passiflora alata Dryander, in Central Depression. This would have consequences for larval performance, as well as resulting in ecological and behavioral changes. Corresponding studies in the Campos de Cima da Serra region, inexist. This region has a distinct of Passifloraceae flora. In this study, it was quantified a population of adults of H. ethilla narcaea in Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, RS, region of Araucaria Forest, in March 2006 to May 2007. In laboratory conditions, it was tested the influence of seven species of Passiflora (P. alata, P. actinia, P. caerulea, P. capsularis, P. edulis, P. suberosa and P. misera) on larval performance and size of adults. Larval feeding preferences were evaluated through leaf disk, for first and fifth instars, using double choice tests, when created individually in different passion vines and, multiple, when created in P. alata. The corresponding induction was determined testing it preference of that passion vine species used in creation, compared with excessively, in double choice tests. Larval survivorship was greatest on P. alata, P. caerulea, P. actinia, P. edulis and P. misera. Development time was fewer in P. misera and, the size of adults, was better in P. edulis. In double choice tests, larvae preferred plants which they had been servants, in majority of cases. Larvae chose P. edulis, P. misera, P. actinia, on multiple choice tests, which conferred less development time. Thus, our data suggest that H. ethilla narcaea is developed satisfactorily in many species of Passifloraceae, for which can present induction of feeding preference (learning in the larval stage). Depending on association in qualitative and quantitative variation of these host plants to behavior of larval choice (feeding) on part of adults (oviposition), which need to be tested, will be able to have local specializations. The existence of induction in feeding preference in larval stage, Hopkins’ effect (influence of larval experience in the choice of adult) and/or associative learning of females in relation to host species could take a geographic differentiation in evolution of host plants use by this butterfly.

Humans are generally having a strong, widespread, and negative impact on nature. Given the many ways we are impacting nature and the many ways nature is responding, it is useful to study responses in an integrative context. My thesis is focused largely (two out of the three data chapters) on butterfly species’ range shifts consistent with modern climate change in Canada. I employed a macroecological approach to my research, drawing on methods and findings from evolutionary biology, phylogenetics, conservation biology, and natural history. I answered three main research questions. First, is there a trade-off between population growth rate (rmax) and carrying capacity (K) at the mutation scale (Chapter 2)? I found rmax and K to not trade off, but in fact to positively co-vary at the mutation scale. This suggests trade-offs between these traits only emerge after selection removes mutants with low resource acquisition rates (i.e., unhealthy genotypes), revealing trade-offs between remaining genotypes with varied resource allocation strategies. Second, did butterfly species shift their northern range boundaries northward over the 1900s, consistent with climate warming (Chapter 3)? Leading a team of collaborators, we found that most butterfly species’ northern range boundaries did indeed shift northward over the 1900s. But range shift rates were slower than those documented in the literature for more recent time periods, likely reflecting the weaker warming experienced in the time period of my study. Third, were species’ rates of range shift related to their phylogeny (Chapter 3) or traits (Chapter 4)? I found no compelling relationships between rates of range shift and phylogeny or traits. If certain traits make some species more successful at northern boundary range expansion than others, their effect was not strong enough to emerge from the background noise inherent in the broad scale data set I used.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-03-01T00:55:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O augusto.pdf: 990945 bytes, checksum: 0ffa3c6ca52f5bfb881523a9ecb67d91 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-01T00:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O augusto.pdf: 990945 bytes, checksum: 0ffa3c6ca52f5bfb881523a9ecb67d91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-04 / The approach to the study of complex networks used for networks of interactions allows the identification of emergent properties such as nestdness, modularity and specialization. Consequently, we hypothesize that mutualistic networks between plants and butterflies visiting flowers in higher altitudes are characterized by few species, with low feeding selectivity. We developed the study using two organizational levels: local and global. The local level comprised mutualistic networks in two hills located in the Chapada Diamantina. The global level comprised mutualistic networks in different regions of the globe. For each network, we evaluated the relationship between altitude, modularity, nestdness and specialization. No network metric shoed a consistent change associated with altitudinal variation, not in the local and global levels. Thus, the structure of interaction networks between butterflies visiting the flowers and plants does not respond to changes in altitude, what we are left understand what factors may be determinants for this interaction. / A abordagem do estudo de redes complexas utilizada para as redes de intera??es permite a identifica??o de propriedades emergentes tais como o aninhamento, modularidade e especializa??o. Nesse sentido, propomos a hip?tese de que redes de intera??es entre borboletas visitantes florais e plantas em altas altitudes ser?o caracterizadas por poucas esp?cies, com baixa seletividade alimentar. Nossas expectativas s?o de que, ao longo de uma montanha (n?vel local), tais redes ser?o 1) menos modulares; 2) menos aninhadas e 3) compostas por esp?cies generalistas na regi?o do topo, quando comparadas com redes localizadas nas regi?es mais basais. Esperamos encontrar esse mesmo padr?o ao avaliar redes descritas em diferentes altitudes ao longo do globo (n?vel global). Realizamos o estudo utilizando dois n?veis organizacionais: local e global. O n?vel local envolveu dois morros situados na Chapada Diamantina e para cada morro, duas altitudes. O n?vel global envolveu redes de intera??es em v?rias partes do mundo com altitudes diferentes. Para cada rede avaliamos a associa??o entre altitude, modularidade, aninhamento e especializa??o. Nenhuma das tr?s m?tricas de rede revelou mudan?a consistente em rela??o ?s duas altitudes dos morros ou mesmo para a avalia??o global. Desta forma, a estrutura de redes de intera??o entre borboletas visitantes florais e plantas n?o responde a varia??es de altitude, o que nos resta entender quais os fatores que podem ser determinantes para essa intera??o.

Biological organisms, organs and tissues have evolved through natural selection diverse functional and structural traits to accomplish complex tasks. For example, small insects with tiny thermal capacitance have developed tailored spectral properties and behavioral tactics to mitigate rapid changes of body temperatures caused by environmental electromagnetic radiations; neural networks in the brain, through changing the efficacy of synapses, can recognize hidden patterns and correlations in raw data, cluster and classify them, and continuously learn and improve over time. These biological systems are a rich source of bio-inspiration for developing solutions to address engineering challenges. My thesis work focuses on the intersection between photonics and biology and explores three unique biological systems and their technological implications. Beginning with the investigation of butterfly wings, we observed that the wings contain a matrix of living structures, including mechanical and thermal sensory neural cells, hemocytes, pheromone producing organs, , and even “wing hearts”, and that these living structures carry out their specific functions over the entire life span of butterflies but are vulnerable to sustained high temperatures. We discovered that butterflies have evolved heterogeneously thickened wing cuticles and special nanostructured wing scales to locally enhance thermal emissivity so that the regions of the wings containing living structures can better dissipate heat through thermal radiation. Furthermore, we discovered that butterfly wings almost always possess enhanced reflectivity in the near-infrared, which can significantly reduce heating caused by solar radiation. This enhanced near-infrared reflectivity is found to originate from optical scattering at the porous wing scales, especially pale-colored scales underneath the surface layer of colorful ones. Besides these structural adaptations, our bioassays showed that butterflies utilize a number of behavioral strategies to avoid overheating or overcooling of their wings. We found that butterflies can use their wings as a fast and sensitive temperature monitor to detect the direction and strength of sunlight or artificial light applied onto the wings; as such, they can adapt the most suitable postures to minimize overheating of the wings if the illumination is too strong and to warm up the wings when ambident temperatures are insufficient for taking flight. Drawing inspiration from the multi-layered wing scales, which impart coloration to the wings while maintaining their high near-infrared reflectivity, we developed a double-layered, radiative-cooling coating that is able to minimize solar heating while still stay colorful. The second part of my thesis work explored nanostructured fibers and textiles as a novel solution for radiative cooling. The work was motivated by our discovery that the silk fibers produced by the caterpillars of the Madagascan moon moth (Argema mittrei) contain a high density of filamentary air voids, which enable individual fibers of the moth to strongly reflect light over the solar spectrum. This, in combination with natural polymers’ intrinsic high mid-infrared emissivity, provides the cocoons of the moth with remarkable passive radiative-cooling properties. We developed fabrication platforms to produce synthetic fibers with filamentary air voids by modifying both wet spinning and melt extrusion techniques. The melt extrusion approach, in particular, is implemented in an industry-scale fiber extrusion machine for high-throughput, high-yield production. The fabricated nanostructured fibers reproduce the prominent solar reflectivity of the Madagascan moon moth silk fibers and possess high emissivity due to the variety of chemical bonds in the synthetic polymers used. The melt-extruded fibers were twisted into yarns, which were subsequently woven and knitted into fabrics. The finished fabric samples were demonstrated to perform as effective radiative cooling devices compared to conventional white fabrics. Lastly, inspired by how neural networks in the brain form the basis of learning and motivated by how artificial neural networks are implemented in computers, we develop a novel platform of optical neural computing, a smart glass, for object recognition. Our optical neural network takes advantage of strong light-matter interactions with sub-wavelength resolutions in metasurfaces to emulate the layered computations in a biological or artificial neural network. In the simplest implementation of a single-layer smart glass, a metasurface was trained to provide 2D phase modulations that can transform the complex optical wave scattered from an input object into a characteristic intensity distribution pattern on the output plane corresponding to the identity of the object. We experimentally demonstrated the recognition of handwritten numerical digits and letters with different fonts with high accuracies using the smart glass and explored the capability of a polarization-multiplexing smart glass based on birefringent metasurfaces for performing distinct recognition tasks at orthogonal incident polarizations. This optical neural computing platform represents a new paradigm of computation operating at the speed of light with no power consumption and this physical-wave-based computation guarantees data security beyond digital encryption.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20955号 / 理博第4407号 / 新制||理||1633(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 曽田 貞滋, 准教授 渡辺 勝敏, 教授 中川 尚史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

This study examines Julia Alvarez's best-known works, García Girls and In the Time of the Butterflies, to explore the intertextuality within Dominican-American fiction through the vocabulary and methodology of trauma studies and witnessing. Alvarez's work indicates that traditional academic discourse about witnessing often translates trauma survivors into tourists by legally dispossessing them from the witnesses they could provide as they seek to assign blame and pass judgment on the source of their traumatic experience. This process of exclusion threatens to hinder the ability of Dominican-Americans to work through their shared, traumatic experience with the Trujillo regime. Furthermore, this study contends that as Alvarez privileges fiction and the imagination, instead of historiography, as the appropriate sites for witnessing, she invites other members of the collective to share their witnesses in an effort to populate the structure of the trujillato in order for the collective to better come to terms with their shared trauma.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture