L'objectif de ce travail était la synthèse en une étape de nanoparticules à cœur de poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) et couronne hydrophile, par polymérisation en miniémulsion. Deux familles de polymères amphiphiles ont été utilisées pour stabiliser la polymérisation. La première est constituée de trois dérivés amphiphiles du dextrane synthétisés au laboratoire: DexP11, DexP16 et DexP22. La seconde est composée de dérivés commerciaux du POE: le Brij®78, le Brij®700, et le Tween®80. Après avoir vérifié leur stabilité dans les conditions de polymérisation, leurs propriétés tensioactives ont été caractérisées en tensiométrie dynamique. Bien que le n-butyl cyanoacrylate soit un monomère extrêmement réactif, des nanoparticules de poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) ont pu être synthétisées avec succès par polymérisation anionique et/ou radicalaire en miniémulsion. La nature et la concentration du polymère amphiphile dans la phase aqueuse lors de la polymérisation en miniémulsion contrôlent la taille des particules, leur taux de recouvrement et l'épaisseur de la couche hydrophile à leur surface. La masse molaire du polymère constituant le cœur de la nanoparticule est quant à elle influencée par le pH de la phase continue et le mode de polymérisation (anionique ou radicalaire). Enfin, l’étude de l'encapsulation et de la libération d'une molécule modèle, le pyrène, a été abordée / The aim of this study was the one-step synthesis via miniemulsion polymerization, of nanoparticles with a hydrophobic core based on poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) and a hydrophilic shell. Two families of amphiphilic polymers were used to stabilize the miniemulsion. The first one was constituted of three dextran derivatives synthesized in the laboratory: DexP11, DexP16 and DexP22. The other three stabilizers were commercial products based on PEO: Brij®78, Brij®700, and Tween®80. Their stability under the conditions used for miniemulsion polymerization was checked. Their adsorption at oil-water interface was studied by dynamic surface tension measurement. Despite the high reactivity of the monomer, nanoparticles of poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) were synthesized via anionic and/or radical miniemulsion polymerization. Particle size, surface coverage and hydrophilic layer thickness were controlled by the structure and the amount of the amphiphilic polymer in the continuous phase, while the molar mass of the poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) depending on the pH of the continuous phase and the polymerization mechanism (anionic or radical). Finally, the encapsulation and the release of a model compound were studied

Na última década o emprego de nanotecnologia tem crescido exponencialmente em função das suas evidentes vantagens: maior eficácia terapêutica, menor toxicidade e liberação modificada do fármaco. Tais características permitem elevar os níveis do fármaco no compartimento intracelular, além de possibilitar sua liberação modificada no sítio específico. Essas vantagens vem ao encontro da otimização do tratamento da leishmaniose devido à falta de medicamentos seguros e de adequada atividade farmacológica. O objetivo do presente projeto constituiu-se na preparação e na avaliação das características físico-químicas da nanopartícula polimérica associada ao novo fármaco hidroximetilnitrofural (NFOH), desenvolvimento e validação do método analítico para a determinação da eficiência de encapsulação, avaliação a atividade leishmanicida in vitro em promastigotas, em macrófagos infectados por amastigotas de L. amazonensis e citotoxicidade do NFOH livre e nanoestruturado. As nanopartículas poliméricas de poli (butil cianoacrilato) (PBCA) obtidas apresentaram potencial zeta de -10,1 mV, tamanho médio de 151,5 nm, polidispersividade de 0,104 e distribuição unimodal muito próximos ao encontrado na literatura. O método analítico validado apresentou especificidade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão e robustez, mostrando-se adequado para a quantificação do NFOH em nanopartículas, o resultado final da eficiência de encapsulação foi de 64,5%. Os testes realizados em promastigotas e macrófagos infectados por amastigotas de L. amazonensis revelaram a maior atividade do fármaco nanoestruturado em relação ao fármaco livre e ao placebo. Os ensaios de citotoxicidade comprovaram que o fármaco, sistema nanoestruturado contendo NFOH e placebo apresentam baixa toxicidade. Logo, as nanopartículas obtidas contendo NFOH são uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento da leishmaniose. / In the last decade the use of nanotechnology has grown exponentially as a function of its obvious advantages: high therapeutic efficacy, lower toxicity and modified release of the drug. This feature allows raising the levels of the drug in the intracellular compartment, and enables the modified release of the drug in its specific site. These advantages come to meet the optimization of the treatment of leishmaniasis due to lack of drugs that are safe and appropriate pharmacological activity. The goal of this project consisted in the preparation and evaluation of physical and chemical characteristics of polymeric nanoparticle associated with new drug hidroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH), development and validation of analytical method for the determination of encapsulation efficiency, evaluating the leishmanicidal activity in vitro in promastigotes and in macrophages infected with amastigotes of L. amazonensis and finally cytotoxicity of free and nanostructured NFOH. The polymeric nanoparticles of poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) obtained showed zeta potential of -10.1 mV, average size of 151.1 nm, polydispersity of 0.104 and unimodal distribution very similar to that found in the literature. The validated method showed specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness, making it adequate for the quantification of NFOH nanoparticles, the final outcome of the encapsulation efficiency was 64.5%. Tests conducted on promastigotes and macrophages infected with amastigotes of L. amazonensis revealed the highest activity of nanostructured drug compared to free drug and placebo. The cytotoxicity assays showed that the NFOH, nanostructured system containing NFOH and placebo had low toxicity. Thus, the obtained nanoparticles containing NFOH are a promising alternative for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Na última década o emprego de nanotecnologia tem crescido exponencialmente em função das suas evidentes vantagens: maior eficácia terapêutica, menor toxicidade e liberação modificada do fármaco. Tais características permitem elevar os níveis do fármaco no compartimento intracelular, além de possibilitar sua liberação modificada no sítio específico. Essas vantagens vem ao encontro da otimização do tratamento da leishmaniose devido à falta de medicamentos seguros e de adequada atividade farmacológica. O objetivo do presente projeto constituiu-se na preparação e na avaliação das características físico-químicas da nanopartícula polimérica associada ao novo fármaco hidroximetilnitrofural (NFOH), desenvolvimento e validação do método analítico para a determinação da eficiência de encapsulação, avaliação a atividade leishmanicida in vitro em promastigotas, em macrófagos infectados por amastigotas de L. amazonensis e citotoxicidade do NFOH livre e nanoestruturado. As nanopartículas poliméricas de poli (butil cianoacrilato) (PBCA) obtidas apresentaram potencial zeta de -10,1 mV, tamanho médio de 151,5 nm, polidispersividade de 0,104 e distribuição unimodal muito próximos ao encontrado na literatura. O método analítico validado apresentou especificidade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão e robustez, mostrando-se adequado para a quantificação do NFOH em nanopartículas, o resultado final da eficiência de encapsulação foi de 64,5%. Os testes realizados em promastigotas e macrófagos infectados por amastigotas de L. amazonensis revelaram a maior atividade do fármaco nanoestruturado em relação ao fármaco livre e ao placebo. Os ensaios de citotoxicidade comprovaram que o fármaco, sistema nanoestruturado contendo NFOH e placebo apresentam baixa toxicidade. Logo, as nanopartículas obtidas contendo NFOH são uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento da leishmaniose. / In the last decade the use of nanotechnology has grown exponentially as a function of its obvious advantages: high therapeutic efficacy, lower toxicity and modified release of the drug. This feature allows raising the levels of the drug in the intracellular compartment, and enables the modified release of the drug in its specific site. These advantages come to meet the optimization of the treatment of leishmaniasis due to lack of drugs that are safe and appropriate pharmacological activity. The goal of this project consisted in the preparation and evaluation of physical and chemical characteristics of polymeric nanoparticle associated with new drug hidroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH), development and validation of analytical method for the determination of encapsulation efficiency, evaluating the leishmanicidal activity in vitro in promastigotes and in macrophages infected with amastigotes of L. amazonensis and finally cytotoxicity of free and nanostructured NFOH. The polymeric nanoparticles of poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) obtained showed zeta potential of -10.1 mV, average size of 151.1 nm, polydispersity of 0.104 and unimodal distribution very similar to that found in the literature. The validated method showed specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness, making it adequate for the quantification of NFOH nanoparticles, the final outcome of the encapsulation efficiency was 64.5%. Tests conducted on promastigotes and macrophages infected with amastigotes of L. amazonensis revealed the highest activity of nanostructured drug compared to free drug and placebo. The cytotoxicity assays showed that the NFOH, nanostructured system containing NFOH and placebo had low toxicity. Thus, the obtained nanoparticles containing NFOH are a promising alternative for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Titanium has been widely used for dental implants, and in particular, roughened titanium surfaces have provided a means for increasing bone apposition and strengthening the implant-to-bone interface. Finding a way to further increase osseointegration is important because there is a significant clinical benefit to patients if a stable anchor can be established instead of anchoring orthodontic hardware to the molars. In this study, the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) on the ability of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) to osseointegrate was investigated. The temporary anchorage devices (TADs) used in this study were manufactured from commercially pure titanium and divided into 2 types of treatments: (1) sandblasted and acid-etched (i.e. the control) and (2) sandblasted and acid-etched treated with Medtronic INFUSE® Bone Graft (recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 placed on an absorbable collagen sponge). The implants were placed on the cranial bones of 10 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were euthanized by carbon dioxide asphyxiation 6 weeks following surgery for histological examination and biomechanical testing. The results from visual inspection and biomechanical testing showed that the sandblasted and acid-etched TADs treated with rhBMP-2 promoted better osseointegration than TADs that were only sandblasted and acid-etched. Specifically, surface modified TADs treated with rhBMP-2 on bottom showed an increased surface coverage by bone and an increase in the adhesion strength at the TAD-to-bone interface.

A zidovudina (AZT), fármaco antirretroviral utilizado no tratamento da AIDS, apresenta biodisponibilidade oral em torno de 60% e seu uso prolongado pode ocasionar efeitos tóxicos e tolerância ao tratamento. A lamivudina (3TC), apesar de demonstrar menor citotoxicidade e menor resistência viral, é considerada também menos potente. A associação entre os dois fármacos é recomendável em função da boa resposta terapêutica e maior adesão ao tratamento. As nanopartículas são uma alternativa para melhorar a biodisponibilidade e o transporte de fármacos sobretudo através da BHE. Nesse sentido, as nanopartículas poliméricas de poli (n-butil cianoacrilato) (PBCA) apresentam grande potencial para melhoria das características farmacêuticas, além de possibilitar resultados terapêuticos mais eficazes por meio da modificação de sua superfície, direcionando o fármaco ao sítio alvo. Diante do exposto, foram desenvolvidas nanopartículas de PBCA contendo a associação lamivudina e zidovudina (3TC/AZT) revestidas com polissorbato 80 (Ps80). As nanopartículas obtidas foram caracterizadas e apresentaram resultados coerentes aos encontrados na literatura. Após a encapsulação dos fármacos e o revestimento com Ps80, notou-se um aumento no diâmetro médio e o potencial Zeta foi próximo de zero. Esses resultados juntamente com a análise de SAXS comprovam o revestimento das nanopartículas de PBCA. Os dados de DSC e TG/DTG mostram que a encapsulação foi eficiente para a estabilização térmica dos fármacos. Foi desenvolvido e validado o método analítico por CLAE, a fim de determinar a eficiência de encapsulação. A validação do método analítico para quantificação simultânea do 3TC e AZT, tanto nas nanopartículas de PBCA quanto nas nanopartículas revestidas, apresentou linearidade, especificidade, precisão e exatidão adequadas de acordo com as normativas. A porcentagem de encapsulação dos fármacos foi igual a 44,45% e 30,44%. As nanopartículas de PBCA e PBCAPs80, em concentrações abaixo de 100 µg/mL, apresentaram viabilidade celular superior a 70% em células Caco-2, comprovando que o sistema apresenta baixa citotoxicidade, o que representa uma alternativa promissora para a encapsulação de fármacos antirretrovirais e consequente progresso no tratamento da AIDS. / Zidovudine (AZT), which is an anti-retroviral drug used in the treatment of AIDS, has oral bioavailability around 60% and its prolonged use can cause toxic effects and tolerance to the treatment. Lamivudine (3TC), although it has lower cytotoxicity and lower viral resistance, is also considered less potent. The association between these two drugs is recommended based on the good therapeutic response and greater adherence to treatment. Nanoparticles are an alternative to improve the bioavailability and the transport of drugs, particularly through the BBB. Thus, the polymeric nanoparticles of poly (n-butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) have great potential for improving the pharmaceutical characteristics, besides enabling more effective therapeutic results through the modification of its surface, directing the drug to the target site. That being said, PBCA nanoparticles were developed containing the association of lamivudine and zidovudine (3TC/AZT) coated with polysorbate 80 (Ps80). Nanoparticles obtained were characterized and presented coherent results when compared to those found in the literature. After the encapsulation of pharmaceuticals and Ps80 coating, it was noted an increase in the average diameter and Zeta potential was close to zero. These results along with the SAXS analysis proved the coating of the PBCA nanoparticles. The data of DSC and TG/DTG show that encapsulation was efficient for thermal stabilization of pharmaceuticals. An analytical method by HPLC was developed and validated to determine the efficiency of encapsulation. The validation of the analytical method for simultaneous quantification of 3TC and AZT, in both the PBCA nanoparticles and coated nanoparticles, presented as in linearity, specificity, precision and accuracy according to the regulations. The percentage of drug encapsulation was equal to 44.45% and 30.44%. The nanoparticles of PBCA and PBCA-Ps80, at concentrations below 100 µg/ml, presented cell viability greater than 70% in Caco-2 cells, proving that the system has low cytotoxicity, which represents a promising alternative for the encapsulation of antiretroviral drugs and consequent progress in AIDS treatment.

A zidovudina (AZT), fármaco antirretroviral utilizado no tratamento da AIDS, apresenta biodisponibilidade oral em torno de 60% e seu uso prolongado pode ocasionar efeitos tóxicos e tolerância ao tratamento. A lamivudina (3TC), apesar de demonstrar menor citotoxicidade e menor resistência viral, é considerada também menos potente. A associação entre os dois fármacos é recomendável em função da boa resposta terapêutica e maior adesão ao tratamento. As nanopartículas são uma alternativa para melhorar a biodisponibilidade e o transporte de fármacos sobretudo através da BHE. Nesse sentido, as nanopartículas poliméricas de poli (n-butil cianoacrilato) (PBCA) apresentam grande potencial para melhoria das características farmacêuticas, além de possibilitar resultados terapêuticos mais eficazes por meio da modificação de sua superfície, direcionando o fármaco ao sítio alvo. Diante do exposto, foram desenvolvidas nanopartículas de PBCA contendo a associação lamivudina e zidovudina (3TC/AZT) revestidas com polissorbato 80 (Ps80). As nanopartículas obtidas foram caracterizadas e apresentaram resultados coerentes aos encontrados na literatura. Após a encapsulação dos fármacos e o revestimento com Ps80, notou-se um aumento no diâmetro médio e o potencial Zeta foi próximo de zero. Esses resultados juntamente com a análise de SAXS comprovam o revestimento das nanopartículas de PBCA. Os dados de DSC e TG/DTG mostram que a encapsulação foi eficiente para a estabilização térmica dos fármacos. Foi desenvolvido e validado o método analítico por CLAE, a fim de determinar a eficiência de encapsulação. A validação do método analítico para quantificação simultânea do 3TC e AZT, tanto nas nanopartículas de PBCA quanto nas nanopartículas revestidas, apresentou linearidade, especificidade, precisão e exatidão adequadas de acordo com as normativas. A porcentagem de encapsulação dos fármacos foi igual a 44,45% e 30,44%. As nanopartículas de PBCA e PBCAPs80, em concentrações abaixo de 100 µg/mL, apresentaram viabilidade celular superior a 70% em células Caco-2, comprovando que o sistema apresenta baixa citotoxicidade, o que representa uma alternativa promissora para a encapsulação de fármacos antirretrovirais e consequente progresso no tratamento da AIDS. / Zidovudine (AZT), which is an anti-retroviral drug used in the treatment of AIDS, has oral bioavailability around 60% and its prolonged use can cause toxic effects and tolerance to the treatment. Lamivudine (3TC), although it has lower cytotoxicity and lower viral resistance, is also considered less potent. The association between these two drugs is recommended based on the good therapeutic response and greater adherence to treatment. Nanoparticles are an alternative to improve the bioavailability and the transport of drugs, particularly through the BBB. Thus, the polymeric nanoparticles of poly (n-butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) have great potential for improving the pharmaceutical characteristics, besides enabling more effective therapeutic results through the modification of its surface, directing the drug to the target site. That being said, PBCA nanoparticles were developed containing the association of lamivudine and zidovudine (3TC/AZT) coated with polysorbate 80 (Ps80). Nanoparticles obtained were characterized and presented coherent results when compared to those found in the literature. After the encapsulation of pharmaceuticals and Ps80 coating, it was noted an increase in the average diameter and Zeta potential was close to zero. These results along with the SAXS analysis proved the coating of the PBCA nanoparticles. The data of DSC and TG/DTG show that encapsulation was efficient for thermal stabilization of pharmaceuticals. An analytical method by HPLC was developed and validated to determine the efficiency of encapsulation. The validation of the analytical method for simultaneous quantification of 3TC and AZT, in both the PBCA nanoparticles and coated nanoparticles, presented as in linearity, specificity, precision and accuracy according to the regulations. The percentage of drug encapsulation was equal to 44.45% and 30.44%. The nanoparticles of PBCA and PBCA-Ps80, at concentrations below 100 µg/ml, presented cell viability greater than 70% in Caco-2 cells, proving that the system has low cytotoxicity, which represents a promising alternative for the encapsulation of antiretroviral drugs and consequent progress in AIDS treatment.