Thesis--Lund. / Summary in German. Bibliography: p. 159-160.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:16:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008- Eliana Mattos Piranda.pdf: 1406016 bytes, checksum: c9a77c6cc1de7bc1adde1a6eb06a7a84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / Funda??o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo / The bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii is the etiological agent of an acute, severe human disease called Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in the United States or Brazilian Spotted Fever in Brazil. The infection occurs through the tick bite. Reports of clinical illness on dogs due to this agent have been restricted to the United States. The brown dog tick or kennel tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) is the most widespread tick species throughout the tropics and subtropics. Biological studies on ticks are very important to the tick-borne pathogens transmission knowledge. For this purpose, the present study evaluated experimental infection of dogs with a Itaia?u (Mogi das Cruzes/ S?o Paulo, Brasil) strain of R. rickettsii and some biological aspects of Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Initially, dogs were infected with R. rickettsii its susceptibility and the role of R. sanguineus as a vector was verified. In the second part the viability of adults ticks (R. sanguineus) on three different temperatures were tested. Ticks were maintained under the controlled conditions of 18 ? 1◦C, 27 ? 1◦C e 32 ? 1◦C e 80 ? 5% (temperature ? humidity) for different times without feed. The dogs were susceptible to R. rickettsii infection. R. sanguineus was able to acquire the pathogen and to transmit R. rickettsii to guinea pigs. Based on the second part s results, R. sanguineus viability is affected by both, temperature and unfed time. / A bact?ria Rickettsia rickettsii ? o agente etiol?gico de uma doen?a aguda e severa em humanos denominada Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever nos Estados Unidos e Febre Maculosa Brasileira no Brasil. A infec??o se d? pela picada de carrapatos. Relatos da doen?a cl?nica nos c?es s?o restritos aos EUA. O carrapato marrom do c?o ou carrapato dos canis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806), ? a esp?cie de carrapato mais freq?ente nos tr?picos e subtr?picos. Estudos da biologia de carrapatos s?o de grande import?ncia para o entendimento da transmiss?o de biogentes. O objetivo do presente trabalho ? avaliar experimentalmente a infec??o nos c?es com R. rickettsii cepa Itaia?u (Mogi das Cruzes/ S?o Paulo, Brasil) e aspectos da biologia de Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Na primeira etapa, c?es foram infectados com R. rickettsii e avaliou-se a susceptibilidade dos animais a infec??o e o comportamento de R. sanguineus como vetor. No segundo experimento, adultos de R. sanguineus tiveram a viabilidade de infestar novos hospedeiros analisada. Os carrapatos foram mantidos a18 ? 1◦C, 27 ? 1◦C e 32 ? 1◦C e 80 ? 5% UR por tr?s per?odos de jejum. Observou-se que os c?es s?o suscept?veis a infec??o por R. rickettsii cepa Itaia?u. Foi verificado que R. sanguineus se infectam com R. rickettsii e s?o capazes de transmitir o agente a cobaias. Baseado nos resultados do segundo experimento, concluem-se que R. sanguineus tem a viabilidade influenciada pela temperatura e tempo de jejum.

Oxygen and Nitrogen containing compounds are of utmost importance due to their interesting and diverse biological activities. The construction of the C-O and C–N bonds is of significance as it opens avenues for the introduction of ether and amine linkages in organic molecules. Despite significant advancements in this field, the construction of C-O and C–N bonds is still a major challenge for organic chemists, due to the involvement of harsh reaction conditions or the use of expensive catalysts or ligands in many cases. Thus, it is a challenge to develop alternative, milder, cheaper and more reproducible methodologies for the construction of these types of bonds. Herein, we introduce a new efficient ligand free catalytic system for C-O and C-N bond formation reactions.

No description available.

La mise au point de nouvelles méthodes de synthèse flexibles, robustes et polyvalentes pour la formation régiosélective de liaisons carbone-carbone ou carbone-hétéroatome représente un défi perpétuel en chimie organique. Dans le cadre de nos travaux, nous avons développé des protocoles efficaces et faciles à mettre en œuvre portant sur l’activation de liaisons C-O catalysée par le nickel et la sulfénylation de liaisons C-H sans métal. Nous avons démontré que l’utilisation d’un système catalytique simple à base d’acétate de nickel(II) et d’oxyde de triphénylphosphine dans des conditions douces (40 °C) permettait de réaliser le couplage croisé entre un éther d’énol méthylique et un réactif de Grignard via l’insertion du Ni dans la liaison C OMe. Une réaction de sulfénylation électrophile de composés (hétéro)aromatiques a également été développée. L’emploi de N-thiosuccinimides comme partenaires soufrés, en présence d’acide trifluoroacétique, nous a permis de réaliser avec une très bonne régiosélectivité la sulfénylation d’aromatiques électro-enrichis. Cette méthode a également été appliquée à des indoles non protégés afin d’accéder à des 2-thioindoles fonctionnalisés. / The development of new flexible synthetic methods for the regioselective formation of carbon carbon or carbon-heteroatom represents an ongoing challenge in organic chemistry. The work presented in this manuscript concerns the development of efficient and easy to implement protocols on nickel-catalyzed C-O bond activation and metal-free C-H sulfenylation.It was demonstrated that the use of a single catalytic system based on nickel(II) acetate and triphenylphosphine oxide under mild conditions (40 ° C) could perform the cross-coupling between an alkenyl methyl ether and a Grignard reagent via the insertion of the Ni catalyst into the C-OMe bond. An electrophilic sulfenylation reaction of (hetero)aromatics has also been developed. The use of N thiosuccinimides as sulfenylating partners, in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid, allowed us to achieve with a very good regioselectivity the sulfenylation of electron-rich aromatics. This method was also applied to unprotected indoles in order to access functionalized 2 thioindoles.

Le sujet de cette thèse se situe dans le cadre général des arylations de nucléophiles catalysées par des complexes de métaux de transitions (Cu, Fe) ou réalisées en absence de ces derniers, dans des conditions compétitives et respectueuses de l’environnement. Ces réactions sont d’une importance majeure pour l’industrie chimique. Dans un premier chapitre est tout d’abord décrit un couplage inédit mettant en jeu un sel d’aryldiazonium et un nucléophile azoté (formation de liaison CAr-N). La méthode procède dans des conditions douces via un système catalytique au cuivre peu coûteux et peu toxique. Les produits de couplage obtenus (Ar-NHet) sont d’un intérêt central dans l’industrie pharmaceutique et agrochimique. Dans une deuxième partie nous avons présenté une méthode permettant de réaliser le couplage entre des sels d’aryldiazonium et des dérivés du styrène, à l’aide d’un système t BuOK/DMF. Cette réaction, réalisée pour la première fois en absence de catalyseurs à base de métaux de transition, permet d’accéder, via la formation de liaisons CArsp²-Csp², à des motifs stilbènes variés qui trouvent de nombreuses applications en chimie pharmaceutique. Un deuxième chapitre porte sur l’utilisation de dérivés de l’iode hypervalent permettant la fonctionnalisation de noyaux aromatiques (C-H) ou de dérivés vinyliques (C-H). Une première méthode décrit une réaction de triflimidation directe de composés acétanilides avec une sélectivité exclusive en position para. Deux conditions réactionnelles ont été mises en place pour cette fonctionnalisation. Une première utilise une quantité stœchiométrique de PhI(OAc)2 et une autre utilise une quantité catalytique d’iodotoluène (génération in-situ de l’iode(III)). Cette transformation a conduit à la formation de liaisons CAr-N en présence de bis(trifluorométhane)sulfonimide de lithium (LINTf2) comme nucléophile azoté. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons montré que l’iodure de bisphosphoranilidène (PNPI), pouvait catalyser la trifluorométhylation vinylique sélective de dérivés du styrène en présence d’un réactif de l’iode hypervalent (l’iode(III)), le réactif de Togni II. Des travaux sont en cours pour tenter de comprendre l’influence positive de l’utilisation de PNPI dans le cas de notre réaction. Un troisième chapitre décrit des résultats préliminaires permettant d’obtenir un rendement honorable (54%) lors du couplage catalysé au fer du 4-iodotoluène avec le phényllithium. Une autre série de test décrit le couplage entre des halogénures d’aryle et des alkyllithium primaires. La méthode semble très efficace, puisque par ailleurs les travaux très récents de la littérature pour des couplages similaires faisant intervenir les mêmes partenaires réactionnels, font appel à des catalyseurs de fer ou de palladium. / This thesis is part of a very general search seek to develop methodologies for environmentally sustainable conversion of small molecules into more valuable substances catalyzed by copper and iron complexes or under metal-free conditions. The work focuses on the functionalization of aromatic rings by C-C or C-N bond formation.In a first chapter, a novel coupling involving an aryldiazonium salt and a nitrogenous nucleophile (CAr-N bond formation) is first described. The method proceeds under mild conditions using a cheap and non-toxic copper catalyst system. The obtained coupling products (Ar-NHet) are of central interest in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry. Then in a second part, a method allowing the coupling between aryldiazonium salts and styrene derivatives, using a BuOK / DMF system is presented. This reaction, carried out for the first time in the absence of catalysts based on transition metals, makes it possible to access to various stilbene units which find numerous applications in pharmaceutical chemistry.A second chapter concerns the use of hypervalent iodine derivatives allowing the functionalization of aromatic or vinyl substrates. A first method describes a direct triflimidation reaction of acetanilide compounds with an exclusive selectivity in the para position. Two reactions conditions have been established for this functionalization. One uses a stoichiometric amount of PhI(OAc)2 and another uses a catalytic amount of iodotoluene (in-situ generation of iodine (III)). This transformation resulted in the formation of CAr-N bonds in the presence of lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LINTf2) as the nitrogen nucleophile. In a second part, we have shown that bisphosphoranilidene iodide (PNPI) can catalyze a selective vinylic trifluoromethylation of styrene derivatives in the presence of a hypervalent iodine reagent (iodine (III)), Togni’s reagent II. Work is under way to try to understand the positive influence of PNPI.A third chapter describes preliminary results of an iron-catalyzed heterocoupling of 4-iodotoluene an phenylithium system allowing the obtention of an honorable yield (54%) during the coupling of 4-iodotoluene with phenyllithium. Another series of tests describes the coupling between aryl halides and primary alkyllithiums. The method seems to be very effective, since very recent work in the literature for similar couplings involving the same reaction partners involves catalysts of iron or palladium.

Redox-active ligands deliver redox equivalents to impart multi-electron functionality at 3d metals that typically undergo to one electron redox events. It was proposed that 3d metals with redox-active ligands could form unusually well-defined catalysts for C-C bond forming reactions to mimic palladium-type reactivity. Therefore, several new complexes containing an iron or cobalt with redox-active ligands were synthesized and tested for their ability to form new C-C bonds. A bis(iminosemiquinone) iron (III) complex was able to homocouple aryl Grignards using dioxygen as the terminal oxidant. However, ligand redistribution prevented detailed mechanistic study of the C-C bond forming reaction and led to catalyst degradation. To address the challenges seen in the iron catalyst a new cobalt electron transfer (ET) series containing a pincer-type bis(phenolate) N-heterocyclic carbene ligand (CoNHC) was synthesized. Studies indicate the CoNHC ET series spans multiple-electrons by corporative metal and ligand redox. These complexes were evaluated for cross-coupling of alkyl halides and aryl Grignards. Mechanistic studies imply that the low cross-coupling yields were due to ligand degradation. However, CoNHC catalytically activate cross-couples ether nitriles and aryl Grignards via a novel C-O bond activation leading to a new C-C bond. Findings concerning redox-active ligands on iron and cobalt for C-C bond forming reactions and implications for future research are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:17:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Felipe Lopes Campos.pdf: 553352 bytes, checksum: e4d71e5d911a1305af8111fa2c150966 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-16 / The aim of this survey was the isolation of the Cryptococcus neoformans yeast from cats and dogs central nervous system in Rio de Janeiro City. Periodic collections were made from brain samples from April 2004 to July 2005 at the rabies diagnosis laboratory in the Jorge Vaitsman Veterinary Medicine Municipal Institute in Mangueira, RJ. According to the results, of the 201 clinical samples, we found four positives samples; one of these was positive for C. laurentii, three were positive for Cryptococcus neoformans; of which two were neoformans variety and one was gattii variety. Secondarily we compared with strains from the ICB-USP, previously isolated and identified as for urease and fenol-oxidase production in qualitative character, in the same way that the potential of virulence demonstrated to fosfolipase and protease production. Killer biotyping used in all isolates showed a predominance of biotype II to neoformans variety and biotype VIII to gattii variety. All isolates showed protease and fosfolipase production in varied degrees. lipase / Objetivando o isolamento da levedura Cryptococcus neoformans do sistema nervoso central de c?es e gatos no Munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro, procedeu-se ?s coletas peri?dicas, no per?odo de abril de 2004 a julho de 2005, de amostras de c?rebro, no Laborat?rio de Diagn?stico de Raiva do Instituto Municipal de Medicina Veterin?ria Jorge Vaitsman no bairro da Mangueira, Rio de Janeiro. Das 201 amostras obteve-se um total de quatro positivas para o g?nero; sendo uma de Cryptococcus laurentii e tr?s de C. neoformans, das quais duas revelaram-se pertencentes ? variedade neoformans e uma ? variedade gattii. Secundariamente, confrontamos estas com amostras obtidas junto ao ICB-USP, previamente isoladas e identificadas, quanto ao potencial de virul?ncia espelhado pela produ??o de fosfolipase e de protease. A biotipagem Killer empregada em todos os isolados demonstrou uma predomin?ncia do biotipo II para a variedade neoformans e biotipo VIII para a variedade gattii. Todos os isolados apresentaram-se produtores de protease e de fosfolipase, em diferentes graus.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005- Claudia Martins Serra.pdf: 7393338 bytes, checksum: 1796ddbf5010e079b85e25f5e1886667 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-09-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Coming from the theses that it is possibilite to improve the quality of life of puppies and the connection between human-animal, through socialization classes, the present work was developed with the objectives to: make a socialization school adapted to the Brazilian reality; line up the puppies behavior profile; analyze the behavioral changes acquired; report the owner s acceptance of the program and their evaluation of the classes. In this experiment 23 puppies of a variation of a variation of breads male and female between the ages 3 and 7 months old, had 4 socialization classes handled by a veterinarian, handler and inters in na ?rea of 80 m square. From the obtained results it can be concluded that it is viable to put up a socialization school adapted to the brazilian reality, that behavior profile of the puppies is to be aggressive by dominance, without any formal education. And the owner s don t have enough information related to canine behavior the obtained from the socialization were accentuated reduction of dominance change after the seconds class; gradual fear reduction, submission and agressivity, and the gradual increase of sociability. The acceptance of the owners to the socialization procsess was 95 %. The course reached the expectations of the owners and supessing it as well. / Partindo da tese de que ? ser poss?vel melhorar a qualidade de vida de filhotes caninos e o do v?nculo homem-animal, atrav?s das aulas de socializa??o, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho cujos objetivos foram: montar uma escolinha de socializa??o adaptada ? realidade brasileira; delinear um perfil comportamental dos filhotes caninos; verificar as mudan?as comportamentais obtidas; aquilatar a ades?o dos propriet?rios ao processo de socializa??o e a sua avalia??o do curso. Participaram deste experimento 23 filhotes de c?es de ra?as variadas, machos e f?meas com idade entre 3 a 7 meses de idade, que tiveram 4 aulas de socializa??o ministradas por m?dico-veterin?rio, adestrador e estagi?rios, numa ?rea de 80 m2. Dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que ? vi?vel montar uma escolinha de socializa??o adaptada ? realidade brasileira, que o perfil comportamental dos filhotes caninos ? agressivo por domin?ncia, sem educa??o formal. Os propriet?rios n?o t?m informa??o suficiente com rela??o ao comportamento canino. Nos filhotes participantes pode-se esperar: redu??o dr?stica da domin?ncia a partir da segunda aula; redu??o gradual do medo, submiss?o e agressividade, e aumento gradual da sociabilidade. A ades?o dos propriet?rios ao processo de socializa??o foi de 95 %. O curso preencheu as expectativas dos propriet?rios, ultrapassando em muito a mesma.

Domino catalysis is an ideal strategy in the synthesis of heterocyclic scaffolds, as multiple bonds can be formed under a single set of reaction conditions. In this work, we present the development of two novel domino processes which afford access to aza-analogues of the dihydrodibenzoxepine motif. Careful optimisation revealed that the Rh catalysed hydroarylation proceeds under mild conditions as compared to the C-O coupling. Furthermore, Pd was not required for the C-O bond formation when using alkenyl pyrazines as substrates. Variation of the substituents on both the heterocycle and on the boronic ester provided insight into the structural features required for successful domino reaction, and a stepwise protocol was developed for incompatible substrates. We have also developed the first multi-metal, multi-ligand domino reaction featuring both a chiral and achiral ligand in the same pot, still leading to an enantioenriched product.