Apoptosis and cell survival are two seemingly opposing fate-determining processes that are regulated by distinct and complex signaling pathways. Caspase-8, an apical caspase, plays a pivotal regulatory role in initiating apoptosis. c-Src, a prototypical member of the Src family kinases (SFKs), regulates a myriad of cellular processes including cell mitogenesis, proliferation, growth and migration. Although the regulation of caspase-8 by c-Src has been suggested, the reciprocal regulation of these two seemingly opposing signaling molecules, caspase-8 and c-Src, has never been explored. To study this reciprocal regulation, we asked three questions. (1) Can active caspase-8 negatively regulate c-Src activity to allow the propagation of apoptosis? (2) Can c-Src negatively regulate caspase-8 activity to prevent the propagation of apoptosis? (3) Can caspase-8, when its enzymatic activity is inhibited, further promote c-Src activity to allow the propagation of cell survival? To address these questions, we first investigated the effect of active caspase-8 on the activation and activity of c-Src. We discovered that active caspase-8 inhibited c-Src activation and some of its downstream effectors. Next, we investigated whether c-Src could tyrosine phosphorylate caspase-8. We discovered that c-Src could phosphorylate caspase-8 at multiple tyrosine sites. We then examined whether tyrosine phosphorylated caspase-8 prevents apoptosis. We found that phosphorylation of caspase-8 at Y465 prevented its cleavage, and activity towards activating caspase-3 and towards causing cell morphological changes associated with apoptosis. Finally, we studied whether tyrosine phosphorylation of caspase-8 could further promote the activation of c-Src. We showed that phosphorylation of caspase-8 at both Y465 and Y397 resulted in the activation of c-Src and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2). In conclusion, this work demonstrated the reciprocal regulation of two opposing signaling molecules, caspase-8 and c-Src. These results also suggest an elegant mechanism for a cell to commit efficiently and rapidly to a fate-determining process, either apoptosis or survival, by further suppression of the opposing signaling pathway.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) are a group of chemo-preventive and chemo-therapeutic agents that have generated significant attention in clinical trials, given their ability to selectively induce cell cycle arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis of tumor cells. Presently, these agents are proposed to function by altering gene expression levels, primarily by promoting histone hyperacetylation and gene transcription. However, in this thesis, HDIs are reported to control the expression of genes from the c-Src kinase family and p21WAF1 by means other than transcriptional activation. <p>Overexpression and activation of c-Src, a 60kDa non-receptor tyrosine kinase, has been implicated in the development, growth, progression, and metastasis of several human cancers, especially those of the colon. Butyrate and the more specific histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) were both found to effectively inhibit the expression of c-Src mRNA and protein in a number of tumor cell lines, including those of the colon, liver and breast. Expression of the SRC oncogene is alternatively regulated by the SRC1A and SRC1 promoters. HDIs were shown to repress c-Src expression by inhibiting transcription of both of these promoters, independent of any new protein synthesis. Furthermore, butyrate and TSA similarly regulated the expression of the c-Src family kinase (SFK) members Yes, Fyn, Lyn and Lck in human colon cancer cell lines. In addition, TATA binding protein (TBP) associated factor 1 (TAF1) was shown to be necessary for basal transcription of the SRC1A, YES and LYN promoters, but was not required for HDI mediated repression. <p>Induction of the potent cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1 has been identified to be a key feature of HDI mediated cell cycle arrest. The level of p21WAF1 expression has been extensively reported to be directly upregulated by HDIs in a p53 independent manner that requires Sp family binding sites in the p21WAF1 proximal promoter to induce transcription. However, HDIs were shown to be capable of inducing p21WAF1 gene expression, dependent on new protein synthesis, by increasing mRNA stability. To date, p21WAF1 mRNA stability has been extensively studied and a number of cis-acting elements in the 3 untranslated region (UTR) of the p21WAF1 mRNA have been implicated in the regulation of mRNA stability, such as AU rich elements (AREs) and a 42 nucleotide HuD/Elav binding element. Similarly, in this work, two novel cis-acting elements were identified in the 3 UTR of p21WAF1 and were shown to facilitate basal and HDI induced post-transcriptional regulation of p21WAF1 mRNA stability in HepG2 cells. Collectively, these studies highlight the intricacy of HDI mediated effects and challenge the preconceptions regarding the molecular mechanism of these anti-tumor agents.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) are a group of chemo-preventive and chemo-therapeutic agents that have generated significant attention in clinical trials, given their ability to selectively induce cell cycle arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis of tumor cells. Presently, these agents are proposed to function by altering gene expression levels, primarily by promoting histone hyperacetylation and gene transcription. However, in this thesis, HDIs are reported to control the expression of genes from the c-Src kinase family and p21WAF1 by means other than transcriptional activation. <p>Overexpression and activation of c-Src, a 60kDa non-receptor tyrosine kinase, has been implicated in the development, growth, progression, and metastasis of several human cancers, especially those of the colon. Butyrate and the more specific histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) were both found to effectively inhibit the expression of c-Src mRNA and protein in a number of tumor cell lines, including those of the colon, liver and breast. Expression of the SRC oncogene is alternatively regulated by the SRC1A and SRC1 promoters. HDIs were shown to repress c-Src expression by inhibiting transcription of both of these promoters, independent of any new protein synthesis. Furthermore, butyrate and TSA similarly regulated the expression of the c-Src family kinase (SFK) members Yes, Fyn, Lyn and Lck in human colon cancer cell lines. In addition, TATA binding protein (TBP) associated factor 1 (TAF1) was shown to be necessary for basal transcription of the SRC1A, YES and LYN promoters, but was not required for HDI mediated repression. <p>Induction of the potent cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1 has been identified to be a key feature of HDI mediated cell cycle arrest. The level of p21WAF1 expression has been extensively reported to be directly upregulated by HDIs in a p53 independent manner that requires Sp family binding sites in the p21WAF1 proximal promoter to induce transcription. However, HDIs were shown to be capable of inducing p21WAF1 gene expression, dependent on new protein synthesis, by increasing mRNA stability. To date, p21WAF1 mRNA stability has been extensively studied and a number of cis-acting elements in the 3 untranslated region (UTR) of the p21WAF1 mRNA have been implicated in the regulation of mRNA stability, such as AU rich elements (AREs) and a 42 nucleotide HuD/Elav binding element. Similarly, in this work, two novel cis-acting elements were identified in the 3 UTR of p21WAF1 and were shown to facilitate basal and HDI induced post-transcriptional regulation of p21WAF1 mRNA stability in HepG2 cells. Collectively, these studies highlight the intricacy of HDI mediated effects and challenge the preconceptions regarding the molecular mechanism of these anti-tumor agents.

La compréhension des interactions intra- et inter-moléculaires à l’échelle atomique représente un enjeu scientifique important. A l’heure actuelle, les techniques de RMN ont déjà prouvé leur efficacité pour l’analyse de ces interactions in vitro, dans les solutions tampons. Toutefois, il a également été montré que la plupart des biomolécules ont une structure et une dynamique différentes in vivo, à l’intérieur des cellules, de celle in vitro. Il est donc crucial d’analyser les biomolécules dans leur milieu naturel, la cellule. Récemment, les progrès dans le domaine de la RMN dans les cellules ont permis de mieux comprendre la dynamique et les interactions des biomolécules présentes dans le milieu cellulaire complexe. Cependant, la biomolécule étudiée étant présente en faibles concentrations, elle possède un faible signal sur le spectre RMN, qu’il est difficile de suivre. De plus, du fait de la forte viscosité du milieu cellulaire, la relaxation rapide de l’aimantation transverse se traduit par un élargissement des raies spectrales. L’utilisation des états de spin à longs temps de vie et de la Polarisation Dynamique Nucléaire suivie par la dissolution de l’échantillon (dissolution-DNP) pourraient permettre de pallier aux problèmes d’élargissement de raies et de sensibilité. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d’explorer les bénéfices des ces avancées récentes de la RMN pour l’étude des petites molécules, peptides et protéines à l’intérieur des cellules. Pour la protéine c-Src, qui appartient à la classe des protéines intrinsèquement désordonnées (IDP), la dynamique de l’ensemble des conformations de l’extrémité N-terminale a été suivie utilisant des états de spin à longs temps de vie LLS. Le signal du noyau de carbone-13 de la molécule de pyruvate a été augmenté utilisant la Polarisation Dynamique Nucléaire (DNP) afin de mieux l’observer dans le milieu cellulaire. Un peptide représentatif pour la partie active d’une autre protéine, IκBα, a été introduit dans des cellules HepG2 par l’électroporation. Les observations faites lors des ces expériences sont discutées dans la perspective de faciliter les études RMN des biomolécules à l’intérieur des cellules. / Most NMR studies are carried out in vitro, but the structure and dynamics of some biomolecules inside cells differ from those in vitro. It thus becomes interesting to analyze biomolecules such as proteins in their natural environment: the cell. Recent progress of in cell NMR allowed to better understand the behaviour of proteins: their dynamics and their interactions with other biomolecules in the cell. But the low concentration of proteins leads to low signal intensity. Moreover, the viscosity of the environment induces faster transverse relaxation, resulting in line broadening for proteins signals. The use of the Long-Lived States and Coherences (LLS and LLC, respectively) as well as dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (dissolution-DNP) can improve NMR observations in cells. LLS were used to understand and characterize the structure of the N-terminal domain of c-Src, which is intrinsically disordered. To follow the phosphorylation of proteins, a first preliminary study of a 21-aa peptides derived from IKBα electroporated into HepG2 cell lines was carried out.

O dimorfismo sexual relacionado à hipertensão arterial surge na adolescência e persiste por toda vida adulta. Homens apresentam maior incidência de doenças cardiovasculares quando comparados a mulheres de mesma faixa etária. O mesmo perfil é observado em modelos animais de hipertensão, nos quais machos apresentam maiores níveis pressóricos quando comparados a fêmeas. Dessa forma, a testosterona é frequentemente relacionada à hipertensão arterial. Entretanto, os mecanismos pelos quais a testosterona exerce efeitos vasculares ainda não estão esclarecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da testosterona sobre a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), importantes mediadores do processo hipertensivo, em células da musculatura lisa vascular (CMLV) de ratos normotensos e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). Os receptores para andrógenos, as fontes de EROs (papel da NADPH oxidase), bem como os efeitos funcionais celulares (migração celular) relacionados aos efeitos da testosterona também foram analisados. Para tanto, CMLV do leito mesentérico de ratos Wistar (W), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) e SHR foram isoladas, cultivadas e estimuladas com testosterona 10-7mol/L em diferentes tempos, de acordo com cada protocolo. Sempre que necessário, as células foram pré-incubadas por 30 minutos com inibidores específicos para o estudo dos mecanismos envolvidos, tais como: flutamida (inibidor do receptor clássico para andrógenos), apocinina (inibidor da NADPH oxidase), PP2 (inibidor da c-Src), actinomicina D (inibidor da transcrição gênica) e cicloheximida (inibidor da síntese protéica). Nossos resultados indicam que a testosterona induz a geração de EROs por mecanismos dependentes do tempo e da linhagem de ratos, de modo que células isoladas de animais SHR são mais sensíveis a testosterona. Esta geração ocorre por dois mecanismos principais: um mediado pelo receptor clássico para andrógenos (AR) e outro mediado pelo receptor de membrana para andrógenos (ARm), resultando em efeitos genômicos e não-genômicos, respectivamente. Enquanto os efeitos genômicos são comuns, isto é, são observados em células de animais normotensos e hipertensos, os efeitos não-genômicos são específicos, e ocorrem exclusivamente em células de animais hipertensos. A geração genômica de EROs, mediada pelo AR, depende da modulação da expressão de subunidades da NADPH oxidase. Por outro lado, a geração não-genômica, é mediada pelo ARm, independe de síntese protéica, e ocorre devido à ativação de vias de sinalização específicas, reguladoras do complexo enzimático NADPH oxidase. As EROs formadas a partir do estímulo com a testosterona tanto por mecanismos genômicos ou não-genômicos levam a migração celular por mecanismos mediados pelo RA. Nossos resultados sugerem que a testosterona tem papel importante na função de células da musculatura lisa vascular, o que pode contribuir para algumas alterações vasculares características do processo hipertensivo. Portanto, nosso trabalho é o primeiro a demonstrar que a testosterona regula vias de sinalização redox em CMLV levando a efeitos funcionais importantes, relacionados ao remodelamento vascular, os quais podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento e manutenção da hipertensão arterial. / Sexual dimorphism related to hypertension begins at childhood and persists through adulthood. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases is higher in men when compared to age-matched women. Although testosterone has been associated to the sexual dimorphism in hypertension, the mechanisms whereby testosterone acts in the vasculature remain unclear. The main objective of this study was to determine whether testosterone induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, key players on hypertension, in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) isolated from normotensive and hypertensive rats. The signaling pathways and the androgen receptors activated by testosterone, the role of NADPH oxidase in ROS generation and the cellular outcomes (cell migration) were also determined. Accordingly, VSMC isolated from the mesenteric bed of Wistar (W), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats were stimulated with testosterone 10-7mol/L for different periods of time, according to each protocol. Whenever appropriate, cells were pre-incubated with specific inhibitors, such as flutamide 10-5mol/L (nuclear androgen receptor antagonist), apocynin 3x10-5mol/L (NADPH oxidase inhibitor), PP2 10-5mol/L (c-Src inhibitor), actinomycin D 10-5mol/L (inhibitor of gene transcription), and cycloheximide 10-5mol/L (protein synthesis inhibitor). Our findings demonstrate that testosterone induces ROS formation in a time and strain-dependent manner. Augmentation of ROS formation is higher in SHR-VSCMC, indicating an increased sensitivity of SHR-VSMC to testosterone stimuli. Testosterone-induced ROS production occurs by two main mechanisms: the first mediated through the classical androgen receptor (AR) and the second mediated through membrane-associated androgen receptor (ARm), leading to genomic and non-genomic effects, respectively. Whereas the genomic effects occur in VSMC from both strains, non-genomic effects are only observed in SHR-VSMC. The genomic ROS production is mediated through AR and depends on modulation of NADPH oxidase subunits. On the other hand, non-genomic ROS formation is mediated through RAm, does not rely on protein synthesis and occurs via specific signaling pathways that regulate NADPH oxidase. Genomic and non-genomic ROS production by testosterone leads to a common final effect: VSMC migration, indicating that testosterone plays a key role in VSMC function. These results indicate that testosterone signals through redox-sensitive pathways, important in c-Src-mediated migration of VSMCs in SHR. Such processes may contribute to vascular remodeling in hypertension.

O dimorfismo sexual relacionado à hipertensão arterial surge na adolescência e persiste por toda vida adulta. Homens apresentam maior incidência de doenças cardiovasculares quando comparados a mulheres de mesma faixa etária. O mesmo perfil é observado em modelos animais de hipertensão, nos quais machos apresentam maiores níveis pressóricos quando comparados a fêmeas. Dessa forma, a testosterona é frequentemente relacionada à hipertensão arterial. Entretanto, os mecanismos pelos quais a testosterona exerce efeitos vasculares ainda não estão esclarecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da testosterona sobre a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), importantes mediadores do processo hipertensivo, em células da musculatura lisa vascular (CMLV) de ratos normotensos e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). Os receptores para andrógenos, as fontes de EROs (papel da NADPH oxidase), bem como os efeitos funcionais celulares (migração celular) relacionados aos efeitos da testosterona também foram analisados. Para tanto, CMLV do leito mesentérico de ratos Wistar (W), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) e SHR foram isoladas, cultivadas e estimuladas com testosterona 10-7mol/L em diferentes tempos, de acordo com cada protocolo. Sempre que necessário, as células foram pré-incubadas por 30 minutos com inibidores específicos para o estudo dos mecanismos envolvidos, tais como: flutamida (inibidor do receptor clássico para andrógenos), apocinina (inibidor da NADPH oxidase), PP2 (inibidor da c-Src), actinomicina D (inibidor da transcrição gênica) e cicloheximida (inibidor da síntese protéica). Nossos resultados indicam que a testosterona induz a geração de EROs por mecanismos dependentes do tempo e da linhagem de ratos, de modo que células isoladas de animais SHR são mais sensíveis a testosterona. Esta geração ocorre por dois mecanismos principais: um mediado pelo receptor clássico para andrógenos (AR) e outro mediado pelo receptor de membrana para andrógenos (ARm), resultando em efeitos genômicos e não-genômicos, respectivamente. Enquanto os efeitos genômicos são comuns, isto é, são observados em células de animais normotensos e hipertensos, os efeitos não-genômicos são específicos, e ocorrem exclusivamente em células de animais hipertensos. A geração genômica de EROs, mediada pelo AR, depende da modulação da expressão de subunidades da NADPH oxidase. Por outro lado, a geração não-genômica, é mediada pelo ARm, independe de síntese protéica, e ocorre devido à ativação de vias de sinalização específicas, reguladoras do complexo enzimático NADPH oxidase. As EROs formadas a partir do estímulo com a testosterona tanto por mecanismos genômicos ou não-genômicos levam a migração celular por mecanismos mediados pelo RA. Nossos resultados sugerem que a testosterona tem papel importante na função de células da musculatura lisa vascular, o que pode contribuir para algumas alterações vasculares características do processo hipertensivo. Portanto, nosso trabalho é o primeiro a demonstrar que a testosterona regula vias de sinalização redox em CMLV levando a efeitos funcionais importantes, relacionados ao remodelamento vascular, os quais podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento e manutenção da hipertensão arterial. / Sexual dimorphism related to hypertension begins at childhood and persists through adulthood. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases is higher in men when compared to age-matched women. Although testosterone has been associated to the sexual dimorphism in hypertension, the mechanisms whereby testosterone acts in the vasculature remain unclear. The main objective of this study was to determine whether testosterone induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, key players on hypertension, in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) isolated from normotensive and hypertensive rats. The signaling pathways and the androgen receptors activated by testosterone, the role of NADPH oxidase in ROS generation and the cellular outcomes (cell migration) were also determined. Accordingly, VSMC isolated from the mesenteric bed of Wistar (W), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats were stimulated with testosterone 10-7mol/L for different periods of time, according to each protocol. Whenever appropriate, cells were pre-incubated with specific inhibitors, such as flutamide 10-5mol/L (nuclear androgen receptor antagonist), apocynin 3x10-5mol/L (NADPH oxidase inhibitor), PP2 10-5mol/L (c-Src inhibitor), actinomycin D 10-5mol/L (inhibitor of gene transcription), and cycloheximide 10-5mol/L (protein synthesis inhibitor). Our findings demonstrate that testosterone induces ROS formation in a time and strain-dependent manner. Augmentation of ROS formation is higher in SHR-VSCMC, indicating an increased sensitivity of SHR-VSMC to testosterone stimuli. Testosterone-induced ROS production occurs by two main mechanisms: the first mediated through the classical androgen receptor (AR) and the second mediated through membrane-associated androgen receptor (ARm), leading to genomic and non-genomic effects, respectively. Whereas the genomic effects occur in VSMC from both strains, non-genomic effects are only observed in SHR-VSMC. The genomic ROS production is mediated through AR and depends on modulation of NADPH oxidase subunits. On the other hand, non-genomic ROS formation is mediated through RAm, does not rely on protein synthesis and occurs via specific signaling pathways that regulate NADPH oxidase. Genomic and non-genomic ROS production by testosterone leads to a common final effect: VSMC migration, indicating that testosterone plays a key role in VSMC function. These results indicate that testosterone signals through redox-sensitive pathways, important in c-Src-mediated migration of VSMCs in SHR. Such processes may contribute to vascular remodeling in hypertension.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004 / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 350 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 322-346).

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21956号 / 医博第4498号 / 新制||医||1037(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 武藤 学, 教授 小川 誠司, 教授 伊達 洋至 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第23425号 / 医科博第130号 / 新制||医科||9(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 萩原 正敏, 教授 戸井 雅和, 教授 武藤 学 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.