• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 19
  • 8
  • 8
  • 6
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 51
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 6
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Contexto geológico del parque biológico Punta Totoralillo y morfología de cavidades en el zoológico de Piedra, III Región de Atacama, Chile

Ramírez Cubillos, Gonzalo Andrés January 2012 (has links)
Geólogo / El proyecto de implementación de un parque biológico dentro de la zona de Punta Totoralillo, ubicada a unos 30 km al norte de la ciudad de Caldera en la costa chilena, busca ser una muestra representativa de los procesos y ecosistemas propios del desierto de Atacama. Para esto se realiza una caracterización geológica del lugar, contextualizándolo dentro de los desiertos costero y de Atacama. Además se hace un estudio correspondiente a la descripción e interpretación de los procesos que dan origen a las morfologías de cavidades que se presentan en Punta Totoralillo y en el Zoológico de Piedra, lugar ubicado a unos 14 km al norte de Caldera en la zona litoral. Este último está descrito como el campo de tafoni más extenso del mundo. Según variaciones texturales y, en aparición y desarrollo de cavidades, se definieron tres afloramientos en Punta Totoralillo y uno en el Zoológico de Piedra. En estos cuatro afloramientos se hizo una descripción detallada de las morfologías de cavidades y se buscaron distintos patrones de ocurrencia, relativos a la geomorfología, orientación y ubicación geográfica de las rocas. Además se realizó un análisis químico de roca total en cada afloramiento, un análisis petrográfico en rocas de las dos zonas y un análisis de cromatografía iónica para el regolito en distintos puntos del Zoológico de Piedra. Todos estos análisis buscan posibles tendencias químicas o texturales en el desarrollo de cavidades. Los resultados de las observaciones en terreno indican que el desarrollo de cavidades está condicionado a características geomorfológicas de la zona, concentrándose en laderas y paredes rocosas de alta pendiente, así como a lo largo de quebradas; y que la meteorización de las rocas ocurre a través de procesos como la desagregación granular y exfoliación. El análisis químico revela que la formación de cavidades no depende de la química de las rocas, mientras que el análisis petrográfico señala que leves variaciones texturales pueden implicar diferencias en la ocurrencia de éstas. Los análisis de cromatografía iónica y petrográfico revelan la presencia de sales que meteorizan las rocas a través de la haloclastía. Se concluye que la formación y evolución de cavidades se produce mediante meteorización física, a través de mecanismos como la haloclastía y la meteorización por insolación; y que la ubicación geográfica de las zonas asegura la eficiencia de ambos mecanismos. Además se entrega una valoración geopatrimonial para el Zoológico de Piedra, considerado como un posible geositio dentro del proyecto de Geoparque en el litoral de Atacama.
32

Geocronología U/Pb en circones de la ignimbrita Pudahuel

Pineda Ramírez, Camila Andrea January 2015 (has links)
Geóloga / La Ignimbrita Pudahuel corresponde a un depósito asociado al Complejo Volcánico Maipo perteneciente la Zona Volcánica Sur de la Cordillera de los Andes, en la zona central de Chile. Su génesis es asociada a la formación de la Caldera Diamante y se infiere que se trató de una gran erupción, cuyo volumen se estima en aproximadamente 450 km3. La edad de esta ignimbrita es un tema controversial debido a las diferencias encontradas en los trabajos geocronológicos realizados en ella que, mediante diferentes métodos de datación, entregan edades de 0,45 Ma, 2,3 Ma y 0,15 Ma aproximadamente. Se observan afloramientos tanto en Chile como en Argentina, sin embargo, el presente trabajo considera solo localidades en la zona chilena. Se realizaron mediciones químicas en fenocristales de plagioclasa encontrados en el depósito, a partir de las cuales se infiere que el magma en que se originaron estos cristales posee un carácter diferenciado y aparentemente no sufrió grandes variaciones composicionales en la cámara magmática. El grueso de este trabajo consistió en el estudio morfológico y geocronológico de aproximadamente 900 circones separados de la Ignimbrita Pudahuel. El estudio morfológico y textural de estos cristales se realizó mediante imágenes de cátodo- luminiscencia obtenidas con el equipo SEM, mientras que la determinación de isótopos de U/Pb para geocronología se realizó con el equipo LA-ICPMS-MC del Departamento de Geología de la Universidad de Chile. Los datos obtenidos indican una fuerte presencia de tres poblaciones de edades para estos cristales. La localización de las muestras que presentan estas poblaciones indica que aparentemente no existe un nexo entre ellas ya que su presencia no está restringida a alguna de las facies definidas para la Iginimbrita, a algún cauce particular por donde se pudo haber desplazado o a una cierta distancia de la fuente. Por lo anterior se piensa que la ausencia de estas poblaciones en algunas localidades puede deberse a errores estadísticos. Las dos poblaciones más antiguas que pueden ser identificadas (una de: 10,17 +0,08 -0,22; y otra de: 5,22 +0,06 -0,03) son asociadas a eventos diferentes del que originó a la Ignimbrita Pudahuel, probablemente de carácter local en la zona donde posteriormente se formó la Caldera Diamante. La otra población identificada posee edades menores a 1 Ma. La edad más probable para esta población es de 0,13 +0,03 -0,02 Ma, sin embargo, los datos que representan esta edad pertenecen principalmente a una sola muestra. Si no se considera esta muestra la edad más probable es de 0,39 +0,03 -0,06 Ma. Ambas edades son coherentes con trabajos de dataciones realizados anteriormente en la Ignimbrita, pero de todas formas corresponderían a una edad más joven que la considerada actualmente. Según lo anterior se propone que la edad de 0,13 Ma corresponde a la del evento eruptivo que originó a la Ignimbrita Pudahuel, mientras que la de 0,39 Ma correspondería a cristales que se encontraban en la cámara magmática previos a la erupción y que por lo tanto el tiempo de residencia del magma silíceo al que pertenecían sería de aproximadamente 300 ka. Si bien el método analítico utilizado no es el más adecuado para este tipo de muestras, las edades obtenidas se pueden corregir. Debido a la controversia existente en torno a la edad de la Ignimbrita Pudahuel es de vital importancia realizar dichas correcciones para validar estos datos e integrarlos al debate.
33

Ecology of Coyotes on the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico: Implications for Elk Calf Recruitment

Gifford, Suzanne J. 01 May 2013 (has links)
Valles Caldera National Preserve (VCNP) managers were concerned about low elk recruitment observed at the same time as an apparent increase in sightings of coyotes and observations of coyote predation on elk calves. The goal of this study was to describe coyotes’ ecological interactions with elk, particularly coyote diet and movements on the Valle Grande, a large grassland meadow in the southeastern portion of the VCNP. We examined coyote diet by quantifying undigested remains of food items in coyote scats (feces). The most frequent taxa were rodents (montane voles and pocket gophers), elk (adult and calf), insects (grasshoppers and beetles), mountain cottontail rabbits, and plants. Most food types varied significantly seasonally and annually, likely due to climatic variation and the relative availability or vulnerability of food items. In particular, an increase in calf elk consumed during summer 2006 followed a dry winter when elk may have been in a lower nutritional state. We analyzed locations of 33 coyotes, obtained via global positioning system (GPS) collars and radio-tracking. We classified 23 coyotes as residents, living with a social group in a defined area (11.0 km2 mean), and 10 coyotes as transient, with less fidelity to specific areas and often travelling around the edges of the areas occupied by the four resident packs. Coyotes spent most of their time in dry meadow habitat. Coyotes spent more time in riparian habitat than expected based on its availability within home range and less time in forests. We found no relationship between coyote social cohesion (proximity of pack members to each other) and the proportion of elk in coyote diets. We concluded that coyote sociality on VCNP was relatively stable year-round despite changes in biological needs and prey size.
34

Le volcanisme ignimbritique des canyons Ocoña - Cotahuasi (Sud du Pérou) : chronostratigraphie, sources et liens avec la surrection andine

La Rupelle, Aude de 27 September 2013 (has links)
La Cordillère des Andes, issue de la subduction de la plaque Pacifique sous le continent Sud-Américain, est un système orogénique propice à la formation de grands systèmes volcaniques acides, dans lesquels coexistent des produits d’éruptions volcaniques explosives de grandes magnitudes et des laves et dômes, associés à des calderas mono- ou polygéniques. Ce mémoire de thèse apporte de nouvelles connaissances sur certains systèmes volcaniques acides du Sud du Pérou, dont les produits affleurent dans les canyons d’Ocoña-Cotahuasi-Maran (OCM). Ces canyons, les plus profonds des Andes (3 à 3,5 km), résultent de la combinaison des processus de soulèvement tectonique, d’incision, et d’érosion depuis 15 Ma. Les imposantes séries ignimbritiques exposées dans cette région (env. 10000 km²), témoignent de l’existence d’un volcanisme explosif de grande ampleur, associé à des systèmes acides peu connus d’après les études antérieures. Cette étude vise tout d’abord à obtenir une chrono-stratigraphie améliorée des événements ignimbritiques (groupes, unités) dans la région OCM pour mieux connaître les récurrences des super-éruptions dans cette région au cours des derniers 25 Ma. Ensuite, nous cherchons à localiser les sources des grandes unités et à identifier les éventuelles structures d’effondrement associées (calderas). Pour ce faire, nous avons combiné diverses techniques, associant l’étude de la stratigraphie et de la lithologie des dépôts volcaniques, les datations par la méthode 40Ar-39Ar des principales unités ignimbritiques et coulées de lave, l’imagerie satellitaire (Landsat, SPOT) et la pétrologie (assemblages minéralogiques, étude des textures et des compositions chimiques) et enfin, les mesures de densité et d’anisotropie de susceptibilité magnétique des ignimbrites (ASM) pour analyser les directions d’écoulement et tenter de localiser leurs sources. Ainsi, les résultats nous ont permis d’identifier huit événements ignimbritiques, dont six majeurs, datés entre ~24 Ma et ~2 Ma. Les âges des grandes unités (Nazca, Alpabamba, Huaylillas, Caraveli, Sencca inférieure et supérieure) montrent une récurrence moyenne de l’ordre de 4-5 Ma depuis 25 Ma. Les lithologies sont assez semblables, bien que les degrés de soudure varient beaucoup, allant de produits meubles jusqu’aux faciès eutaxitiques. L’étude pétrologique révèle des assemblages de minéraux assez homogènes, les paragenèses étant dominées par le quartz, le feldspath, la biotite, l’amphibole et des oxydes. Les volumes bruts des unités principales que nous avons déterminés se situent entre ~40 et ~500-800 km3. Cependant, il ne s’agit que de valeurs minimales, puisque nous considérons que les volumes initiaux sont au moins le double ou le triple, probablement dans la gamme ~100 à ~2400 km3. La distribution des unités ignimbritiques d’OCM et les résultats des analyses ASM désignent plusieurs zones sources. L’unité de Caraveli provient de la caldera de Trapiche, qui contient le lac Parinacochas. Cette structure que nous identifions, d'un diamètre de ~22 km, est située dans un bassin tectonique allongé selon la direction N-S. Elle est occupée dans sa partie ouest par un dôme résurgent de 800 m de haut, le Cerro Trompo Orjo. Les unités Huaylillas et Alpabamba, ainsi que les groupes Sencca (inférieure et supérieure) seraient issus d’une source entièrement recouverte par le massif volcanique quaternaire du Nevado Coropuna. Des estimations de volumes éruptifs suggèrent une atténuation significative du volcanisme ignimbritique depuis 9 Ma, peut-être liée à la maturation orogénique de l’Altiplano-Puna. En profondeur, le magmatisme a probablement contribué à l’épaississement crustal par adjonction de grands volumes de magma. (...) / The Andes, resulting from the subduction of Pacific plate under South-America continental plate, is an orogenic system suitable for large acidic volcanic systems formation. These structures display at the same time volcanic products from high magnitude explosive eruptions, lavas and domes, and mono- or polygenetic calderas. This manuscript brings a new expertise on some of the acidic volcanic systems in South Peru, which products outcrop in the Ocoña - Cotahuasi - Maran canyons (OCM). This canyons system, one of the deepest worldwide (up to 3.5 km), was created by combined tectonic uplift, incision and erosion processes since 15 Ma. Voluminous ignimbritic series widespread in this region (around 10000 km2) are evidences for a past high amplitude explosive volcanic activity related to little-known acidic systems. The topic of this study is to obtain an enhanced chrono-stratigraphy of the OCM region ignimbritic succession (groups and units). This would provide a better knowledge on the regional super-eruptions recurrence since the last 25 Ma. Then, we focus on localizing the largest ignimbrites sources and identify the possible related collapse structures (calderas). For that purpose we combine several studies, from stratigraphy, deposits lithology to 40Ar-39Ar dating of the main ignimbritic units and lava flows. We also use satellite imagery (Landsat, SPOT) and petrology (mineralogical assemblage, textures and geochemical composition). Finally, we measure the ignimbrites density and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) to determine their flowing directions and estimate their sources locations. Thus, the results let us identify eight ignimbritic events among which, six happened between ~24 Ma and ~2 Ma. The main units ages (Nazca, Alpabamba, Huaylillas, Caraveli, lower and upper Sencca) show an average recurrence of 4-5 Ma since 25 Ma. Lithologies are similar even if welding degrees ranges are spread from loose deposits to eutaxitic facies. Petrological study show quite homogeneous mineralogical assemblages since quartz, feldspar, biotite, amphibole and oxydes dominate the paragenesis. Our estimations of the main units bulk volumes range from ~ 40 to ~ 500-800 km3. However, these are only minimum values since we consider that initial volumes as twice or three times higher, probably in the range of ~100 to ~2400 km3. The OCM ignimbrite flow units distribution and the AMS study results indicate several regions as sources for these units. Caraveli unit flowed from Trapiche caldera in which the Parinacochas lake rests. This structure is estimated to be ~22 km of diameter and lays in a N-S orientated tectonic basin. Its western part is occupied with a 800 m high resurgent dome, named Cerro Trompo Orjo. Alpabamba and Huaylillas units, as Sencca units (lower and upper) would come from a source presently entirely covered with the quaternary massif of Nevado Coropuna. Estimations of eruptive volumes recall an important decrease of ignimbritic volcanism since 9 Ma, which might be related to simultaneous Altiplano-Puna orogenic growing. It is supported that deep magmatism have probably contributed to crustal thickening thanks to the addition of large volumes of magma. These results also involve that canyons erosion and incision would have taken place at a rate ranging from 150 to 500 m/Ma during the last 13 Ma. Given that the large-volume acidic system studied in this work is considerable, further research are necessary to improve these results.
35

Formation de caldera par fluage d'un système hydrothermal volcanique

Barde-Cabusson, Stéphanie 25 June 2007 (has links) (PDF)
L'influence d'un système hydrothermal au sein d'un édifice volcanique est un concept encore peu étudiée au regard de son importance pour la stabilité d'un volcan. Ce travail s'intéresse à la relation entre système hydrothermal et tectonique à travers l'étude des déformations engendrées dans un cône volcanique par le fluage de roches affectées par l'altération hydrothermale. La présence de ces argiles, ductiles à l'échelle de temps considérée, modifie profondément le comportement d'un édifice volcanique au cours de son évolution, pouvant conduire à la formation de grandes structures d'effondrement de type caldera. La confrontation de modèles analogiques avec la géologie et les données géophysiques nous permet de contraindre dans ce sens l'interprétation des structures d'effondrement observées par exemple sur Nuku Hiva (Polynésie française) et sur le Piton de la Fournaise (Ile de la Réunion). La modélisation analogique montre également que la formation du plancher plat d'une caldera peut être le résultat d'un processus syneffondrement, ne nécessitant pas de resurfaçage postérieur par érosion ou mise en place de nouveaux produits éruptifs. Les expériences nous permettent d'identifier la pente du cône et la diminution des contraintes latérales sur l'édifice comme les paramètres prépondérants à l'origine de la déformation. Les variations de ces paramètres sont déterminantes pour la morphologie de la caldera.
36

Volcanic hazard risk assessment for the RiskScape program, with test application in Rotorua, New Zealand, and Mammoth Lakes, USA.

Kaye, Grant David January 2008 (has links)
This thesis presents a new GIS-based scenario volcanic risk assessment model called RiskScape Volcano (RSV) that has been designed for the RiskScape program to advance the field of volcanic risk assessment. RiskScape is a natural hazards risk assessment software tool being developed in New Zealand by GNS Science and NIWA. When integrated into RiskScape, RSV will add proximal volcanic hazard risk assessment capability, and enhanced inventory design; it presently operates outside of RiskScape by combining volcanic hazard models’ output spatial hazard intensity (hazard maps) with inventory databases (asset maps) in GIS software to determine hazard exposure, which is then combined with fragility functions (relationships between hazard intensity and expected damage ratios) to estimate risk. This thesis consists of seven publications, each of which comprises a part of the development and testing of RSV: 1) results of field investigation of impacts to agriculture and infrastructure of the 2006 eruption of Merapi Volcano, Indonesia; 2) agricultural fragility functions for tephra damage in New Zealand based on the observations made at Merapi; 3) examination of wind patterns above the central North Island, New Zealand for better modeling of tephra dispersal with the ASHFALL model; 4) a description of the design, components, background, and an example application of the RSV model; 5) test of RSV via a risk assessment of population, agriculture, and infrastructure in the Rotorua District from a rhyolite eruption at the Okataina Volcanic Centre; 6) test of RSV via a comparison of risk to critical infrastructure in Mammoth Lakes, California from an eruption at Mammoth Mountain volcano versus an eruption from the Inyo craters; and 7) a survey of volcanic hazard awareness in the tourism sector in Mammoth Lakes. Tests of the model have demonstrated that it is capable of providing valid and useful risk assessments that can be used by local government and emergency management to prioritise eruption response planning and risk mitigation efforts. RSV has provided the RiskScape design team with a more complete quantitative volcanic risk assessment model that can be integrated into RiskScape and used in New Zealand and potentially overseas.
37

Reconstitution de l’évolution morpho-structurale et de la dynamique éruptive du massif du Cantal : relation avec la distribution spatio-temporelle du volcanisme du Massif Central (France) / Reconstruction of the morpho-structural evolution and the eruptive dynamics of the Cantal massif : ; relationship with the spatio-temporal evolution of the Massif Central volcanism (France)

Leibrandt, Sébastien 16 December 2011 (has links)
Le massif du Cantal, localisé dans la province volcanique Cénozoïque du Massif Central (France), est le plus grand complexe volcanique Miocène d’Europe. Il est majoritairement constitué de brèches volcanoclastiques qui lui confèrent des dimensions impressionnantes et une morphologie surbaissée. Des observations de terrain, couplées à des datations K-Ar, nous ont permis de reconstituer l’évolution morpho-structurale, la dynamique éruptive et l’histoire volcanique du massif. Après avoir contraint dans l’espace et dans le temps une séquence stratigraphique identique tout autour du massif, nous montrons qu’il existe des évidences chrono-stratigraphiques, structurales et géomorphologiques en faveur de la formation d’une caldeira centrale de 8 x 10 km il y a environ 8 Ma occupée par un lac. L’étude morphologique et sédimentologique de la principale unité bréchique du massif, le Grand Écoulement Bréchique, nous a conduit à le définir comme l’un des plus importants debris flow syn-éruptifs connus au monde dont nous estimons un volume de l’ordre de 100 km3. Nous proposons que cet écoulement résulte d’une éruption sous-lacustre intracaldeira majeure. L’interaction entre un magma juvénile et l’eau du lac de caldeira, selon un dynamisme surtseyen, a initié la formation du debris flow qui s’est propagé sur les pentes externes du volcan à 360° jusqu’à plus de 25 km de sa source. Cette étude ouvre des perspectives d’une part quant aux risques volcaniques liés aux éruptions sous-lacustres intracaldériques majeures, et d’autre part quant à la possibilité de reconstituer la morphologie passée de la source d’un écoulement bréchique volcanoclastique âgé de plusieurs Ma, par l’étude de son dépôt selon des critères sédimentologiques et morphologiques.Dans un deuxième temps, la combinaison de nouvelles datations K-Ar et d’observations de terrain nous ont permis de reconstituer l’histoire volcanique du plateau du Cézallier, siège de la plus jeune activité volcanique de France métropolitaine, du plateau de l’Aubrac, et également la chronologie du volcanisme le long du Sillon Houiller. Nous avons pu ainsi établir les relations spatio-temporelles entre le massif du Cantal et les provinces volcaniques adjacentes révélant le rôle important des fractures héritées de l’Hercynien pour la remontée des magmas. Nous confirmons ainsi une migration spatio-temporelle vers le nord du volcanisme en Auvergne. Finalement, l’acquisition au cours de ce travail de 47 nouveaux âges K-Ar de 12,8 Ma à 9 ka complète la chronologie du volcanisme du Massif Central en précisant sa distribution spatio-temporelle. / The Cantal massif, located in the French Cenozoic volcanic province, is the largest Miocene volcano in Europe. It is mainly composed of volcaniclastic breccias giving impressive dimensions and a shield-like morphology. Field observations, coupled with K-Ar datings, allowed us to reconstruct the morpho-structural evolution, the eruptive dynamics and the volcanic history of the massif. We first constrained a stratigraphic sequence which is identical all around the massif. Then, we show that it exists from chrono-stratigraphic, structural and geomorphologic evidences a 8 x 10 km central caldera ca. 8 Myrs ago occupied by a lake. The sedimentological and morphological study of the main breccia unit, the Large Breccia Flow, led us to define it as one of the largest syn-eruptive debris flow in the world. We estimate its volume at ca. 100 km3. We propose that this debris flow resulted from a major intracaldera lake eruption. The interaction between a juvenile magma and the water of the caldera lake, with a surteyan dynamics, initiated the debris flow that propagated on the external slopes of the volcano at 360° until 25 km from its source. This study opens outlets on one hand to volcanic hazards related to major intracaldera lake eruptions ; on the other hand, we show that it is possible to reconstruct the former source morphology of a several Myrs-old volcaniclastic breccia flow by studying the sedimentological and morphological criterion of its deposit.Furthermore, the combination of new K-Ar datings with field observations allowed us to reconstruct the volcanic history of the Cézallier plateau (site of the youngest volcanic activity in the continental France), of the Aubrac plateau, and also the volcanism along the Sillon Houiller. Consequently, we established the spatio-temporal relationships between the Cantal massif and the adjacent volcanic provinces, highlighting the important role of the Hercynian inherited fractures in the magmas ascent. We thus confirm the spatio-temporal migration toward the north in Auvergne. Finally, the acquisition of 47 new K-Ar ages ranging from 12.8 Ma to 9 ka conveys new time constraints on the chronology of Massif Central volcanism by precising its spatio-temporal distribution.
38

Accelerator Mass Spectrometric Radiocarbon Chronology during the Last 30,000 Years of the Aira Caldera, Southern Kyushu, Japan

Okuno, Mitsuru 03 1900 (has links)
タンデトロン加速器質量分析計業績報告 Summaries of Researches Using AMS 1996 (平成8)年度
39

Complexity in river-groundwater exchange due to permeability heterogeneity, in-stream flow obstacles, and river stage fluctuations

Sawyer, Audrey Hucks 13 July 2011 (has links)
River-groundwater exchange (hyporheic exchange) influences temperature, water chemistry, and ecology within rivers and alluvial aquifers. Rates and patterns of hyporheic exchange depend on riverbed permeability, pressure gradients created by current-obstacle interactions, and river stage fluctuations. I demonstrate the response of hyporheic exchange to three examples of these driving forces: fine-scale permeability structure in cross-bedded sediment, current interactions with large woody debris (LWD), and anthropogenic river stage fluctuations downstream of dams. Using numerical simulations, I show that cross-bedded permeability structure increases hyporheic path lengths and modifies solute residence times in bedforms. The tails of residence time distributions conform to a power law in both cross-bedded and internally homogeneous riverbed sediment. Current-bedform interactions are responsible for the decade-scale tails, rather than permeability heterogeneity. Like bedforms, wood debris interacts with currents and drives hyporheic exchange. Laboratory flume experiments and numerical simulations demonstrate that the amplitude of the pressure wave (and thus hyporheic exchange) due to a channel-spanning log increases with channel Froude number and blockage ratio (log diameter : flow depth). Upstream from LWD, downwelling water transports the river’s diel thermal signal deep into the sediment. Downstream, upwelling water forms a wedge of buffered temperatures. Hyporheic exchange associated with LWD does not significantly impact diel surface water temperatures. I tested these fluid and heat flow relationships in a second-order stream in Valles Caldera National Preserve (NM). Log additions created alternating zones of upwelling and downwelling in a reach that was previously losing throughout. By clearing LWD from channels, humans have reduced hydrologic connectivity at the meter-scale and contributed to degradation of benthic and hyporheic habitats. Dams also significantly alter hydrologic connectivity in modern rivers. Continuous water table measurements show that 15 km downstream of the Longhorn dam (Austin, Texas), river stage fluctuations of almost 1 m induce a large, unsteady hyporheic exchange zone within the bank. Dam-induced hyporheic exchange may impact thermal and geochemical budgets for regulated rivers. Together, these three case studies broaden our understanding of complex drivers of hyporheic exchange in small, natural streams as well as large, regulated rivers. / text
40

Volcanic hazard risk assessment for the RiskScape program, with test application in Rotorua, New Zealand, and Mammoth Lakes, USA.

Kaye, Grant David January 2008 (has links)
This thesis presents a new GIS-based scenario volcanic risk assessment model called RiskScape Volcano (RSV) that has been designed for the RiskScape program to advance the field of volcanic risk assessment. RiskScape is a natural hazards risk assessment software tool being developed in New Zealand by GNS Science and NIWA. When integrated into RiskScape, RSV will add proximal volcanic hazard risk assessment capability, and enhanced inventory design; it presently operates outside of RiskScape by combining volcanic hazard models’ output spatial hazard intensity (hazard maps) with inventory databases (asset maps) in GIS software to determine hazard exposure, which is then combined with fragility functions (relationships between hazard intensity and expected damage ratios) to estimate risk. This thesis consists of seven publications, each of which comprises a part of the development and testing of RSV: 1) results of field investigation of impacts to agriculture and infrastructure of the 2006 eruption of Merapi Volcano, Indonesia; 2) agricultural fragility functions for tephra damage in New Zealand based on the observations made at Merapi; 3) examination of wind patterns above the central North Island, New Zealand for better modeling of tephra dispersal with the ASHFALL model; 4) a description of the design, components, background, and an example application of the RSV model; 5) test of RSV via a risk assessment of population, agriculture, and infrastructure in the Rotorua District from a rhyolite eruption at the Okataina Volcanic Centre; 6) test of RSV via a comparison of risk to critical infrastructure in Mammoth Lakes, California from an eruption at Mammoth Mountain volcano versus an eruption from the Inyo craters; and 7) a survey of volcanic hazard awareness in the tourism sector in Mammoth Lakes. Tests of the model have demonstrated that it is capable of providing valid and useful risk assessments that can be used by local government and emergency management to prioritise eruption response planning and risk mitigation efforts. RSV has provided the RiskScape design team with a more complete quantitative volcanic risk assessment model that can be integrated into RiskScape and used in New Zealand and potentially overseas.

Page generated in 0.0587 seconds