Cette thèse porte sur deux aspects de l'International Linear Collider (ILC) qui est un projet d'un collisionneur linéaire électron-positron avec une énergie dans le centre de masse pouvant aller jusqu'à 500 GeV.Le premier aspect est l'élaboration d'un calorimètre électromagnétique silicium-tungstène (SiW-ECAL) pour l'un des détecteurs de l'ILC. Le concept de ce détecteur est piloté par les spécifications du faisceau de l'ILC et par l'algorithme du Particle Flow (PFA). Cela nécessite un calorimètre hautement granulaire et très compact avec l'électronique directement intégrée à l'intérieur. Pour prouver les capacités du SiW-ECAL, un prototype technologique a été construit et testé en faisceau de test à DESY. Les résultats sont présentés ici et montrent, après la procédure de calibration, un signal sur bruit de 10, même en mode power pulsing.Le deuxième aspect est l'étude de l'un des canaux physique importants de l'ILC, la production de pairs de quark top anti-top. L'objectif principal de cette étude est de déterminer la précision que nous pouvons attendre à l'ILC sur le couplage du top avec le boson W et le photon. Pour obtenir cette précision différentes observables sont utilisées, la section efficace, l'asymétrie avant-arrière et la distribution d'hélicité de la production de pairs de quark top anti-top. L'analyse est basée sur les événements avec des faisceaux polarisés et reconstruit avec la simulation complète du détecteur ILD, qui est le détecteur du SiW-ECAL, pour le Detector Baseline Design de l'ILD. Au final l'erreur attendue sur le couplage du quark top est de l'ordre de 2%. / This thesis deals with two aspects of the International Linear Collider (ILC) which is a project of a linear electron-positron collider of up to at least 500 GeV center of mass energy.The first aspect is the development of a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (SiW-ECAL) for one of the detectors of the ILC. The concept of this detector is driven by the ILC beam specifications and by the Particle Flow Algorithm (PFA). This requires highly granular calorimeter and very compact one with integrated electronics. To prove the capability of the SiW- ECAL a technological prototype has been built and tested in test beam at DESY. The results are presented here, and show, after the calibration procedure a signal over noise ratio of 10, even in the power pulsing mode.The second aspect is the study of one of the important physics channels of the ILC, the top anti-top quark pairs production. The main goal of this study is to determine the precision that we can expect at the ILC on the top coupling with the W boson and the photon. To get this precision differents observables are used, the cross- section, the forward- backward asymmetry and the helicity distribution of the top anti-top quark pairs production. The analysis is based on the events with polarized beams and reconstructed with the full simulation of the ILD detector, which is the detector of the SIW- ECAL, for the Detector Baseline Design of the ILD. The final expected errors on the top coupling is of the order of 2%.

Este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um detector composto por um calorímetro com núcleo de água para dosimetria de feixes de 60Co e 137Cs com média intensidade. Além do calorímetro, foi também dimensionada a instrumentação, a metodologia de calibração e a medição de temperatura. O trabalho foi dividido em 4 etapas distintas: escolha do melhor projeto como base para desenvolvimento do calorímetro, dimensionamento de parâmetros e ajuste fino do projeto, construção e calibração. Durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi construída uma Unidade de Tratamento de Água que permite a produção da água que o calorímetro emprega. Em seguida foi construído o calorímetro em sí com os conceitos das etapas anteriores. O equipamento foi testado tanto nas instalações da GMR quanto no CTR do IPEN, obtendo taxas de dose na água com fontes de 137Cs e 60Co com diversas atividades (3,3 TBq, 15,54 TBq e 7 TBq) e em algumas distâncias. Foram obtidas taxas de dose que variavam de 2 mGy/s até 15 mGy/s, dependendo do tipo de fonte e SDD escolhida. O projeto contou com simulações de códigos como MCNP5 e FLUENT 14 e foram essenciais na construção do equipamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aprimorar a infraestrutura do LCI, desenvolvendo um detector que deverá aumentar a gama dos serviços prestados pelo LCI com um tipo de medição dosimétrica ainda inexistente no país. / This work aims to develop a radiation detector composed by a water calorimeter for beam dosimetry of 60Co and 137Cs gamma radiation with medium intensity. Besides the calorimeter itself, all the instrumentation, methodology, calibration and testing protocols were established. This work was divided into 4 parts: the choice of the best design; simulation and setting of the ideal operation parameters; adaptation of the project; construction and calibration. During the development of this work a water treatment unit was built which allows the production of distilled water for the calorimeter. Then the calorimeter itself was built with the concepts from the previous steps. The equipment has been tested both in the facilities of GMR as the CTR at IPEN, obtaining dose rates ( from 2 mGy/s up to 15 mGy/s) in water for 137Cs and 60Co sources in some activities (3,3 TBq, 15,54 TBq e 7 TBq) and distances. The MCNP5 and FLUENT 14 have been used and proved essential in the development of the prototype. The main goal was to improve the LCI infrastructure with a new radiation detector that will increase the calibration laboratory service range with a still absent kind of dosimetric measurement in Brazil.

A obesidade tem aumentado de maneira epidêmica em todo mundo. Independente da sua causa básica, um desequilíbrio no balanço energético está sempre envolvido. Sendo assim, o cálculo adequado das necessidades energéticas do paciente é de grande importância. Diversos estudos evidenciam que as fórmulas comuns para estimativa do gasto metabólico de repouso (GMR), principal componente do gasto energético total, tendem a superestimar seus valores o que prejudica o tratamento clínico da obesidade. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o GMR de uma coorte feminina adulta brasileira, através dos resultados dos exames de calorimetria indireta (CI). Para tanto foram utilizados 760 exames de CI de mulheres com idade entre 18 e 65 anos. Os resultados foram tabulados, a população foi dividida em quintis de peso e então foram realizadas as análises estatísticas. A média do GMR variou entre 1226 calorias/dia a 1775 calorias/dia. A fórmula de Harris-Benedict (HB) superestimou o GMR em torno de 7%. Concluímos a partir da correlação entre as variáveis que o peso possui correlação positiva com o GMR e a idade uma correlação negativa. O GMR assim como o quociente respiratório (QR) pode ser usado como preditor de obesidade. Este trabalho trouxe duas novas propostas de equações para cálculo do GMR, uma para população com IMC < 35 kg/m2 e outra para população com IMC 35 kg/m2 / Obesity has increased epidemically in all world. Independently on the primary cause, an imbalance in the energy balance is always involved. Thus, the precise calculation of the energy requirements of the patient is of great importance. Several studies show that commonly used equations for estimation of resting metabolic rate (RMR), the main component of total energy expenditure, tend to overestimate its value, which could impair the clinical treatment of obesity. The goal of this study is to standardize the RMR of a Brazilian adult female cohort, with results of tests of indirect calorimetry (IC). In order to do so, 760 tests of IC performed in Brazilian females patients aged between 18 and 65 years old, were used. The results were charted, the population distributed according to quintiles of weight and the statistical analyses applied. The RMR average fluctuated between 1226 and 1775 calories. Harris-Benedict equation overestimated the RMR by 7%. From the correlation between the variables, we conclude that weight has a positive correlation with RMR and age a negative correlation. RMR and respiratory quotient (QR) can be use as obesity predictors. Two new equations were proposed in our study, one for population with BMI < 35kg/m2 and another for population with BMI 35 kg/m2

Este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um detector composto por um calorímetro com núcleo de água para dosimetria de feixes de 60Co e 137Cs com média intensidade. Além do calorímetro, foi também dimensionada a instrumentação, a metodologia de calibração e a medição de temperatura. O trabalho foi dividido em 4 etapas distintas: escolha do melhor projeto como base para desenvolvimento do calorímetro, dimensionamento de parâmetros e ajuste fino do projeto, construção e calibração. Durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi construída uma Unidade de Tratamento de Água que permite a produção da água que o calorímetro emprega. Em seguida foi construído o calorímetro em sí com os conceitos das etapas anteriores. O equipamento foi testado tanto nas instalações da GMR quanto no CTR do IPEN, obtendo taxas de dose na água com fontes de 137Cs e 60Co com diversas atividades (3,3 TBq, 15,54 TBq e 7 TBq) e em algumas distâncias. Foram obtidas taxas de dose que variavam de 2 mGy/s até 15 mGy/s, dependendo do tipo de fonte e SDD escolhida. O projeto contou com simulações de códigos como MCNP5 e FLUENT 14 e foram essenciais na construção do equipamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aprimorar a infraestrutura do LCI, desenvolvendo um detector que deverá aumentar a gama dos serviços prestados pelo LCI com um tipo de medição dosimétrica ainda inexistente no país. / This work aims to develop a radiation detector composed by a water calorimeter for beam dosimetry of 60Co and 137Cs gamma radiation with medium intensity. Besides the calorimeter itself, all the instrumentation, methodology, calibration and testing protocols were established. This work was divided into 4 parts: the choice of the best design; simulation and setting of the ideal operation parameters; adaptation of the project; construction and calibration. During the development of this work a water treatment unit was built which allows the production of distilled water for the calorimeter. Then the calorimeter itself was built with the concepts from the previous steps. The equipment has been tested both in the facilities of GMR as the CTR at IPEN, obtaining dose rates ( from 2 mGy/s up to 15 mGy/s) in water for 137Cs and 60Co sources in some activities (3,3 TBq, 15,54 TBq e 7 TBq) and distances. The MCNP5 and FLUENT 14 have been used and proved essential in the development of the prototype. The main goal was to improve the LCI infrastructure with a new radiation detector that will increase the calibration laboratory service range with a still absent kind of dosimetric measurement in Brazil.

A calorimetria vem a ser uma importante técnica para análise dos processos de polimerização. Dado os benefícios que proporciona seu uso não deve estar limitado somente a grandes empresas, mas também nas micro e pequenas empresas, apoiando-as nas melhorias de seus processos e produtos, motivo este que norteia o desenvolvimento do presente estudo. A validação do sistema proposto baseou-se em comparar seu desempenho frente a um calorímetro tradicional, visando identificar sua capacidade de fornecer informações compatíveis, a um grau de confiança adequado, mesmo com as diferenças existentes. Realizou-se então um ANOVA, que permitiu identificar a existência de outras diferenças importantes entre os sistemas. Porém mesmo frente as diferenças, os resultados quanto à entalpia de reação obtidos em ambos os equipamentos, são considerados estatisticamente similares. As diferenças existentes somente impactaram a variável tempo de pico de reação. Desta forma, foi possível confirmar a capacidade do equipamento proposto em prover resultados confiáveis quando mantidas as mesmas condições de ensaio, porém a um menor custo. No caso de se respeitar as diferenças entre os equipamentos quando da realização dos testes, torna-se possível obter uma eficiência global em torno de 61,21%, quanto a ensaios de polimerização por iniciação térmica. No caso de ensaios envolvendo mecanismos de oxi-redução, pode-se aqui obter um percentual de 40,82%. / Calorimetry comes to be an important technique for the analysis of polymerization processes. It benefits provides the use not only for large companies, but also for micro and small businesses, assisting them to improve processes and qualified products. The validation of the proposed system was based on the comparison of its performance against one traditional calorimeter, to identify their ability to provide consistent, adequate level of confidence, even if the differences occurred. ANOVA was applied to identify the existence of other important differences between the systems. But even forward differences, the results regarding the reaction enthalpy obtained in both devices were considered statistically similar. Differences only reflected the variable reaction peak time. Thus, it was possible to confirm the capability of the proposed equipment to provide reliable results while maintaining the same test conditions, and at expected lower cost. In respect to the differences between the devices while tested, it becomes possible to obtain an overall efficiency at about 61.21% in polymerization by thermal initiation. For assays involving oxidation-reduction mechanisms, it can obtained an overall efficiency at about 40.82%.

Dans ce document, je présente mes contributions à une première mesure de la masse du boson W au LHC, exploitant 4.7 fb⁻¹ de données à 7 TeV, collectées en 2011. Je me concentre surtout sur le canal électronique, W → eν. Dans la première partie, j’aborde des études de performance du calorimètre électromagnétique d’ATLAS, proposant une méthode innovante de correction des profils latéraux de dépôt d'énergie des électrons. Des études de différentes versions de Geant4 sont également abordées. Dans la deuxième partie, je détaille mes contributions après avoir introduit la méthode globale de mesure de la masse du boson W adoptée par ATLAS : je présente dans un premier temps le calcul d’incertitudes systématiques introduites par la modélisation des gerbes de partons dans Pythia8, et une optimisation de l’intervalle d’ajustement en utilisant l’impulsion transverse du lepton, dans le but de réduire les incertitudes correspondantes. Dans un deuxième temps, je présente une estimation de bruit de fond provenant de jets de partons, dans le canal W → eν, en développant une méthode basée sur les données, ainsi que les résultats correspondants, en termes de nombre d’événements et de fractions par rapport aux données. Les incertitudes sur la masse du W provenant de cette méthode sont aussi détaillées. Enfin, un état de l’art de l’analyse est montré, en détaillant les incertitudes dans le canal électronique, en fonction de la pseudo-rapidité et du bruit d’empilement. / In this document, I present my contributions to a first measurement of the W-mass in the LHC using 4.7 fb⁻¹ of 7 TeV data, taken in 2011. I focus on the electron decay channel, W → eν. In the first part, I discuss a study regarding the performance of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the ATLAS detector, presenting a novel method to correct the lateral profiles of electron energy deposit, along with various studies of the different Geant4 physics lists versions. In the second part, I introduce the global methodology for the W-mass measurement used in ATLAS, and discuss my contributions in details. I show in a first step the assessment of uncertainties coming from the parton shower modeling in Pythia8, and the optimization of the lepton's transverse momentum fitting range in order to reduce the systematic uncertainty. In a second step, I present an elaborate data-driven method for the estimation of the multijet background in the W → eν channel, as well as the corresponding results in terms of event yields and fractions with respect to the signal data. The corresponding uncertainties on the W-mass are also shown. Finally, I show the state of the art of the analysis, by gathering the full breakdown of the uncertainties, in bins of pseudorapidity and average pileup.

This thesis contains both physics analysis and hardware studies. It consists of two primary sections: the results of a search for heavy Majorana mass neutrinos, using the event signature of same (like) sign charged electron pairs ($e^{\pm} e^{\pm}$ ) and two jets, and the results of studies to upgrade the Hadronic Forward (HF) and Hadronic Endcap (HE) subdetectors in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector in response to the high intensity proton-proton collisions generated at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN, Conseil Europ\'{e}en pour la Recherche Nucl\'{e}aire). In this search for Majorana mass neutrinos, same sign dielectron ($e^{\pm} e^{\pm}$) + dijet events in the final state have been considered as a signature for neutrino particles. The analyzed data corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb\textsuperscript{-1} of proton-proton collisions at a center of mass energy of \begin{math}\sqrt{s} = 8\ TeV \end{math}, collected using the CMS detector during the 2012 operation at the LHC. Monte Carlo simulations accounting for the theoretical expectations of the Standard Model (SM) and the detector limitations are used to prototype the experiment and to test proposed analysis steps. No excess of events is observed in the data beyond the expected SM background. Upper limits are set on the mixing element squared, $|{V}_{eN}|^{2}$, of the heavy Majorana neutrino with standard model neutrinos, as a function of Majorana neutrino mass for masses in the range of 40-500 $GeV/c^2$. The detector upgrade search comprises three sections of this thesis. The first section describes the test results of 1785 multianode Hamamatsu R7600U-200-M4 photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in numerous parameters such as gain, dark current, and timing characteristics, which provide insights on the expected performance of the upgraded CMS-HF detector. These PMTs replaced the previous single anode R7525 PMTs because the glass windows of previous PMTs are the source of Cherenkov radiation, which causes a background noise in the experiment. The second section reports characterization results of two types of PMTs in a novel operation mode for Secondary Emission (SE) Ionization Calorimetry, which is a novel technique to measure electromagnetic shower particles in extreme radiation environments. The third section presents the test results of novel scintillating materials for CMS experiment in specific and future particle accelerators in general. These materials are Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), high efficiency mirror (HEM) and quartz plates with various organic and inorganic coating materials such as p-Terphenyl (pTp), Anthracene and Gallium-doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO:Ga). We have investigated them for radiation hardness, light yield, timing characteristics, and scintillation and transmission properties.

This Degree Project has been done at Växjö University, department of bioenergy technology and discusses the released thermal power in wood pellets. The purpose of the project is to investigate if two new types of wood biofuels (pellets) are more or less reactive than the pellets previously investigated at Växjö University. To measure the released thermal power, an isothermal calorimeter with eight channels has been used. To see how the microbial activity is influenced, the pellets have been stored under various conditions with focus on temperature and metal.

The objective of the present study was to explore the correlation between resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and physical activity in active and inactive men and women aged 20-30 years. In total, 13 active and 10 inactive women and 8 active and 5 inactive men were enrolled in this study. RMR was measured using an indirect respiratory calorimeter and body composition was obtained using a BodPod, anthropometric measurements (measurements of waist, weight, skin fold thickness etc.) and bioelectrical impedance analysis. From the BodPod were information obtained about fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) and from the bioelectrical impedance analysis were data obtained about the total body water (TBW). By combining the data from these methods a three-compartment model could be produced. This gives a better value of the body composition. By using anthropometric measurements the muscle mass (MM) could be calculated. FFM measurements correlate best with RMR for both active men and women and for inactive women. For the inactive men MM correlates best with RMR. In conclusion, comparing the groups as a whole it is seen that the FFM correlates best with RMR for both women and men. Since the muscles are the metabolically active part of FFM it is concluded that muscles affects the RMR value and muscles can in turn be influenced by training.

In the first part of this dissertation, glass fiber reinforced/unreinforced polyamide 6 (PA6) and polyamide 66 (PA66) were compounded with three different flame retardants, which were melamine cyanurate, red phosphorus and brominated epoxy with antimony trioxide, by using an industrial scale twin screw extruder. Then, to investigate flame retardancy of these specimens, UL-94, Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and Mass Loss Cone Calorimeter (MLC) tests were carried out. In addition to flammability tests, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile testing were performed. Results of the tensile tests were evaluated by relating them with fiber length distributions and fracture surface morphologies under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Incorporation of melamine cyanurate (MCA) to PA6 led to some increase in LOI value and minor reductions in Peak Heat Release Rate (PHRR) value. However, it failed to improve UL-94 rating. Moreover, poor compatibility of MCA with PA6 matrix caused significant reductions in tensile strength. Brominated epoxy in combination with antimony trioxide (Br/Sb) was compounded with both glass fiber reinforced PA6 and PA66. Br/Sb synergism was found to impart excellent flammability reductions in LOI value and UL-94 as V-0 rating. Effectiveness of Br/Sb flame retardant was also proven by the MLC measurements, which showed excessive reductions in PHRR and Total Heat Evolved (THE) values. On the other hand, Br/Sb shifted the degradation temperature 100&deg / C lower and decreased the tensile strength value, due to poor fiber-matrix adhesion and decreased fiber lengths. Red phosphorus (RP), when introduced to glass fiber reinforced PA66 induced V-0 rating in UL-94 together with significant increase in LOI value, and major decrease in PHRR. Degradation temperature was 20&deg / C lower while mechanical properties were kept at acceptable values compared to neat glass fiber reinforced PA66. In the second part of this dissertation, to investigate synergistic flame retardancy of nanoclays / glass fiber reinforced PA6 was compounded by certain nanoclay and an organo-phosphorus flame retardant (OP), which contains aluminum phosphinate, melamine polyphosphate and zinc borate, in a laboratory scale twin screw extruder. Exfoliated clay structure of the nanocomposites was assessed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), while thermal stability and combustion behaviors were evaluated by TGA, LOI, UL-94 and MLC. Replacement of a certain fraction of the flame retardant with nanoclay was found to significantly reduce PHRR and THE values, and delay the ignition. Moreover, remarkable improvements were obtained in LOI values along with maintained UL-94 ratings. Residue characterization by ATR-FTIR and SEM ascribed the enhanced flame retardancy of nanocomposite specimens to the formation of a glassy boron-aluminum phosphate barrier reinforced by clay layers at the nanoscale.