Cette thèse, menée auprès de deux campi nomadi de Rome (Italie), se situe dans une approche sociolinguistique qui souhaite rendre compte de la pluralité et de l’hétérogénéité des pratiques langagières observées auprès des habitants roms. Pour en saisir la complexité et la diversité, il s’agit d’abord de comprendre l’espace social où ces pratiques ont été observées. Le campo, en tant que lieu de vie anthropologique et terrain d’enquête sera donc compris en tenant compte des relations humaines qui s’y tissent et des places que l’on désigne à l’Autre ou que l’on s’octroie. L’objectif est de procéder par « fragmentation » (Lorcerie, 2009), de s’intéresser aux représentations et aux discours individuels pour rendre compte de l’hétérogénéité des pratiques. Il s’agira également de passer par un travail de déconstruction et de compréhension des mécanismes d’ethnicisation et d’assignation identitaire, sociales et linguistique qui participent à l’élaboration de catégorisations autour des groupes roms. Cette recherche part donc d’un espace social spécifique, d’un « specialismo » italien (Tosi, 2007) pour fournir une analyse des pratiques socio-langagières fragmentées de ses habitants et rendre compte de leur « expérience plurielle de la parole » (Canut, 2007). / This doctoral research, carried out in two campi nomadi (Rome, Italy) is underpinned by a sociolinguistic approach that aims to analyse the plurality and heterogeneity of language practices observed among Roma inhabitants. Grasping the complexity and diversity of these practices requires an undertanding of the social space where they take place. The campo, as an anthropological living place and fieldwork will therefore be understood taking into account the human relations that emerge and the places that the Other is assigned or those one grants oneself. The objective is to proceed by "fragmentation" (Lorcerie, 2009), focusing on representations and individual discourses to account for the heterogeneity of practices. This also involves a process of deconstruction and comprehension of the mechanisms of ethnicization and identity, and of social and linguistic assignment that contribute to the development of categorizations of Roma groups. This research therefore starts from a specific social space, from an Italian "specialismo" (Tosi, 2007) so as to provide an analysis of the fragmented sociolinguistic practices of its inhabitants and to expound the "plural experience of their speech" (Canut, 2007)

Submitted by PPG Economia do desenvolvimento (economia-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-14T21:07:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIS_EDUARDO_DOS_SANTOS_BERNICKER_DIS.pdf: 1843230 bytes, checksum: c8e933bc53c1c7be486e12138a9c3a6b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-18T18:52:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIS_EDUARDO_DOS_SANTOS_BERNICKER_DIS.pdf: 1843230 bytes, checksum: c8e933bc53c1c7be486e12138a9c3a6b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-18T19:08:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIS_EDUARDO_DOS_SANTOS_BERNICKER_DIS.pdf: 1843230 bytes, checksum: c8e933bc53c1c7be486e12138a9c3a6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / In many countries it is observed that investment in knowledge infrastructure through universities is used as an inducer of economic growth for the regions (Goldstein and Renault, 2004). Thus, the article aims to investigate the expansion policy of the federal campuses held between the years 2000 to 2012 for all municipalities that have benefited from this policy. The effects of the opening of campuses will be measured on economic growth through the logarithm of real GDP per capita, and on the proportion of workers in the service sector, commerce, manufacturing industry and all sectors together. The study period covers two official expansion policies, the first one started in 2003 and was the Phase I Expansion Program that lasted until 2007. The second was the REUNI (Restructuring and Expansion of Federal Universities) that ran from 2007 to 2012. Both plans had as objective the expansion in the number of universities and federal campuses. In the meantime, REUNI focused on expanding existing universities' infrastructures. In 2000, Brazil had 39 universities and 73 federal campuses, and in 2012, the number moved to 59 universities and 219 campuses, more than doubling the number of campuses in the country. It should be noted that most of the municipalities that received new federal campuses are located in the interior of the country, receiving approximately 84% of the new campuses created during this period. The method used was that of difference-differences with propensity score matching that allows to identify the effect of public policy controlling for observable and unobservable characteristics. The results show that there were no positive and significant impacts on the average log of real GDP per capita and the proportion of workers in the manufacturing industry of those municipalities that received a new federal campus, however, in the services, commerce and when analyzed all sectors together is observed a positive effect on the creation of new jobs. / Em muitos pa?ses ? observado que ? usado o investimento em infraestrutura de conhecimento por meio das universidades como polos indutores de crescimento econ?mico para as regi?es (Goldstein e Renault, 2004). Assim, o artigo visa investigar a pol?tica de expans?o dos campi federais realizada entre os anos de 2000 a 2012 para todos os munic?pios que foram beneficiados com essa pol?tica. Os efeitos da abertura de campi ser?o medidos sobre o crescimento econ?mico por meio do logaritmo do PIB real per capita, e sobre a propor??o de trabalhadores do setor de servi?os, com?rcio, ind?stria de transforma??o e todos os setores em conjunto. O per?odo de estudo abrange duas pol?ticas de expans?o oficiais sendo que a primeira foi iniciada em 2003 e foi o Programa Expans?o Fase I que durou at? 2007. A segunda foi o REUNI (Reestrutura??o e Expans?o das Universidades Federais) que funcionou de 2007 a 2012. Ambos os planos possu?am como objetivo a expans?o no n?mero de universidades e campi federais. Entretanto, o REUNI focou em expandir as infraestruturas j? existentes das universidades. No ano de 2000, o Brasil possu?a 39 universidades e 73 campi federais e, em 2012, o n?mero passou para 59 universidades e 219 campi, mais que dobrando a quantidade de campi no pa?s. Cabe destacar que, a maioria dos munic?pios que receberam novos campi federais est?o localizados no interior do pa?s ao receber aproximadamente 84% dos novos campi criados nesse per?odo. O m?todo utilizado foi o de diferen?a-diferen?as com o propensity score matching que permite identificar o efeito da pol?tica p?blica controlando por caracter?sticas observ?veis e n?o observ?veis. Os resultados mostram que, n?o houve impactos positivos e significantes sobre a m?dia do logaritmo do PIB real per capita e na propor??o de trabalhadores da ind?stria de transforma??o daqueles munic?pios que receberam um novo campus federal, entretanto, nos setores de servi?os, com?rcio e quando analisado todos os setores conjuntamente ? observado um efeito positivo na cria??o de novos empregos.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-10-18T20:22:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunaRamalhoSarmento_TESE.pdf: 22364397 bytes, checksum: be4e5fc4faa1a0f5a39b77e166357fc6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-19T21:21:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunaRamalhoSarmento_TESE.pdf: 22364397 bytes, checksum: be4e5fc4faa1a0f5a39b77e166357fc6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-19T21:21:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunaRamalhoSarmento_TESE.pdf: 22364397 bytes, checksum: be4e5fc4faa1a0f5a39b77e166357fc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-20 / Os campi de Institui??es Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES) brasileiras proliferaram a partir da d?cada de 1960/70, se desenvolveram lentamente durante a segunda metade do s?culo XX e, na ?ltima d?cada, passaram por intensas mudan?as na estrutura f?sica, as quais podem vir a incidir sobre sua qualidade ambiental (QA) e, consequentemente, sobre a qualidade de vida (QV) da popula??o usu?ria. Considerando essa problem?tica, a tese tomou como objeto de cificamente, duas institui??es: a Universidade Federal da Para?ba (UFPB) e a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). Um olhar inicial sobre as IFES produziu a pergunta de partida que conduziu esta pesquisa: O SEL dos campi centrais dessas IFES oferece QA e, consequentemente, QV aos seus usu?rios? Respondendo a essa quest?o, as hip?teses trabalhadas foram: a) Ap?s mais de 50 anos de cria??o dos campi, a crescente ocupa??o fez com que o SEL das IFES apresentem poucos e dispersos ELs; b) A QA do SEL dos campi das IFES pesquisadas n?o oferece caracter?sticas que contribuam para a QV dos usu?rios; c) A QA do SEL das IFES n?o atende aos anseios dos seus usu?rios, oferecendo ELs pouco atrativos ? comunidade. A fim de empreender essa discuss?o, o objetivo geral do estudo foi compreender o SEL de duas universidades federais brasileiras (UFPB e UFRN), visando tra?ar diretrizes para contribuir com sua QA. Subsidiando a investiga??o, foram estabelecidos como recortes espaciais: o Campus I da UFPB e o Campus Central da UFRN, com rela??o aos quais foram delimitados cinco objetivos espec?ficos: a) Verificar como se deu a ocupa??o do espa?o nos campi em estudo e os seus ELs remanescentes; b) Caracterizar o SEL existente e categorizar seu uso e potencialidades; c) Analisar dimens?es ambientais para a manuten??o da QA do SEL; d) Identificar a compreens?o dos usu?rios sobre os SEL das IFES pesquisadas, de modo a avaliar a adequa??o destes espa?os ?s suas necessidades/aspira??es; e) Tra?ar diretrizes de ordena??o do sistema. Nesse contexto, metodologicamente a investiga??o correspondeu a um estudo de caso m?ltiplo, utilizando como estrat?gia de pesquisa a Avalia??o P?s Ocupa??o efetuada por meio de abordagem multim?todos, que, para al?m da gera??o de um vasto diagn?stico, promoveu uma reflex?o sobre o SEL em ambiente universit?rio. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, nas duas institui??es investigadas, o n?mero de ELs ? consider?vel, no entanto, sua QA ? question?vel, de modo que parte deles n?o ? percebida e, consequentemente, utilizada, pela comunidade. As diretrizes de ordena??o do SEL em campi universit?rios, com vistas ? promo??o da QA do SEL e da QV dos usu?rios, priorizam dimens?es de ordem ambiental, seguran?a, mobilidade e servi?os do apoio. / The campuses of Brazilian Federal Institutions of Higher Education (IFES) proliferated from the decade of 1960/70, developed slowly during the second half of the XX century and, in the last decade, have undergone intense changes in the physical structure, which may affect their environmental quality (QA) and, consequently, the quality of life (QV) of the population. Considering this issue, the thesis took as the subject of study the relationship between users and open space system (SEL) in the Northeast region of Brazil, working specifically with two institutions: the Federal University of Para?ba (UFPB) and the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). An initial look at the IFES produced the starting question that led to this research: Does SEL of the central campuses of these IFES offer QA and, consequently, QV to its users? Responding to this question, the hypotheses worked were: a) After more than 50 years of building the campuses, a growing occupation with which the SEL of the IFES presents few and dispersed ELs; b) The QA of SEL of the IFES campuses surveyed does not offer features that contribute to users' QV; c) The QA of SEL of the IFES does not answer to the yearnings of the users, offering ELs that are not attractive to the community. In order to undertake this discussion, the general objective of the study was to understand the SEL of two Brazilian Federal Universities (UFPB and UFRN), to establish guidelines to contribute to your QA. By subsidizing research, were established space clippings: the Campus I UFPB and the Campus Center UFRN, with respect to which five specific objectives were delimited: with regard to five specific objectives were defined: a) Verify how was the space occupation of the campuses under study and their remaining ELs; b) Characterize the existing SEL and categorize the use and potentialities; c) Analyze environmental dimensions for the maintenance of SEL QA; d) Identify the users' understanding of the SELs of the IFES researched, in order to assess the suitability of these spaces for their needs/aspirations; e) Draw system-ranking guidelines. In this context, the research methodologically corresponded to a multiple case study, using as a research strategy the Post-occupation evaluation carried out through a multi-method approach, which, in addition to the generation of a vast diagnosis, promoted a reflection on SEL in a university environment. The results obtained showed that, in the two investigated institutions, the number of ELs is considerable, however, their QA is questionable, so that some of them are not perceived and, consequently, used by the community. The SEL ordering guidelines on university campuses, with a view to promoting SEL QA and QV of users, prioritize environmental, security, mobility and support services dimensions.

This doctorate thesis focuses on the analysis, design and characterization of Radio-Frequency (RF) Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) switches for space applications. The work was inspired and supported by the European Space Agency (ESA) Contract No. ITT AO/1-5288/06/NL/GLC ?High Reliability Redundancy Switch?. The main purpose of the project is the design and realization of high-reliability RF MEMS switches for satellite payload redundancy networks. Up to now, the common satellite architecture implements redundancy networks by means of bulky devices. RF MEMS switches allow for extremely miniaturized networks along with outstanding performances in terms of losses, power consumption and linearity, not really achievable with solid state devices. As requirements for such an application, RF MEMS switches have to survive under extremely harsh environmental and operating conditions. In particular the device should handle continuous bias voltage (at least for 10 years), 5 W of RF input power and around 1000 actuation cycles without meaningful electrical and mechanical failure. The thesis proposes novel mechanical solutions to accomplish this task, exploiting active restoring mechanisms able to restore the previous status of switch in case of reversible failure. This work also provides a deep insight on the main reliability aspects of a RF MEMS device such as dielectric charging, contact degradation and power handling.

This doctorate thesis focuses on the application of micromachining fabrication technologies for the realization of Radio Frequency (RF) bandpass filters. The work has been inspired and supported by the European Space Agency (ESA) Contract No. 22706/09/NL/GLC of the ARTES 5 Workplan 2008 “Micro-machined Filters in Multi-layer Technology for Satellite On-board Communication Systems†(MIGNON Project). The main purpose of the project is the design and realization of high performance bandpass filters in the Ka and L/S band for on board applications. The use of modern micromachining technologies should allow for space and weight reduction as well as for a cost effective realization of these devices. In addition the tight tolerances obtained with micromachining techniques facilitate an industrial fabrication of filters with high yield. The thesis proposes novel concepts to accomplish this task and provides also the fabrication processes suitable to realize the devices. In addition this work gives also a deeper insight into critical fabrication steps like wafer to wafer thermocompression bonding using gold (Au) and silver (Ag) as an intermediate layer and fabrication of Through Silicon Vias (TSV).

The thesis focuses on predicting tolerance effects on the radiation pattern of reflectarray antennas through Interval Analysis. In fact, the uncertainty on the actual size of all parameters under fabrication tolerates such as element dimensions and dielectric properties, are modeled with interval values. Afterwards, the rules of Interval Arithmetic are exploited to compute the bounds of deviation in the resonance frequency of each element, the phase response of the element and the radiated power pattern. Due to the redundancy problems of using Interval Cartesian (IA−CS) for complex structure, the interval bounds are overestimated and the reasons are the Dependency and Wrapping effects of using interval analysis for complex structures. Different techniques are proposed and assessed in order to eliminate the dependency effect such as reformulating the interval function and the Enumerative interval analysis. Moreover, the Minkowski sum approach is used to eliminate the wrapping effect. In numerical validation, a set of representative results, show the power bounds computations with Interval Cartesian method (IA − CS), a modified Interval Cartesian method (IA − CS*), Interval Enumerative method (IA − ENUM) and Interval Enumerative Minkowski method ( IA − ENUM − MS) and a comparative study is reported in order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach (IA − ENUM − MS) with respect to the other methods. Furthermore, different tolerances in patch width,length, substrate thickness and dielectric permittivity are considered which shows that the higher uncertainty produces the larger deviation of the pattern bounds and the larger deviation include the smaller deviation and the nominal one. To validate the inclusion properties of the interval bounds, the results are compared with Monte Carlo simulation results. Then, a numerical study is devoted to analyse the dependency of the degradation of the pattern features to steering angle and the bandwidth. Finally, the effect of feed displacement errors on the power pattern of reflecttarray antennas is considered with Interval Enumerative Minkowski method. The maximal deviations from the nominal power pattern (error free) and its features are analysed for several reflectarray structures with different focal-length-to-diameter ratios to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.

In the framework of inverse electromagnetic scattering techniques, the thesis focuses on the development and the analysis of the integration between a multi-resolution imaging procedure and a shape-optimization-based technique. The arising methodology allows, on one hand, to fully exploit the limited amount of information collectable from scattering measurements by means of the iterative multi-scaling approach (IMSA) which enables a detailed reconstruction only where needed without increasing the number of unknowns. On the other hand, the use of shape-optimization, such as the level-set-based minimization, provide an effective description of the class of targets to be retrieved by using a-priori" information about the homogeneity of the scatterers. In order to assess strong points and drawbacks of such an hybrid approach when dealing with one or multiple scatterers a numerical validation of the proposed implementations is carried out by processing both synthetic and laboratory-controlled scattering data."

The study, development, and analysis of innovative inversion techniques for the detection and imaging of buried objects is addressed in this thesis. The proposed methodologies are based on the use of microwave radiations and radar techniques for subsurface prospecting, such as, for example, the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). More precisely, the reconstruction of shallow buried objects is firstly addressed by an electromagnetic inverse scattering method based on the integration of the inexact Newton (IN) method with an iterative multiscaling approach. The performances of such an inversion approach are analyzed both when considering the use of a second-order Born approximation (SOBA) and when exploiting the full set of non-linear equations governing the scattering phenomena for the buried scenario. The presented methodologies are particularly suitable for applications such as demining (e.g., for the detection of unexploded ordnances, UXOs, and improvised explosive devices, IEDs), for civil engineering applications (e.g., for the investigation of possible structural damages, voids, cracks or water infiltrations in walls, pillars, bridges) as well as for biomedical imaging (e.g., for early cancer detection).

This Ph.D. thesis presents a threefold revisitation and reformulation of the linear sampling method (LSM) for the qualitative solution of inverse scattering problems (in the resonance region and in time-harmonic regime): 1) from the viewpoint of its implementation (in a 3D setting), the LSM is recast in appropriate Hilbert spaces, whereby the set of algebraic systems arising from an angular discretization of the far-field equation (written for each sampling point of the numerical grid covering the investigation domain and for each sampling polarization) is replaced by a single functional equation. As a consequence, this 'no-sampling' LSM requires a single regularization procedure, thus resulting in an extremely fast algorithm: complex 3D objects are visualized in around one minute without loss of quality if compared to the traditional implementation; 2) from the viewpoint of its application (in a 2D setting), the LSM is coupled with the reciprocity gap functional in such a way that the influence of scatterers outside the array of receiving antennas is excluded and an inhomogeneous background inside them can be allowed for: then, the resulting 'no-sampling' algorithm proves able to detect tumoural masses inside numerical (but rather realistic) phantoms of the female breast by inverting the data of an appropriate microwave scattering experiment; 3) from the viewpoint of its theoretical foundation, the LSM is physically interpreted as a consequence of the principle of energy conservation (in a lossless background). More precisely, it is shown that the far-field equation at the basis of the LSM (which does not follow from physical laws) can be regarded as a constraint on the power flux of the scattered wave in the far-field region: if the flow lines of the Poynting vector carrying this flux verify some regularity properties (as suggested by numerical simulations), the information contained in the far-field constraint is back-propagated to each point of the background up to the near-field region, and the (approximate) fulfilment of such constraint forces the L^2-norm of any (approximate) solution of the far-field equation to behave as a good indicator function for the unknown scatterer, i.e., to be 'small' inside the scatterer itself and 'large' outside.

The study, design and development of a monitoring system for wildlife road crossing problem is addressed in this thesis. Collisions between fauna and vehicles is a relevant issue in several mountain and rural regions and a valuable low-cost solution has not yet been identified. In particular, the proposed system is composed by a network of sensors installed along road margins, in order to detect wildlife events, (e.g., approaching, leaving or crossing the road), thus to promptly warn the incoming drivers. The sensor nodes communicate wirelessly among the network thus collecting the sensed information in a control unit for data storage, processing and statistics. The detection process is performed by the wireless nodes, which are equipped with low-cost Doppler radars for real-time identification of wildlife movements. In detail, different technologies valuable for solving the problem and related off-the-shelf solutions have been investigated and properly tested in order to validate their actual performance considering the specific problem scenario. A final classification based on specific parameters has allowed identifying the Doppler radar system as the better low-cost technology for contributing to the problem objective. The performance of the proposed system has also been investigated in a real scenario, which has been identified to be the actual pilot site for the monitoring system. This confirms the system capability of movements detection in the road proximity, thus defining a security area along it, where all occurring events may be identified.