A large number of refugees are forced to live in refugee camps which lack in both quality of life and infrastructure. Most of them are located in areas without mobile coverage. By contrast, Smart Cities aim to improve the life of its citizens, mainly helped by ICTs. Therefore, refugee camps can also take advantage of the ICTs to enhance the life of refugees. The present thesis aims to explore the needs and priorities of refugees, analyse the impact of smart city solutions implemented in refugee camps on the lives of refugees, and identify and analyse currently unused smart city solutions that could meet the needs of refugees in refugee camps and enhance the Sustainable Development Goals. The study is carried out through the literature review and interviews with professionals working in NGOs devoted to the refugee issues. The necessity and benefits of ICTs have been analysed and the most promising solutions in the different domains of the refugee camps have been selected and described, including IoT based solutions supported with low power WAN to collect data, and blockchain applications as new protocol for a database. / Ett stort antal flyktingar tvingas bo i flyktingläger som saknar både livskvalitet och infrastruktur. De flesta av dem ligger i områden utan mobil täckning. Däremot syftar Smart Cities till att förbättra medborgarnas liv, främst med hjälp av IKT. Flyktingläger kan därför också dra nytta av IKT för att förbättra flyktingarnas liv. Nuvarande avhandling syftar till att undersöka flyktingarnas behov och prioriteringar, analysera effekten av smarta stadslösningar som genomförs i flyktingläger om flyktingarnas liv och identifiera och analysera nuvarande oanvända smarta stadslösningar som kan tillgodose flyktinglägernas behov och flyktingläger förbättra de hållbara utvecklingsmålen. Studien utförs genom litteraturöversikt och intervjuer med yrkesverksamma inom icke-statliga organisationer som ägnar sig åt flyktingfrågorna. Nödvändigheten och fördelarna med IKT har analyserats och de mest lovande lösningarna på flyktinglägernas olika domäner har blivit utvalda och beskrivna, inklusive IoT-baserade lösningar som stöds med låg effekt WAN för att samla in data och blockchain applikationer som nytt protokoll för en databas .

The writer's interest in outdoor education is based on a college major in Physical Education, two years as director of a day camp in the Los Angeles area, and ten years of experience as a school administrator. During this time, interest developed in the possibilities of outdoor education as a means of providing many direct learning experiences not possible in the regular classroom. The writer thus becomes especially interested in the possibility of providing a program that would more nearly meet the needs of young people than is possible through traditional classroom procedures. Extending learning to the out-of-doors through a well-planned and directed outdoor education program seemed to offer many opportunities for enriching the school curriculum. The more realistic schools become in their attempt to equip individuals for life, the more they realize the inadequacy of the traditional school environment. Many limitations imposed by tradition are being removed through revised procedures and methods of instruction. There remains certain limitations, however, of the school environment itself, such as lack of direct contact with nature and lack of opportunities for certain types of human relationships which are more nearly possible through group living. Modern educators believe that many of these limitations may be removed by extending education to an out-of-door environment by making camping experiences a part of the regular school curriculum. The conclusion was reached that one of the important reasons for the delay in acceptance of outdoor education as a part of the regular school program was due to the fact that administrators, who sooner or later must assume the responsibility for initiating new programs in education, need more information concerning methods of getting an outdoor education program started. Such administrative factors as financing, selecting a staff, planning a program, providing for health and safety, selecting a, camp site, and others, are real problems that must be faced by those who are contemplating the establishment of an outdoor education program.

L’Ouganda a longtemps été un pays d’accueil pour les réfugiés et les demandeurs d’asile en provenance des pays voisins et de la région dans son ensemble. Les perspectives de retour des réfugiés dans leur pays d’origine sont limitées, comme l’a noté l’ONU en 2018, en raison de la nature prolongée des crises au Sud-Soudan et en République démocratique du Congo (RDC). Dans un environnement de déplacement, où le gouvernement et les organisations humanitaires ne sont pas toujours capables de prêter attention aux réfugiés, la religiosité joue un rôle important de compensations morales pour réfugiés traumatisés à cause de la guerre. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit cette étude, l’analyse de la création d’églises spontanées dans le contexte des camps de réfugiés en Ouganda. Cette thèse de maîtrise constitue un excellent « proxy » qui aborde des enjeux sociologiques fondamentaux tels que le rôle du religieux dans les parcours de vie, les relations entre différentes institutions (État, églises, ONG…), la place du religieux dans des univers à la fois à la marge (un camp), mais qui en même temps cherchent à reproduire une certaine « normalité » avec des services, des écoles, etc. Pour ce faire, nous avons privilégié une approche ethnographique. Nous avons été amenés à observer quelques pasteurs, d'églises et de communautés. Inspirés tant par les travaux de recherche de Lauterbach que de Willaime, nous avons effectué des entrevues semi-dirigées avec des pasteurs autoproclamés, dirigeant une église protestante, et avec des membres de leurs communautés de foi, dans le but de mieux comprendre la nature de leur autorité religieuse, la religiosité proposée en lien avec l'expérience de migrant, et leurs apports significatifs à la vie sociale, communautaire et économique des réfugiés.

Participants in a Christian adventure program (Liberty Expeditions) were tested to investigate the effectiveness of this type of program in causing spiritual change. Specific areas of spirituality measured in this study were identified in six study hypotheses. These areas were: sense of self-worth and purpose within God's creation, acceptance of doctrinal teachings, interest in Bible reading, intent to share religious faith, attitudes towards prayer, and perception of acceptance within the testing group. Pre- and post-program spirituality was self-reported using a 55-item Likert-type Scale instrument which was developed specifically for the study. Paired t-test comparisons of pre-post test scores of the 4 groups comprising the sample showed slight, but not statistically significant, gains in 22 of 24 analyses. Hypotheses with the largest gains were the hypotheses addressing intent to share religious belief (mean gain for all groups), sense of self-worth and purpose, and interest in Bible reading. Additional analyses included an analysis of variance between group scores and the Cronbach's test of instrument reliability. Due to overall lack of statistical significance, conclusions were limited. Positive gain scores in 22 of the 24 analyses, however, implied that the program was effective. Limitations of the study and implications for Christian adventure-based programming are discussed. / M.S.

"The Rescue Plot" examines the battles surrounding the rescue of migrants at sea in the long aftermath of Europe’s 2015 refugee crisis. Challenging the prevailing view of the border as a “field of struggle” between Europe and its outsides, this dissertation proposes the scene of maritime distress in the Mediterranean as a theater for playing out the internal contradictions of Europe itself: the fiscal crisis of the Eurozone; the wavering hegemony of liberal democracy; the radical Left’s search for a revolutionary subject, and migrants’ own elaboration of Europe between the experience of violence and the fantasy of fulfillment. Combining ethnography conducted on board the ships and aircraft of activist collectives rescuing migrants in the sea passage with literary criticism of nautical fiction and archival research into the histories of policing maritime mobility, the chapters of this dissertation develop an alternative history of the refugee crisis in the Mediterranean: not one of humanitarian mass disaster and unbridled state violence, but one of fierce battle waged among states, global capital and the alliances of border-crossers, activists and workers who meet at sea, each in search of their own form of emancipation as it shimmers on the horizon.

LORD, shall we not bring these gifts to your service? Shall we not bring to your service all our powers For life, for dignity, grace and order, And intellectual pleasures of the senses? The LORD who created must wish us to create And employ our creation again in His service Which is already His service in creating. For man is joined spirit and body, And therefore must serve as spirit and body. Visible and invisible, two worlds meet in Man; Visible and invisible must meet in his temple; You must not deny the body. Choruses from "The Rock" T.S. Eliot We read in this stanza, from a T.S. Eliot poem, a description of man. Here we find man as a created being experiencing the two separate worlds that merge within him. We witness the coexistence of these two worlds in life and death, in our ideals and our temporality, in what we desire to be and what we are. This thesis is a study (in architectural terms) of humanity touching the ideal, of the ephemeral brushing the eternal. And beauty, I must not deny beauty. / Master of Architecture

Plus des deux-tiers des réfugiés mondiaux sont présentement en situation prolongée, c’est-à-dire en exil depuis au moins cinq ans sans perspective à court et moyen terme d’accéder à une solution durable. Environ une trentaine de situations de réfugiés prolongées sont répertoriées dans le monde, en vaste majorité dans les pays en voie de développement. La plupart des pays de refuge exigent que les réfugiés résident dans des camps, où ils sont assistés par la communauté internationale. Or, le passage du temps dans les camps engendre d’importants problèmes de protection pour les réfugiés. Cette recherche vise donc à démontrer que le maintien des camps à long terme n’est pas conforme aux engagements internationaux des États envers les réfugiés, engendre des violations des droits des réfugiés et affaiblit la protection des réfugiés.

This investigation dealt with the relationships between three main variables: (1) a camp director's prior experience with handicapped individuals and in the field of recreation; (2) a camp director's attitudes toward handicapped persons and their integration into regular camp settings; and (3) a camp director's perception of barriers to integration. The study was carried out via a mail-out questionnaire to 149 Texas camp directors. A return rate of 51% was achieved (66 returned surveys). Questionnaires were scored, and the data were punched on computer cards for analysis. The analysis indicated high reliability of the attitude and barrier scales. Results of the correlational analyses indicated a significant relationship (p = .0001) between a camp director's attitudes and his/her perception of barriers to integration.

Military Forward Operating Base Camps (FOBs) support and enable sustained military operations abroad by providing safe locations for soldiers and supporting contractors to eat, sleep, and maintain personal hygiene. FOBs need some amount of energy and water to provide these services but are often located in austere environments that do not have access to grid utilities. Off-grid FOBs are not self-sufficient; they are dependent on supply chains for the services they provide to camp occupants. The challenge of supplying FOBs with fuel and water and removing waste (resource resupply and waste removal comprise logistical requirements) is associated with very high human, monetary, strategic, and environmental costs. There are many research efforts across the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) that seek to reduce FOB logistical requirements, but it is currently very difficult to identify the research efforts that are most beneficial to DoD goals. There are also many factors that make designing FOBs to be more self-sufficient challenging including varying missions, environments, and legacy equipment at currently-fielded FOBs, a lack of baseline data on FOB logistical requirements, an unclear relationship between design changes and resource use behavior, and an unclear valuation of saved resources. This research seeks to develop computer tools and contribute to a methodology that can be used to design FOBs that are more self-sufficient. More self-sufficient FOBs provide high quality services to occupants but do so with mitigated logistical requirements. To this end, a detailed computer model of specific type of FOB (a single 150-person Force Provider module) is developed, and baseline levels of resource requirements are established. Potentially resource-saving devices and other design changes are incorporated into the FOB model and simulated to assess each design change's effect on resource use and waste production. Then, estimated resource savings are weighed against required investment for each design change to arrive at design recommendations. The results of this research effort are specific design recommendations for making the Force Provider system more self-sufficient, as well as computer tools and a methodology that are applicable to other off-grid habitation redesign problems. / text

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Arizona, 1995. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.