Os requisitos de linearidade e ruído em aplicações multi-banda e multi-protocolo fazem que o projeto de misturadores RF seja uma tarefa muito desafiadora. Nesta dissertação dois misturadores com base na topologia célula de Gilbert são propostas. Linearidade e ruído foram as principais figuras de mérito consideradas para o misturadores propostos. Para aumento linearidade, foi utilizada uma técnica de cancelamento de harmônicas pós-distorção (PDHC). E, para redução de ruído, foi utilizado um circuito de redução dinâmica de corrente combinada com um filtro LC sintonizado na frequência do LO e cancelamento de ruído térmico. A análise por séries Volterra do estágio transcondutância do misturador proposto é reportada para mostrar a eficácia da técnica de cancelamento de harmônicos com pósdistorção. O circuito de linearização adicionado não aumenta o tamanho do misturador, nem degrada ganho de conversão, figura de ruído, ou consumo de potência. Simulações elétricas foram realizadas em nível de pós-layout para a primeira topologia e nível esquemático para a segunda topologia, usando processo CMOS de 0.13 mm da IBM. As melhorias em IIP2 e IIP3 são apresentadas em comparação com o misturador do tipo célula de Gilbert convencional. Para a primeira topologia, foi obtido um ganho de conversão de 10.2 dB com uma NF de 12 dB para o misturador projetado funcionando a 2 GHz, com uma frequência intermediária de 500 kHz. E um IIP2 e IIP3 de 55 dBm e 10.9 dBm, respectivamente, consumindo apenas 5.3 mW de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Para a segunda topologia, foram obtidos um ganho de conversão de [13.8 ~11] dB, um coeficiente de reflexão na entrada (S11) de [-18 ~-9.5] dB e um NF de [8.5 ~11] dB no intervalo de 1 a 6 GHz. Para as especificações de linearidade, um valor médio de IIP3 de 0 dBm foi alcançado para toda a faixa de frequência, consumindo 19.3 mW a partir de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Especificações adequadas para operação multi-banda e multi-protocolo. / The linearity and noise requirements in multi-band multi-standard applications make the design of RF CMOS mixers a very challenging task. In this dissertation two downconversion mixers based on the Gilbert-cell topology are proposed. Linearity and noise were the principal figures of merit for the proposed mixers. For linearity improvement, post distortion harmonic cancellation (PDHC) was employed. And, for noise reduction, dynamic current injection combined with an LC filter tuned at the LO frequency and thermal-noise cancellation were used. A Volterra series analysis of the transconductance stage is reported to show the effectiveness of the post-distortion harmonic cancellation technique. The added linearization circuitry does not increase the size of the mixer, nor does it degrade conversion gain, noise figure, or power consumption. Electrical simulations were performed on extracted layout level from the first topology and schematic level from the second topology. Using an IBM 0.13 mm CMOS process improvements on IIP3 and IIP2 in comparison to the conventional Gilbert-cell mixer are demonstrated. For the first topology, we achieved a conversion gain of 10.2 dB with a NF of 12 dB for the designed mixer working at 2 GHz, with a low-IF of 500 kHz and an IIP2 and IIP3 of 55 dBm and 10.9 dBm, respectively, while consuming only 5.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply. For the second topology, we achieved a conversion gain range of [13.8 ~11] dB, an input reflection coefficient (S11) of [-18 ~-9.5] dB and a NF of [8.5 ~11] dB in the frequency range of 1 to 6 GHz. For the linearity specs, an IIP3 of 0 dBm was achieved for the whole frequency range, while consuming 19.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply, making the second topology well suited for multi-band and multi-standard operation.

Grâce à leur capacité de faire face à la sélectivité fréquentielle des canaux de transmission, les modulations multi-porteuses (MC) attirent de plus en plus d’attention. De nos jours, la modulation OFDM avec le préfixe cyclique (CP) est la plus utilisée, et cela grâce à sa simplicité et à sa robustesse. Cependant, la technique CP-OFDM présente une perte dans l’efficacité spectrale à cause de l’introduction du CP puisqu’il contient des informations redondantes. De plus, la réponse rectangulaire du filtre de mise en forme utilisé en OFDM a une mauvaise localisation fréquentielle. Afin de surmonter ces inconvénients, la modulation multi-porteuse à base des bancs de filtres (FBMC) a été proposée en tant qu’une approche alternative à la modulation OFDM. En effet, on n’a pas besoin d’insérer un intervalle de garde, tel que le CP, dans la modulation FBMC. D’autre part, la bonne localisation fréquentielle de la réponse du filtre de mise en forme permet un meilleur contrôle de la radiation hors-bande du système. Dans la littérature, on trouve plusieurs types de la modulations FBMC basés sur différentes structures. Dans cette thèse, nous ne nous intéressons que sur le schéma de Saltzberg appelé OFDM/OQAM ou FBMC/OQAM. Dans ce schéma, les symboles envoyés sur chaque sous-porteuse sont tirés d’une constellation PAM réelle, et les symboles réels sont envoyés à une cadence de 2/T . La condition d’orthogonalité est réduite sur l’ensemble des réels uniquement. En conséquence, le symbole démodulé et égalisé est infecté par un terme d’interférence purement imaginaire. Ce terme d’interférence est une combinaison linaire des symboles transmis dans le voisinage du symbole concerné. La présence de cette interférence inhérente cause des difficultés de détection dans certains schéma multi-antennes (MIMO).L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’association de la modulation FBMC aux techniques MIMO, à savoir le multiplexage spatiale avec détection de maximum de vraisemblance (ML). Dans un premier temps, nous proposons d’analyser différentes techniques d’annulation d’interférence que nous adaptons au contexte de MIMO-FBMC. Nous montrons que, dans certains cas, nous pouvons bien retirer l’interférence et appliquer la détection ML. Ensuite, nous proposons d’apporter une légère modification dans la modulation FBMC en transmettant des symbole QAM complexes. Évidement, cela brise la condition d’orthogonalité mais nous montrons qu’ainsi la puissance d’interférence sera considérablement réduite. Enfin, nous introduisons un nouveau schéma basé sur la modulation FBMC. Ce schéma, que nous avons baptisé FFT-FBMC, transforme le modèle du système à un modèle équivalent à celui de l’OFDM. Ainsi, n’importe quelle technique multi-antennes pourra être appliquée sans aucune difficulté. D’abord, nous développons le système FFT-FBMC dans un contexte SISO, et puis nous évaluons ces performances dans le contexte MIMO. / Multicarrier (MC) Modulation attracts a lot of attention for high speed wireless transmissions because of its capability to cope with frequency selective fading channels turning the wideband transmission link into several narrowband subchannels whose equalization, in some situations, can be performed independently and in a simple manner. Nowadays, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with the cyclic prefix (CP) insertion is the most widespread modulation among all MC modulations, and this thanks to its simplicity and its robustness against multipath fading using the cyclic prefix. Systems or standards such as ADSL or IEEE802.11a have already implemented the CP-OFDM modulation. Other standards like IEEE802.11n combine CP-OFDM and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) in order to increase the bit rate and to provide a better use of the channel spatial diversity. Nevertheless, CP-OFDM technique causes a loss of spectral efficiency due to the CP as it contains redundant information. Moreover, the rectangular prototype filter used in CP-OFDM has a poor frequency localization. This poor frequency localization makes it difficult for CP-OFDM systems to respect stringent specifications of spectrum masks.To overcome these drawbacks, filter-bank multicarrier (FBMC) was proposed as an alternative approach to CP-OFDM. Indeed, FBMC does not need any CP, and it furthermore offers the possibility to use different time-frequency well-localized prototype filters which allow much better control of the out-of-band emission. In the literature we find several FBMC systems based on different structures. In this thesis, we focus on the Saltzberg’s scheme called OFDM/OQAM (or FBMC/OQAM). The orthogonality constraint for FBMC/OQAM is relaxed being limited only to the real field while for OFDM it has to be satisfied in the complex field. Consequently, one of the characteristics of FBMC/OQAM is that the demodulated transmitted symbols are accompanied by interference terms caused by the neighboring transmitted data in time-frequency domain. The presence of this interference is an issue for some MIMO schemes and until today their combination with FBMC remains an open problem.The aim of this thesis is to study the combination between FBMC and MIMO techniques, namely spatial multiplexing with ML detection. In the first part, we propose to analyze different intersymbol interference (ISI) cancellation techniques that we adapt to the FBMC/OQAM with MIMO context. We show that, in some cases, we can cope with the presence of the inherent FBMC interference and overcome the difficulties of performing ML detection in spatial multiplexing with FBMC/OQAM. After that, we propose a modification in the conventional FBMC/OQAM modulation by transmitting complex QAM symbols instead of OQAM ones. This proposal allows to reduce considerably the inherent interference but at the expense of the orthogonality condition. Indeed, in the proposed FBMC/QAM,the data symbol and the inherent interference term are both complex. Finally, we introduce a novel FBMC scheme and a transmission strategy in order to avoid the inherent interference terms. This proposed scheme (that we call FFT-FBMC) transforms the FBMC system into an equivalent system formulated as OFDM regardless of some residual interference. Thus, any OFDM transmission technique can be performed straightforwardly to the proposed FBMC scheme with a corresponding complexity growth. We develop the FFT-FBMC in the case of single-input single-output (SISO) configuration. Then, we extend its application to SM-MIMO configuration with ML detection and Alamouti coding scheme.

Dans le domaine des réseaux satellitaires, l'apparition de terminaux interactifs à bas-prix nécessite le développement et la mise en œuvre de protocoles d'accès multiple capables de supporter différents profils d'utilisateurs. En particulier, l'Agence Spatiale Européenne (ESA) et le centre d'étude spatial allemand (DLR) ont récemment proposé des protocoles d'accès aléatoires basés sur le codage réseau couche physique et l'élimination itérative des interférences pour résoudre en partie le problème de collisions sur une voie de retour du type Slotted ALOHA. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit cette thèse qui vise à fournir une amélioration dans des méthodes d'accès aléatoires existantes. Nous introduisons Multi-Slot Coded Aloha (MuSCA) comme une nouvelle généralisation of CRDSA. Au lieu de transmettre des copies du même paquet, l'émetteur envoie plusieurs parties d'un mot de code d'un code correcteur d'erreurs ; chaque partie étant précédée d'un entête permettant de localiser les autres parties du mot de code. Au niveau du récepteur, toutes les parties envoyées par le même utilisateur, y compris celles qui sont interférées par d'autres signaux, participent au décodage. Le signal décodé est ensuite soustrait du signal total. Ainsi, l'interférence globale est réduite et les signaux restant ont plus de chances d'être décodés. Plusieurs méthodes d'analyse de performance basées sur des concepts théoriques (calcul de capacité, évolution des densités) et sur des simulations sont proposées. Les résultats obtenus montrent un gain très significatif de débit global comparé aux méthodes d'accès existantes. Ce gain peut encore être augmenté en variant le taux de découpe des mots de code. En modifiant certains de ces concepts, nous proposons également une application du codage réseau couche physique basée sur la superposition de modulations pour l'accès déterministe à la voie retour des communications par satellite. Une amélioration du débit est aussi obtenue par rapport à des stratégies plus classiques de multiplexage temporal. / In the domain of satellite networks, the emergence of low-cost interactive terminals motivates the need to develop and implement multiple access protocols able to support different user profiles. In particular, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) have recently proposed random access protocols such as Contention Resolution Diversity Coded ALOHA (CRDSA) and Irregular Repetition Slotted ALOHA (IRSA). These methods are based on physical-layer network coding and successive interference cancellation in order to attempt to solve the collisions problem on a return channel of type Slotted ALOHA.This thesis aims to provide improvements of existing random access methods. We introduce Multi-Slot Coded Aloha (MuSCA) as a new generalization of CRDSA. Instead of transmitting copies of the same packet, the transmitter sends several parts of a codeword of an error-correcting code ; each part is preceded by a header allowing to locate the other parts of the codeword. At the receiver side, all parts transmitted by the same user, including those are interfered by other signals, are involved in the decoding. The decoded signal is then subtracted from the total signal. Thus, the overall interference is reduced and the remaining signals are more likely to be decoded. Several methods of performance analysis based on theoretical concepts (capacity computation, density evolution) and simulations are proposed. The results obtained show a significant gain in terms of throughput compared to existing access methods. This gain can be even more increased by varying the codewords stamping rate. Following these concepts, we also propose an application of physical-layer network coding based on the superposition modulation for a deterministic access on a return channel of satellite communications. We observe a gain in terms of throughput compared to more conventional strategies such as the time division multiplexing.

Os requisitos de linearidade e ruído em aplicações multi-banda e multi-protocolo fazem que o projeto de misturadores RF seja uma tarefa muito desafiadora. Nesta dissertação dois misturadores com base na topologia célula de Gilbert são propostas. Linearidade e ruído foram as principais figuras de mérito consideradas para o misturadores propostos. Para aumento linearidade, foi utilizada uma técnica de cancelamento de harmônicas pós-distorção (PDHC). E, para redução de ruído, foi utilizado um circuito de redução dinâmica de corrente combinada com um filtro LC sintonizado na frequência do LO e cancelamento de ruído térmico. A análise por séries Volterra do estágio transcondutância do misturador proposto é reportada para mostrar a eficácia da técnica de cancelamento de harmônicos com pósdistorção. O circuito de linearização adicionado não aumenta o tamanho do misturador, nem degrada ganho de conversão, figura de ruído, ou consumo de potência. Simulações elétricas foram realizadas em nível de pós-layout para a primeira topologia e nível esquemático para a segunda topologia, usando processo CMOS de 0.13 mm da IBM. As melhorias em IIP2 e IIP3 são apresentadas em comparação com o misturador do tipo célula de Gilbert convencional. Para a primeira topologia, foi obtido um ganho de conversão de 10.2 dB com uma NF de 12 dB para o misturador projetado funcionando a 2 GHz, com uma frequência intermediária de 500 kHz. E um IIP2 e IIP3 de 55 dBm e 10.9 dBm, respectivamente, consumindo apenas 5.3 mW de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Para a segunda topologia, foram obtidos um ganho de conversão de [13.8 ~11] dB, um coeficiente de reflexão na entrada (S11) de [-18 ~-9.5] dB e um NF de [8.5 ~11] dB no intervalo de 1 a 6 GHz. Para as especificações de linearidade, um valor médio de IIP3 de 0 dBm foi alcançado para toda a faixa de frequência, consumindo 19.3 mW a partir de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Especificações adequadas para operação multi-banda e multi-protocolo. / The linearity and noise requirements in multi-band multi-standard applications make the design of RF CMOS mixers a very challenging task. In this dissertation two downconversion mixers based on the Gilbert-cell topology are proposed. Linearity and noise were the principal figures of merit for the proposed mixers. For linearity improvement, post distortion harmonic cancellation (PDHC) was employed. And, for noise reduction, dynamic current injection combined with an LC filter tuned at the LO frequency and thermal-noise cancellation were used. A Volterra series analysis of the transconductance stage is reported to show the effectiveness of the post-distortion harmonic cancellation technique. The added linearization circuitry does not increase the size of the mixer, nor does it degrade conversion gain, noise figure, or power consumption. Electrical simulations were performed on extracted layout level from the first topology and schematic level from the second topology. Using an IBM 0.13 mm CMOS process improvements on IIP3 and IIP2 in comparison to the conventional Gilbert-cell mixer are demonstrated. For the first topology, we achieved a conversion gain of 10.2 dB with a NF of 12 dB for the designed mixer working at 2 GHz, with a low-IF of 500 kHz and an IIP2 and IIP3 of 55 dBm and 10.9 dBm, respectively, while consuming only 5.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply. For the second topology, we achieved a conversion gain range of [13.8 ~11] dB, an input reflection coefficient (S11) of [-18 ~-9.5] dB and a NF of [8.5 ~11] dB in the frequency range of 1 to 6 GHz. For the linearity specs, an IIP3 of 0 dBm was achieved for the whole frequency range, while consuming 19.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply, making the second topology well suited for multi-band and multi-standard operation.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho apresenta estudos sobre sistemas de comunicaÃÃo cujos sinais utilizados para a transmissÃo das informaÃÃes sÃo nÃo-ortogonais, superpostos em frequÃncia, e com espaÃamento entre portadoras menor do que a taxa de sÃmbolo. As pesquisas estÃo direcionadas na obtenÃÃo de estruturas de transmissor e receptor Ãtimos e sub-Ãtimos, na modelagem e anÃlise matemÃtica dos sistemas incluindo o canal, em propostas de estratÃgias para detecÃÃo de sÃmbolo, e na avaliaÃÃo de desempenho. SÃo propostas sete estratÃgias de recepÃÃo de N sinais m-QAM nÃo-ortogonais atravÃs do canal AWGN. Dentre as estratÃgias de detecÃÃo duas sÃo Ãtimas e as outras cinco sÃo subÃtimas. As duas estruturas de receptores Ãtimos apresentados neste trabalho sÃo: o receptor de mÃxima verossimilhanÃa (ML) clÃssico e o receptor de mÃxima verossimilhanÃa com base na decomposiÃÃo de Gram-Schmidt. Os receptores sub-Ãtimos desenvolvidos neste trabalho sÃo de dois tipos: receptores com equalizaÃÃo linear e receptores com equalizaÃÃo nÃo-linear. O primeiro tipo de receptor à desenvolvido com base nos critÃrios de erro quadrÃtico mÃdio mÃnimo (MMSE) e o de forÃagem a zero (ZF). à apresentado o desenvolvimento analÃtico do projeto de cada uma das arquiteturas de receptores lineares, assim como à determinado o erro dos estimadores. Os receptores com equalizaÃÃo nÃo-linear sÃo baseados no cancelamento de interferÃncia sucessiva (SIC). Neste trabalho, à proposta uma modificaÃÃo no algoritmo do SIC original, resultando em uma nova arquitetura de equalizaÃÃo. O desempenho dos receptores propostos à avaliado em diferentes condiÃÃes de nÃmero de portadoras e de grau de superposiÃÃo espectral atravÃs de simulaÃÃo computacional. Por fim, sÃo apresentados as conlusÃes e as perspectivas futuras de pesquisa. / This work presents studies on communication systems, whose signals used for transmission of information are non-orthogonal, overlapping in frequency and carrier spacing less than the rate of symbols. The research is aimed to obtain structures of transmitter, optimal and sub-optimal receivers using modeling and mathematical analysis of systems including the channel. Furthermore, propose strategies for symbol detection and performance evaluation. Seven strategies of reception to N signals m-QAM non-orthogonal through the AWGN channel. Among the strategies of detection two are optimal and the others five are suboptimal. The two optimal receivers structures presented in this paper are: the classical receiver maximum likelihood (ML) receiver and maximum likelihood based on the Gram-Schmidt decomposition. The suboptimal receivers in this work are of two types: receivers with linear and nonlinear equalization. The first type of receiver is developed based on the criteria of minimum mean square error (MMSE) and the zero forcing (ZF). It is presented the development of analytical design of each linear receiver architectures, as well as determined the error of the estimators. The receivers with nonlinear equalization are based on successive interference cancellation (SIC). In this paper, we propose a modification to the original algorithm of SIC, resulting in a new architecture of equalization. The performance of the proposed receivers is evaluated under different number of carriers and the degree of spectral overlap using computer simulation. Finally, we present the conclusions of this work and future prospects of the research.

Os requisitos de linearidade e ruído em aplicações multi-banda e multi-protocolo fazem que o projeto de misturadores RF seja uma tarefa muito desafiadora. Nesta dissertação dois misturadores com base na topologia célula de Gilbert são propostas. Linearidade e ruído foram as principais figuras de mérito consideradas para o misturadores propostos. Para aumento linearidade, foi utilizada uma técnica de cancelamento de harmônicas pós-distorção (PDHC). E, para redução de ruído, foi utilizado um circuito de redução dinâmica de corrente combinada com um filtro LC sintonizado na frequência do LO e cancelamento de ruído térmico. A análise por séries Volterra do estágio transcondutância do misturador proposto é reportada para mostrar a eficácia da técnica de cancelamento de harmônicos com pósdistorção. O circuito de linearização adicionado não aumenta o tamanho do misturador, nem degrada ganho de conversão, figura de ruído, ou consumo de potência. Simulações elétricas foram realizadas em nível de pós-layout para a primeira topologia e nível esquemático para a segunda topologia, usando processo CMOS de 0.13 mm da IBM. As melhorias em IIP2 e IIP3 são apresentadas em comparação com o misturador do tipo célula de Gilbert convencional. Para a primeira topologia, foi obtido um ganho de conversão de 10.2 dB com uma NF de 12 dB para o misturador projetado funcionando a 2 GHz, com uma frequência intermediária de 500 kHz. E um IIP2 e IIP3 de 55 dBm e 10.9 dBm, respectivamente, consumindo apenas 5.3 mW de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Para a segunda topologia, foram obtidos um ganho de conversão de [13.8 ~11] dB, um coeficiente de reflexão na entrada (S11) de [-18 ~-9.5] dB e um NF de [8.5 ~11] dB no intervalo de 1 a 6 GHz. Para as especificações de linearidade, um valor médio de IIP3 de 0 dBm foi alcançado para toda a faixa de frequência, consumindo 19.3 mW a partir de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Especificações adequadas para operação multi-banda e multi-protocolo. / The linearity and noise requirements in multi-band multi-standard applications make the design of RF CMOS mixers a very challenging task. In this dissertation two downconversion mixers based on the Gilbert-cell topology are proposed. Linearity and noise were the principal figures of merit for the proposed mixers. For linearity improvement, post distortion harmonic cancellation (PDHC) was employed. And, for noise reduction, dynamic current injection combined with an LC filter tuned at the LO frequency and thermal-noise cancellation were used. A Volterra series analysis of the transconductance stage is reported to show the effectiveness of the post-distortion harmonic cancellation technique. The added linearization circuitry does not increase the size of the mixer, nor does it degrade conversion gain, noise figure, or power consumption. Electrical simulations were performed on extracted layout level from the first topology and schematic level from the second topology. Using an IBM 0.13 mm CMOS process improvements on IIP3 and IIP2 in comparison to the conventional Gilbert-cell mixer are demonstrated. For the first topology, we achieved a conversion gain of 10.2 dB with a NF of 12 dB for the designed mixer working at 2 GHz, with a low-IF of 500 kHz and an IIP2 and IIP3 of 55 dBm and 10.9 dBm, respectively, while consuming only 5.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply. For the second topology, we achieved a conversion gain range of [13.8 ~11] dB, an input reflection coefficient (S11) of [-18 ~-9.5] dB and a NF of [8.5 ~11] dB in the frequency range of 1 to 6 GHz. For the linearity specs, an IIP3 of 0 dBm was achieved for the whole frequency range, while consuming 19.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply, making the second topology well suited for multi-band and multi-standard operation.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal o estudo das técnicas de cancelamento de massa, bem como suas aplicações em análise modal experimental. Estas técnicas são utilizadas na redução de determinados erros nos dados de resposta em frequência da estrutura sob estudo. Estes erros são por sua vez causados por fontes adicionais de inércia, tais como acelerômetros e transdutores de força, que são frequentemente utilizados nos ensaios para o levantamento das características dinâmicas da estrutura. As técnicas de cancelamento de massa estudadas neste trabalho são desenvolvidas a partir de uma modelagem das relações de entrada e saída no domínio da frequência, utilizando-se para tanto as Funções de Resposta em Frequência (FRF), bem como conceitos de subestruturação. Os modelos analíticos utilizados no problema de cancelamento de massa são também aplicados na geração de FRFs desconhecidas para a estrutura sob estudo, a partir de um subconjunto de FRFs medidas com massas adicionais acopladas à estrutura. Os métodos estudados são aplicados a dados obtidos através de simulações numéricas em sistemas discretos, bem como a dados experimentais provenientes de ensaios em estruturas simples. Resultados satisfatórios foram obtidos tanto a partir das simulações numéricas quanto na análise experimental para o problema de cancelamento de massa. Na obtenção de FRFs desconhecidas, verificou-se que os modelos teóricos conduzem a resultados satisfatórios em determinadas situações, e que o ruído encontrado em dados experimentais representa um fator detrimental na utilização das técnicas de cancelamento de massa para o propósito de gerar-se FRF desconhecidas a partir de FRF efetivamente medidas na estrutura sob estudo. / The goal of this dissertation is to develop a study on mass cancellation techniques and their applications in experimental modal analysis. These techniques are commonly employed in the reduction of experimental errors on the structure\'s measured frequency response data. Such errors are in turn caused by extra masses such as accelerometer and force transducers, that are utilized on the measurement of the system\'s Frequency Response Functions (FRF). The mass cancellation techniques studied here are developed through frequency domain input and output relationships as well as substructuring concepts. The analytical models employed in the mass cancellation problem are also applied in obtaining unknown FRF from a subset of measured FRF that are measured with extra masses attached to the structure. The methods studied are applied to numerically simulated data from discrete systems, as well as to experimental data coming from modal tests performed on simple structures. Reasonably good results are obtained in either the numerical and experimental analysis for the mass cancellation problem. In obtaining unknown FRF data, it was verified that the models generated reasonable results in some circumstances, and that experimental noise is a major source of error in using these mass cancellation techniques for the purpose of obtaining unmeasured data from a subset of measured FRF.

La croissance exponentielle du trafic de données sans fils, causée par l'Internet mobile et les smartphones, contraint les futurs systèmes radio à inclure des modulations/formes d'ondes plus avancées offrant un débit plus élevé et une utilisation efficace des ressources spectrales. Les transmissions dites Faster-Than-Nyquist (FTN), introduites en 1975, sont parmi les meilleurs candidates pour répondre à ces besoins. En transmettant les symboles à une cadence plus rapide que celle définie par le critère de Nyquist, FTN peut théoriquement augmenter le débit mais en introduisant des interférences en contrepartie. Dans cette thèse, nous explorons le concept des transmissions FTN à travers un canal AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) dans le contexte des modulations OFDM/OQAM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing with Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de présenter un système OFDM/OQAM qui permet de transmettre l'information au-delà de la cadence de Nyquist tout en tenant en compte la complexité globale du système. Tout d'abord, nous proposons une nouvelle implémentation efficace des systèmes OFDM/OQAM appliquant le concept FTN, désignée ici par FTN-OQAM, qui garde la même complexité que les systèmes OFDM/OQAM et qui permet un gain en débit très proche du gain théorique. Vu que la condition de Nyquist n'est plus respectée, le signal transmis est maintenant perturbé par des interférences. Pour remédier à ce problème, nous proposons un récepteur basé sur le principe de l'égalisation linéaire sous le critère minimum erreur quadratique moyenne avec annulation d'interférences appelé MMSE LE-IC. Le but de notre système est d'augmenter le débit de transmission, ce qui signifie que des constellations d'ordres élevés seront ciblées. Dans ce contexte, le MMSE LE-IC, dont la complexité est indépendante de la constellation, représente un bon compromis entre efficacité et complexité. Puisque la modulation OFDM/OQAM utilise différents types de formes d'ondes, nous proposons pour plusieurs d'entre elles un algorithme pour déterminer la valeur minimale du facteur d'accélération, en fonction de l'ordre de constellation, qui apporte un gain en efficacité spectrale tout en gardant les mêmes performances que les systèmes respectant le critère de Nyquist à un SNR fixé. Ensuite, nous étudions l'amélioration du traitement itératif de l'émetteur-récepteur. La méthode proposée consiste à combiner un précodeur avec le système FTN-OQAM afin de réduire les interférences causées par du FTN à l'émission. Nous proposons un modèle de précodage dispersé, car il est difficile de précoder conjointement tous les symboles transmis. Nous présentons trois familles de précodeurs avec les récepteurs correspondants. En outre, nous modifions différents blocs de l'émetteur FTN-OQAM tels que le codage canal, le mappage des bits et le mappage des symboles afin d'améliorer davantage le transmetteur FTN-OQAM. Les résultats présentés révèlent le potentiel important des systèmes proposés. / The exponential growth of wireless data traffic driven by mobile Internet and smart devices constrains the future radio systems to include advanced modulations/waveforms offering higher data rates with more efficient bandwidth usage. One possibility is to violate the well known Nyquist criterion by transmitting faster than the Nyquist rate, i.e., using a technique also known as Faster-Than-Nyquist (FTN) signaling. Nyquist-based systems have the advantage of simple transmitter and receiver architectures at the detriment of bandwidth efficiency. The idea of signaling beyond the Nyquist rate to trade the interference-free transmission for more throughput goes back to 1975. In this dissertation, we investigate the concept of FTN signaling over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel in the context of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing with Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation OFDM/OQAM modulation.The main objective of our work is to present an OFDM/OQAM system signaling faster than the Nyquist one and explore its potential rate improvement while keeping under consideration the overall system complexity. First, we propose a new efficient FTN implementation of OFDM/OQAM systems, denoted by FTN-OQAM, that has the same complexity as OFDM/OQAM systems, while approaching very closely the FTN theoretical rate improvement. As the Nyquist condition is no longer respected, severe interference impacts the transmitted signals. To deal with the introduced interferences, we propose a turbo-like receiver based on Minimum Mean Square Error Linear Equalization and Interference Cancellation, named MMSE LE-IC. The aim of our system is to boost the transmission rate, which means that high constellation orders will be targeted. In this respect, the MMSE LE-IC, whose complexity is independent of the constellation, turns out to be a good candidate. Since OFDM/OQAM modulation can be equipped with different types of pulse shapes, we propose an algorithm to find, for different constellation orders, the minimum achieved FTN packing factor for various pulse shapes. Then, we aim at improving the iterative processing of the introduced transceiver. The proposed method involves combining a precoder with the FTN-OQAM system in order to remove FTN-induced interference at the transmitter. We also present a sparse precoding pattern as it is difficult to jointly precode all the transmitted symbols. We introduce three families of precoders along with the corresponding receivers. Furthermore, we propose several modifications of the FTN-OQAM transmitter concerning different blocks such as channel coding, bits mapping and symbols mapping to further enhance the FTN-OQAM transceiver design. Presented results reveal the significant potential of the proposed methods.

Étant donné un complexe de groupes, quand peut-on déduire une propriété de son groupe fondamental à partir des propriétés analogues de ses groupes locaux ? Ce problème naturel de géométrie des groupes a fait l'objet de nombreux travaux dans le cas des graphes de groupes et des complexes de groupes finis. Cette thèse se propose de développer des outils géométriques pour étudier le cas des complexes de groupes à courbure négative ou nulle. Nous nous intéressons à des propriétés de nature asymptotique : EZ-structures, hyperbolicité. Ce faisant, nous démontrons un théorème de combinaison pour les groupes hyperboliques qui généralise au complexe de groupes de dimension arbitraire un théorème de Bestvina-Feighn. / Given a complex of groups, when is it possible to deduce a property for its fundamental group out of the analogous properties of its local groups? This natural problem of geometric group theory has been adressed mainly for graphs of groups and complexes of finite groups. In this thesis, we develop geometric tools to study non-positively curved complexes of groups. We focus on properties of an asymptotic nature: EZ-structures, hyperbolicity. This allows us to prove a combination theorem for hyperbolic groups, which generalises a theorem of Bestvina-Feighn to complexes of groups of arbitrary dimension.

Abstract In this doctoral thesis, initial code synchronization (i.e., code acquisition) of a direct sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) system is studied when a smart antenna is used in a receiver. Code synchronization means time synchronization of the used spreading code in the receiver. After an introduction to the topic, a literature review of code acquisition is presented. In addition, a review of the results in the literature under fading, data modulation, Doppler, intentional interference, multiple-access interference, other system interference, and multiple antennas is given. After that, an overview of the smart antennas, especially focusing on digital beamforming and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms is presented. The end part of the thesis concentrates on the author’s own research of the topic. Original articles of this article dissertation have been classified according to their contents into two groups. The first group covers DS/SS code acquisition performance in intentional interference by exploiting how well different beamforming algorithms can eliminate narrowband and wideband interfering signals in the case, where the DOA of the desired signal is known. The obtained results show that most spatial beamforming algorithms are capable of cancelling multiple different types of interfering signals if they are not arriving from the same direction as the desired signal. If angle separation between desired and interfering signals is not sufficient, then more complex methods have to be used. The second group of articles focuses on a theoretical analysis of synchronization probabilities and mean acquisition times. If the DOA of the desired signal is unknown, the whole angular uncertainty region can be divided into small angular cells using beamforming techniques, as is proposed in the literature. Then there is a two-dimensional (delay-angle) acquisition problem. In this thesis, the research work of that area is expanded to cover also advanced beamforming techniques, since they offer increased interference suppression capability. It is shown that the code acquisition performance of the delay-angle method can be improved in some cases by adding a DOA estimator into the system, because it may reduce the number of required angular cells. In addition, such a minimum mean square error (MMSE) beamforming structure is proposed, where only one period of the known pseudo noise spreading code is used as a reference signal. The method was shown to have better acquisition performance than the delay-angle method has, since MMSE beamforming does not need DOA information. However, in this thesis, such a method was not found which outperforms the rest of the methods in all scenarios. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöstyössä tutkitaan suorahajotushajaspektrijärjestelmän (DS/SS, direct sequence spread spectrum) koodisynkronoinnin etsintävaihetta, kun vastaanottimessa käytetään älyantennia. Koodisynkronoinnilla tarkoitetaan järjestelmän käyttämän hajotuskoodin ajastuksen synkronointia vastaanottimessa. Johdannon jälkeen esitetään kirjallisuuskatsaus koodisynkronointiin sekä tuodaan esille kirjallisuudesta löytyviä tutkimustuloksia aihepiiristä seuraavissa tilanteissa: häipyvä kanava, Doppler-ilmiö, tahallinen häirintä, monikäyttöhäiriö, muiden järjestelmien aiheuttama häiriö sekä moniantennijärjestelmät. Tämän jälkeen esitetään yleiskatsaus älyantenneihin kohdistuen erityisesti digitaalisiin keilanmuodostus- sekä suuntaestimointialgoritmeihin. Työn loppuosa keskittyy kirjoittajan omaan tutkimukseen aiheesta. Tämän nippuväitöskirjan alkuperäiset artikkelit on luokiteltu kahteen ryhmään niiden sisältöön perustuen. Ensimmäinen ryhmä käsittelee DS/SS-järjestelmän koodisynkronoinnin etsintävaiheen suorituskykyä tahallisessa häirinnässä tutkimalla, miten hyvin erilaiset keilanmuodostusalgoritmit kykenevät poistamaan kapea- ja leveäkaistaisia häirintäsignaaleja tilanteessa, jossa hyötysignaalin tulosuunta tiedetään. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että monet tilatason keilanmuodostusalgoritmit kykenevät poistamaan useita erityyppisiä häirintäsignaaleita, jos ne eivät saavu hyötysignaalin kanssa samasta suunnasta. Mikäli kulmaero hyöty- ja häirintäsignaalien välillä ei ole riittävä, joudutaan käyttämään rakenteeltaan monimutkaisempia menetelmiä. Toinen ryhmä artikkeleita keskittyy synkronointiin liittyvien todennäköisyyksien ja keskimääräisen etsintäajan teoreettiseen analyysiin. Jos hyötysignaalin tulosuunta on tuntematon, voidaan kulmaepävarmuusalue jakaa pieniin kulmasoluihin käyttäen keilanmuodostustekniikoita, kuten kirjallisuudessa esitetään. Tällöin kyseessä on kaksiulotteinen (viive-kulma) etsintäongelma. Tässä työssä kyseistä tutkimusaihetta laajennetaan koskemaan myös edistyneet keilanmuodostusmenetelmät, koska ne tarjoavat parantuneen häiriönvaimennuskyvyn. Työssä osoitetaan, että viive-kulma menetelmän suorituskykyä voidaan parantaa joissakin tilanteissa lisäämällä järjestelmään suuntaestimaattori, koska se saattaa vähentää tarvittavien kulmasolujen lukumäärää. Lisäksi tutkitaan sellaista pienimmän keskineliövirheen (MMSE, minimum mean square error) keilanmuodostusmenetelmää, jossa ainoastaan yhtä hajotuskoodin koodijaksoa käytetään opetukseen. Kyseisellä menetelmällä todettiin olevan parempi suorituskyky kuin viive-kulma etsinnällä, koska MMSE-menetelmä ei tarvitse suuntainformaatiota. Tässä työssä ei kuitenkaan löydetty yhtä sellaista menetelmää, jonka suorituskyky on muita parempi kaikissa tilanteissa.