TRBP (TAR RNA Binding Protein), est un facteur activateur de la réplication du Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 1 (VIH-1). Cette protéine cellulaire qui interagit avec les ARN double brins est connue pour son rôle crucial dans la voie des miRNA. Isolée pour sa capacité à interagir avec la séquence leader TAR présente à l'extrémité 5' de tous les ARN du VIH-1, TRBP favorise la réplication du VIH-1 au niveau post-transcriptionnel, en partie via l'inhibition de la PKR (Protéine Kinase ARN dépendante).Dans le but de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels TRBP facilite la réplication du VIH-1, le complexe protéique associé à TRBP a été purifié par immunoprécipitation par double affinité et identifié par spectrométrie de masse. En plus des facteurs déjà connus, un nouveau partenaire à activité ARN 2'-O-méthyltransférase (2'-OMTase) potentielle a été copurifié : la protéine FTSJ3. Chez les eucaryotes supérieurs, deux 2'-OMTases permettent la méthylation des ARNm cellulaires au niveau de la position ribose 2'-O- du premier (coiffe 1) et du deuxième nucléotide (coiffe 2). Cette coiffe 1/2 est une signature moléculaire permettant de discriminer les ARNm endogènes et exogènes. Dans la cellule, MDA5, un senseur cytoplasmique, reconnait les ARN exogènes non coiffés et déclenche la production d'interférons (IFNs) de type I pour établir un état antiviral. Pour échapper à la réponse immune innée, certains virus ont développé des mécanismes leur permettant de mimer une coiffe 1/2.Le VIH ne code pas pour une activité 2'-OMTase. Cependant FTSJ3, de par son interaction avec TRBP, se retrouve à proximité de l'extrémité 5' de l'ARN viral. Cette 2'-OMTase méthyle l'ARN TAR in vitro, qui, transfecté dans les cellules monocytaires humaines U937 n'induit plus la production d'IFNs de type I. A l'inverse, le virus VIH-1 produit en l'absence de FTSJ3 déclenche une induction de l'expression des IFNs de type I dépendante de MDA5 dans les cellules U937. L'expression de ce virus est atténuée suite à un défaut d'import nucléaire. Ainsi, ces travaux montrent que la protéine FTSJ3, recrutée au niveau de l'extrémité 5' de l'ARN du VIH-1 par TRBP, facilite la réplication du VIH-1 en assurant la synthèse d'une coiffe 1/2 qui permet au VIH-1 d'échapper à la reconnaissance par le senseur MDA5 et à l'induction des IFNs de type I. Cette étude met en évidence un nouveau mécanisme permettant au VIH-1 d'échapper à la détection par le système d'immunité innée cellulaire. / TRBP (TAR RNA Binding Protein) is a cellular RNA binding protein that facilitates the replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). Isolated for its ability to bind HIV-1 TAR sequence present at the 5' end of all HIV-1 RNA, TRBP promotes HIV-1 replication at a post-transcriptional level by counteracting the antiviral activity of the protein kinase R (PKR).To gain more insight on how TRBP enhances HIV-1 replication, TRBP associated factors were purified using tandem immunoaffinity purification and identified by mass spectrometry. In addition to already known associated factors, a new protein with a putative RNA 2'-O-methyltransferase activity (2'OMTases) was copurified: FTSJ3. In higher eukaryotes, cellular mRNA are methylated on 2'-O ribose position on the first (Cap 1) and second nucleotide (Cap 2). This capping provides a molecular signature for the discrimination of endogenous versus exogenous mRNA. In the cell, MDA5, a cytoplasmic sensor, recognizes exogenous uncapped RNA and activate type I interferons (IFNs) production to establish an antiviral state. To evade innate immune response, some viruses have evolved mechanisms to mimics cap 1/2.HIV-1 does not encode a 2'O-MTase activity. However, owing to its interaction with TRBP, FTSJ3 is recruited at the 5' end of the viral genome and methylates TAR RNA in vitro. When capped by FTSJ3, TAR does not induce type I IFNs anymore when transfected in monocytic cell line U937. Conversely, HIV-1 viruses produced in FTSJ3 knock-down cells triggers type I IFNs expression through MDA5 sensing. This virus is attenuated, expressed in low amounts because of a block at the level of HIV-1 nuclear import. This study shows that FTSJ3 is recruited to HIV-1 5' end TAR sequence by TRBP and facilitates HIV-1 replication. HIV-1 RNA capping allows HIV-1 escape from MDA5 sensing and type I IFN induction. This study highlights a new way of HIV-1 escape from innate immune system.

Dans le milieu scientifique polonais, peu de travaux concernent l'Afrique du Sud et les communautés polonaises y habitant. Pourtant, ce territoire constitue un laboratoire social unique et les Polonais de l'Afrique du Sud sont soumis à des phénomènes qui peuvent retenir l'attention des sociologues. Cette recherche s'applique à repérer la dimension identitaire de ces phénomènes dynamiques avec l'exemple des trois vagues migratoires des Polonais habitant la ville du Cap. En alliant les techniques qualitatives de recherche en sciences sociales et la tradition de l'Ecole de Chicago de collecte des données, je présente l'évolution de l'attachement au pays d'origine, ainsi que différents types d'identité plurielle. La première partie est consacrée à la présentation historique et sociologique de mon terrain de recherche : l'Afrique du Sud en général, mais aussi les particularités de la région du Cap. Cette contextualisation comprend : l'organisation spatiale du Cap, la problématique interethnique dans la réalité post-apartheid, les conséquences urbaines des préjugés sociaux, et l'identification distinctive éventuelle des habitants de la ville du Cap par rapport au reste de l'Afrique du Sud. Dans la deuxième partie, je m'intéresse à la dimension diasporique de la communauté polonaise au Cap. A cette fin, j'examine les structures qui constituent l'une des facettes des Polonais du Cap : les organisations soumises à des processus de diasporisation. Elles ne sont pas à confondre avec les phénomènes de l'activité informelle, l'objet de l'analyse de la partie suivante. Dans la troisième partie, j'étudie la notion d'identité en général et, plus particulièrement, la question de l'identification à la nation polonaise. En donnant des exemples hors du contexte de la vie associative polonaise du Cap, je m'interroge sur : l'influence du contexte multiculturel de la société d'accueil sur l'identification des migrants polonais, l'approche dynamique de la présence des « traits » censées caractériser la nation polonaise au sein de la collectivité polonaise du Cap, et le processus de la transmission de l'identification nationale entre les générations. Dans mes résultats, je présente non seulement les différents types d'attachement au pays d'origine observés chez les acteurs sociaux, mais j'essaie également de tracer l'avenir possible du processus d'identification nationale chez les Polonais de mon terrain de recherche. J'espère que cette thèse constituera un point de départ pour d'autres chercheurs qui s'intéresseront à cette collectivité si méconnue, mais aussi pour des recherches comparatives sur l'identification nationale au sein d'autres communautés de migrants polonais. En tenant compte du fait que l'identité nationale en Pologne est en pleine transition, l'analyse des différences identitaires entre les vagues migratoires du Cap peut également s'avérer utile dans les recherches comparatives avec l'identification des Polonais vivant en Pologne. / Within the Polish scientific community, few studies refer to South Africa and the Polish communities living in this place. However, this territory constitutes a unique social laboratory and Poles from South Africa are subject to phenomena that can hold the attention of sociologists. This research applies to pinpoint the identity dimension of these dynamic phenomena with the example of the three migratory waves of Poles living in the city of Cape Town. By combining qualitative techniques of social science research and the tradition of collecting data elaborated at the Chicago School, I present the evolution of attachment to the country of origin, as well as different types of plural identity. The first part is devoted to the historical and sociological presentation of my research field: South Africa in general, but also the peculiarities of the Cape region. This contextualization includes: the spatial organization of Cape Town, the inter-ethnic issues in the post-apartheid reality, the urban consequences of social prejudice, and the possible identification of the inhabitants of Cape Town distinctive from the rest of South Africa. In the second part, I put much interest in the diasporic dimension of the Polish community in Cape Town. To this end, I examine the structures which constitute one of facets of Polish people from Cape Town: the organizations subject to the process of diasporization. They are not to be confused with the phenomena of informal activity, the purpose of the analysis of the next section. In the third part, I study the notion of identity in general and, more specifically, the question of identification with the Polish nation. Giving examples out of context of the associative life of Polish people from Cape Town, I examine: the influence of the multicultural context of the host society on the identification of Polish migrants, the dynamic approach of the presence of " features" meant to characterize the Polish nation in the Polish community of Cape Town, and the process of transmitting national identification between generations. In my results, I present not only the different types of attachment to the country observed among social actors, but I also try to trace the possible future of the national identification process among Poles of my field research. I hope that this thesis will be a starting point for other researchers who might get interested in this community remained unrecognized, but also for comparative research on national identification within other Polish migrant communities. Taking into account that national identity in Poland is in transition, the analysis of identity differences between the migratory waves in Cape Town may also be useful in comparative research with the identification of Poles living in Poland.

Le comportement mécanique d’un sol constitue un des facteurs prépondérants affectant la croissance et le développement racinaire. L’augmentation de la résistance mécanique d’un sol affecte l’architecture du système racinaire, la croissance axiale et radiale des racines, et l’orientation de la croissance. Bien que ces réponses soient décrites sur diverses espèces végétales dans la littérature, leur mise en place et les mécanismes de signalisation sous-jacents restent à ce jour méconnus. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’étudier la mise en place des réponses des racines primaires d’Arabidopsis thaliana à des variations de contraintes mécaniques de son substrat. La littérature fait état jusqu’ici de deux voies de signalisation mécanique possibles, l’une impliquant une mécanoperception au niveau de la coiffe racinaire, et l’autre faisant intervenir entres autres l’activation de canaux mécano-sensibles au niveau de l’apex racinaire. Pour étudier leur implication respective, nous avons caractérisé les réponses à une augmentation des contraintes mécaniques de racines primaires issues de la lignée Arabidopsis thaliana sauvage et de lignées mutantes affectées au niveau de l’organisation de la coiffe (fez-2, smb-3, brn1-1 brn2-1) ou au niveau de canaux ioniques mécanosensibles (mca1-null, mslΔ5). Nous avons développé un système expérimental original basé sur le suivi de croissance et d’orientation des racines dans des milieux de culture à base de Phytagel. Ces milieux de culture permettent de mimer d’une part une augmentation à long terme et simultanée des contraintes mécaniques axiales, radiales et des frottements et d’autre part une augmentation à court terme des contraintes mécaniques axiales. Tout d’abord, nous avons observé que la mise en place des réponses de croissance des racines primaires d’Arabidopsis thaliana à ces augmentations de contraintes mécaniques reposait sur une interaction entre des processus mécaniques (flambement) et biologiques (régulations de la zone de croissance). Ensuite, nous avons mis en évidence que la coiffe racinaire participait à la mise en place des réponses des racines d’Arabidopsis thaliana face à une augmentation des contraintes mécaniques. Nos résultats suggèrent que la coiffe pourrait constituer un siège de la mécanoperception. Par ailleurs, nos résultats sur les lignées mca1-null et mslΔ5 suggèrent que les canaux ioniques MCA1 et MSLs participeraient également à la mise en place des réponses racinaires à l’augmentation des contraintes mécaniques. / Root growth and development are highly modulated by soil mechanical properties such as texture, structure and bulk density. Increases in soil penetration resistance affect root system architecture, root cell production and elongation, root diameter, and root tip orientation. Although root responses to changes in mechanical stresses are well described in several plant species, their establishment and the signaling pathways underlying these responses remains misunderstood. The main objective of this thesis is to study the establishment of Arabidopsis thaliana primary root responses to changes in mechanical stresses. So far, studies reported two distinct putative mechanical signaling pathways involving either (i) the root cap as a main mechanosensing site or (ii) the activity of stretch-activated ion channels localized on the cell plasma membranes along the root apex. According to previous studies, we studied the implication of the root cap and of the stretch-activated channels of the MCA and MSL families in the root responses to increases in mechanical stresses. We developed an original experimental set-up based on the monitoring of growth and orientation of Arabidopsis thaliana primary roots in one-layer and two-layer Phytagel based growth media. The one-layer growth media mimicked a long-term increase in frictions and in radial and axial mechanical stresses whereas the two-layer growth media mimicked a short-term increase in axial mechanical stresses. We characterized penetration abilities, growth rate and tip orientation of Arabidopsis thaliana wild type roots (Col-0) and mutant roots showing defects in root cap organization (fez-2, smb-3, brn1-1 brn2-1) or in stretch-activated ion channels activity (mca1-null, mslΔ5) in one-layer and two-layer media. Firstly, we observed that the establishment of root growth responses to increases in mechanical stresses involved both mechanical (buckling) and biological (growth zone modulations) mechanisms. Then, our experiments demonstrated that alterations in root cap organization led to altered root growth responses to increases in mechanical stresses. Our results suggest that the root cap acts as a mechanosensing site. Moreover, the results obtained with the mca1-null and mslΔ5 Arabidopsis lines suggest that the MCA1 and MSLs ion channels also participate in the establishment of root responses to increases in mechanical stresses.

A Faixa Paraguai é uma faixa de dobramentos neoproterozoicos ao sul do Cráton Amazônico. No Brasil, está, localizada nos estados de Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul. Esta faixa tem sido alvo de constantes discussões sobre questões paleoambientais, paleoecológicas e evolutivas globais, uma vez que, em suas unidades ocorrem depósitos pós-glaciais marinoanos, as chamadas capas carbonáticas, típicas do inicio do Ediacarano, além de Cloudina lucianoi, fóssil índice do Ediacarano final, associado a outros metazoários. Nesta tese, foram estudados oito afloramentos: três pertencentes à Faixa Paraguai Sul- Formação Bocaina (FB) - Grupo Corumbá e cinco, à Faixa Paraguai Norte- Grupo Araras, sendo dois afloramentos na Formação Mirassol D\'Oeste (FMO), base do grupo e três afloramentos na Formação Nobres (FN), última formação do Grupo Araras. No total foram analisadas 73 amostras representativas de estromatólitos e 37 lâminas petrográficas de estromatólitos e rocha encaixante. Em três afloramentos, definidos como capas carbonáticas, a análise e a comparação entre a associação de estruturas tubulares e estromatólitos indicou que estas estruturas sedimentares são um importante marcador estratigráfico dos depósitos de capas carbonáticas Marinoanas. No entanto, as estruturas previamente descritas como tubulares no afloramento de Porto Morrinhos (FB), são interpretados aqui como estromatólitos colunares sem associação com os eventos do início do Ediacarano. Com a caracterização das associações de estromatólitos e estruturas tubulares nos afloramentos de Morraria do Sul e Forte de Coimbra, foi proposto, neste trabalho, que estes afloramentos não fazem parte da Formação Bocaina, e sim cronocorrelatos à Formação Mirassol D\'Oeste, no inicio do Ediacarano. O escape de fluidos foi considerado a explicação mais adequada para a origem das estruturas tubulares, corroborando alguns estudos originais. Neste sentido, é provável que o fluido tenha se originado do acúmulo de matéria orgânica nos estromatólitos. A comparação entre diferentes ocorrências de estruturas tubulares indicaram que estas possuem uma origem comum, porém, diferem em relação a sua história sedimentar. Em alguns ambientes, as estruturas tubulares eram espaços abertos na interface água-sedimento, enquanto que em outros eram espaços sem esse tipo de contato. A textura dos microbialitos de capas carbonáticas é composta por peloides amalgamados em grumos arredondados interpretados como restos micritizados de colônias cocooidais de cianobactérias. A alternância laminar observada na Pedreira Terconi pode ser relacionada a mudanças sazonais das comunidades dominantes. Os laminitos microbianos de capa carbonática formaram-se em plataformas bem iluminadas, calmas, abaixo do nível de ondas de tempestade, sem contribuição de siliciclásticos, concordante com o ambiente transgressivo proposto para o pós-glacial. A Formação Mirassol D\'Oeste, base do Grupo Araras, apresenta aproximadamente 10 metros de laminitos microbianos seguidos de camadas de megamarcas onduladas com lentes de megapelóides gerados pela ação de ondas de \"hypercanes\" que ocorreram durante a deposição das capas carbonáticasMarinoanas. Estes furações e a ação de ondas foram o motivo para o fim da deposição microbiana na Formação Mirassol D\'Oeste. Na Formação Nobres, última formação do Grupo Araras, foram identificados 15 níveis de estromatólitos, silicificados. A silicificação ocorreu durante a diagênese, obliterando em muitos níveis a laminação estromatolítica. Os estromatólitos da Formação Nobres foram divididos em quatro associações de morfotipos. A distribuição, desenvolvimento e abundância dos morfotipos foi regida por fatores sedimentológicos, devido a variações do nível do mar. O fim dos estromatóltios da Formação Nobres é concomitante com o fim da sedimentação carbonática do Grupo Araras. A evolução dos estromatólitos do Grupo Araras revelou uma variação nas formas e participação dos estromatólitos na composição litofaciológica desta plataforma carbonática. Na Formação Mirassol D\'Oeste, os estromatólitos são abundantes e considerados um dos principais componentes arquiteturais da plataforma carbonática, enquanto na Formação Nobres, apesar da alta frequência e variação de morfotipos dos estromatólitos, a contribuição na composição litofaciológica da plataforma carbonática é mínima. As variações de formas e abundância dos estromatólitos ao longo do Grupo Araras sugerem mudanças em relação importância dos microbialitos na composição das unidades estratigráficas, bem como a alteração nas condições de sedimentação do sistema deposicional -variação do nível do mar e influxo de siliciclásticos- do Grupo Araras. / The Paraguay Belt is a Neoproterozoic fold belt at the south of the Amazon Craton. In Brazil, the Paraguay belt is located in the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, central Brazil. The Paraguay Belt has been the subject of constant discussion of paleoenvironmental, paleoecological and evolutionary questions, since, in their units occur the Marinoan post-glacial deposits, the so called \"cap carbonates\", typical of the beginning of the Ediacaran, and Cloudina lucianoi, index fossil of the late Ediacaran, associated with other metazoans. In this thesis, eight outcrops were studied: three belonging to the Southern Paraguay Belt -Bocaina Formation (FB)-Corumbá Group and five outcrops belonging to the Northern Paraguay Belt- Araras Group, two outcrops in Mirassol D\'Oeste Formaton (FMO), the group\'s base and three outcrops in the Nobres Formation (FN), the last unit of the Araras Group. In total 73 representative samples of stromatolites and 37 thin sections of stromatolites and host rock were analyzed. In three outcrops, defined as cap carbonates, analysis and comparison of the tubestone structures and microbial laminites association indicated that these sedimentary structures are an important stratigraphic marker for the deposits of Marinoan cap carbonates. However, the tubular structures previously assigned as tubestone structures in Porto Morrinhos outcrop (FB) are interpreted here as columnar stromatolites unassociated with the events of the early Ediacaran.With the characterization of the tubestone-stromatolite association in the outcrops of Morraria do Sul and Forte de Coimbra, it was proposed in this study that these outcrops are not part of Bocaina Formation but are cronocorrelated to MirassolD\'Oeste Formation, at the beggining of the Ediacaran. The fluid escape was considered the most suitable explanation for the origin of tubestone structures, corroborating some original studies. Therefore, it is likely that the fluids had originated from the accumulation of organic matter in the stromatolites within the cap carbonates. The comparison between different occurrences of tubular structures indicated that they have a common origin, however, differ in their sedimentary history. In some environments, the tubular structures were open spaces in the water-sediment interface, while others were in areas the structures were without such contact. The texture of cap carbonate microbialites comprises peloids amalgamated into rounded microclots interpreted as micritization remains of cocooidal colonies of cyanobacteria. The laminar alternation observed in the quarry Terconi (Mirassol D\'Oeste Formation) may be related to seasonal changes of the dominant communities. The microbial laminites of the Marinoan cap carbonates formed in well-lit platforms, calm, below the level of storm waves, without contribution of siliciclastic, concordant with the transgressive environment proposed for the post-glacial. At the Mirassol D\'Oeste Formation, base of the Araras Group, approximately 10 meters of microbial laminites where described, covered by a packstone deposit of megaripple marks with megapeloid lenses generated by the action of wave \"hypercanes\" that occurred during the deposition of the Marinoan Cap Carbonates. These hypercanes and the wave action were the reason for the waning of microbial deposition in Mirassol D\'Oeste Formation. In the Nobres Formation, at the upper part of the Araras Group, 15 levels of silicified stromatolites were identified. The silicification occurred during late diagenesis, obliterating many portions of stromatolitic lamination. Stromatolites of Nobres Formation were divided into four morphotypes associations. The distribution, development and abundance of morphotypes was governed by sedimentological factors, due to sea level variations. The end of stromatolites in the Nobres Formation is concomitant with the end of carbonate sedimentation of the Araras Group. In Mirassol D\'Oeste Formation, stromatolites are plentiful and considered one of the major architectural components of the carbonate platform, while the Nobres Formation, despite the high frequency and morphotypes variation of stromatolites, the contribution in the litofaciological composition of carbonate platform is minimal. The variations of forms and the abundance of stromatolites along the Araras Group suggest changes regarding importance of microbialites in the composition of stratigraphic units as well as the change in the depositional system - variation in sedimentation conditions of the sea level and the influx of terrigenous in the Araras Group.

In dieser Arbeit werden Berechnungen zur klimatischen Sensitivität der Eiskappe von Devon Island (Nunavut, Kanada) durchgeführt, die auf einem mit Wärmesummen arbeitenden Massenbilanzmodell basieren. Wichtigste Datenbasis für die Modellrechnungen sind dabei höhenabhängige Massenbilanzreihen der Devon-Eiskappe sowie tägliche Klimadaten der WMO-Station Resolute Bay. Durch die Bestimmung geeigneter Modellparameter (Temperaturgradienten, Wärmesummenkoeffizienten) ist es möglich, das mittlere Massenbilanzprofil gut zu simulieren. Das auf diese Weise kalibrierte Modell kann dann – als einfache Alternative zu Energiebilanzmodellen – zur Berechnung der Sensitivität der Massenbilanz auf Veränderungen von Temperatur und Niederschlag genutzt werden. Anwendungen des Modells verdeutlichen, dass die Massenbilanz der Devon-Eiskappe stark abhängig von der Entwicklung der Sommertemperaturen und die klimatische Sensitivität im Vergleich mit anderen Eismassen aus feuchteren Klimaten sehr klein ist. Die Einbeziehung der saisonalen Abhängigkeit der Massenbilanz kann schließlich helfen, eine mit Schwierigkeiten verbundene Rekonstruktion der jährlichen Massenbilanz zu verbessern. / In this study, a degree-day approach is used to carry out model simulations to determine the climatic sensitivity of the mass balance of the Devon Island ice cap (Nunavut, Canada). The most important data the model is fed by are a 38 yr long series of specific mass balance data and daily air temperature data from the WMO station Resolute Bay. By determining suitable model parameters (temperature lapse rates, degree-day coefficients) it is possible to simulate the mean mass balance profile convincingly. As a simple alternative to energy balance models, the calibrated degree-day model can then be used to determine the sensitivity of the mass balance to changes in temperature and precipitation. Results show that the mass balance of the Devon Ice Cap is strongly dependent on the summer temperatures and that the overall climatic sensitivity is small compared to those of other ice masses in more humid regions. The reconstruction of the mass balance series is attended with difficulties, but can be improved by including the mass balance''s seasonal sensitivity.

Entre 1670 et 1700, 260 protestants français fuyant les persécutions religieuses ont gagné le poste de ravitaillement créé en 1652 par la Compagnie hollandaise des Indes orientales (la VOC) au cap de Bonne-Espérance. Ces réfugiés devaient mettre en valeur des terres nouvellement colonisées et fournir des vivres aux navires de la Compagnie en transit entre l’Europe et l’Asie. La communauté huguenote est rapidement entrée en conflit avec les dirigeants locaux de la VOC dont la politique visait l’assimilation des protestants français dans la communauté hollandaise dominante. Les différends ont porté sur la gestion des propriétés foncières, sur le commerce avec les indigènes et les équipages en transit, sur l’utilisation de la langue française dans les domaines administratif et culturel, ainsi que sur l’autonomie politique de la communauté huguenote. En outre, bien qu’ils partageassent la même foi calviniste, les conditions de la pratique religieuse devaient être approuvées par les autorités du cap. [etc.] / Between 1670 and 1700, 260 French Protestants fleeing religious persecution reached the refreshment station founded in 1652 by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) at the Cape of Good Hope. The refugees’ task was to develop newly colonised land and provide supplies for the Company’s ships in transit between Europe and Asia. The Huguenot community quickly came into conflict with the VOC local authorities, who were intent on assimilating the French Protestants into the dominant Dutch community. Their disputes revolved around the land grants, trade with the indigenous people and passing ships, the use of the French language in the administrative and cultural fields, as well as self-governance of their own community. Additionally, conditions of religious practice had to be approved of by the Cape authorities, despite the fact that the French and Dutch shared the same Calvinist faith.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-14T12:37:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabel Cristina de Brito Franco Afonso.pdf: 2704361 bytes, checksum: 4d00cd2acdeacef7c19cfd9a912353f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-14T12:37:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabel Cristina de Brito Franco Afonso.pdf: 2704361 bytes, checksum: 4d00cd2acdeacef7c19cfd9a912353f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-13 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research is associated to the Program of Graduate Studies in Education: Curriculum of the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo and is part of the Research Line of New Technologies in Education. It aims to show ways of implementation the Authorial Cycle foreseen in the Program of Curricular and Administrative Reorganization, Expansion and Strengthening of the Municipal Education System of São Paulo (2013), experienced by the teachers in the development of Collaborative Authorial Projects (CAP) with the 9th grade students. Methodologically, the research is qualitative in terms of Bogdan and Biklen, (2010) in the context of an ethnographic case study André (2005). The participant observation approach was adopted, and the data collection was used in the field data collection, semi-structured interviews with teachers and school coordinator, focus group with the students and documentary research in the Pedagogical Political Project of the School. The narrative analysis of the data under the Angrosino (2009) assumption, pointed to a conjunction of aspects that contributed to the curriculum experienced in the researched school approaching the objectives prescribed in the official documents: the role of teachers as mediators of the curriculum, the alignment of the Pedagogical Political Project of the School and the Municipal Education System of São Paulo educational project, the performance of the Pedagogical Coordinator as a transforming agent in the school, student engagement in developing the CPA and community involvement in the development and presentation of CPA. Although, the objective of this research is not to create generalizations, but to describe the process of implantation of the experienced by the researched school, the aspects synthesized here, can point out ways for the implantation of CPA projects in other schools or even, different projects and policies. New research will expand these results and analyze a greater number of schools seeking to identify highlights that contribute to the implantation of public policies in the school / Esta pesquisa está vinculada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação: Currículo, da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo e se insere na Linha de Pesquisa Novas Tecnologias na Educação. Objetiva apontar caminhos sobre o processo de implantação do Ciclo Autoral, previsto no Programa de Reorganização Curricular e Administrativa, Ampliação e Fortalecimento da Rede Municipal de Ensino de São Paulo (2013), vivenciado pelos professores no desenvolvimento dos Trabalhos Colaborativos de Autoria (TCA) dos alunos do 9º ano de uma escola da rede. Metodologicamente a pesquisa é de cunho qualitativo pautado em Bogdan e Biklen, (2010), nos contornos de um estudo de caso etnográfico de André (2005). Adotou-se o enfoque da observação participante e foram utilizados na coleta de dados observação com registros em caderno de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas com os professores orientadores de TCA e professora coordenadora, grupo focal com os alunos e pesquisa documental no Projeto Político Pedagógico da Escola para complementação das informações. A análise narrativa dos dados sob o pressuposto de Angrosino (2009) apontou para uma conjunção de aspectos que contribuíram para que o currículo vivenciado na escola Jardim se aproximasse aos objetivos prescritos nos documentos oficiais da proposta do Ciclo Autoral: o papel dos professores como mediadores do currículo, o alinhamento do PPP da escola e o projeto educacional da SME, a atuação da gestão, caracterizado pela atuação da Coordenadora Pedagógica como agente transformadora da e na escola, o engajamento dos estudante em desenvolver os TCA e o envolvimento da comunidade no desenvolvimento e apresentação dos TCA. Embora, compreenda-se que o objetivo desta pesquisa não é criar generalizações, mas sim, descrever o processo de implantação do TCA vivenciado pela escola Jardim, os aspectos aqui sintetizados podem apontar caminhos para a implantação de projetos de TCA em outras escolas ou mesmo, diferentes projetos e políticas. Novas pesquisas poderão ampliar este olhar e analisar um maior número de escolas buscando identificar as identidades ou destaques que contribuam com a implantação de políticas públicas no dia a dia da escola

The mRNA cap added to the 5’ end of nascent transcripts is required for the efficient gene expression in eukaryotes. In vertebrates, the guanosine cap is methylated at N7 position by RNMT, which is in complex with its activating subunit RAM. Additionally, the first and second transcribed nucleotides can be methylated at ribose O2 position by CMTR1 and CMTR2 respectively. The mRNA cap protects transcripts from degradation and recruits cap-binding factors to promote pre-mRNA processing, nuclear export and translation initiation. In mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), high levels of RAM maintain expression of pluripotency factors. Differentiation of mESCs to neural progenitors is accompanied by a suppression of RAM, resulting in downregulation of pluripotency factors and efficient formation of neural cells. Here, I demonstrated that the suppression of RAM during neural differentiation is promoted via ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Concurrently, neural differentiation is associated with an increase in CMTR1 expression, creating a developmental cap methyltransferase switch. Moreover, differentiation into endodermal and mesodermal lineages exhibited distinct changes in the mRNA capping enzymes expression. In mESCs, RAM promotes expression of translation-associated proteins and promotes global loading of mRNA on ribosomes. RAM contributes to the ESC-specific gene expression program, by maintaining optimal expression of pluripotency-associated transcripts and inhibiting expression of neural genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that RAM, RNMT and CMTR1 promote binding of RNA polymerase II at gene loci. In RAM-repressed cells, RNA polymerase II binding was reduced at pluripotency-associated genes, but relatively increased at neural genes. Moreover, knock-down of RNMT or CMTR1 induced increased or decreased accumulation of RNA polymerase II at promoter proximal regions respectively. In naïve T cells, Rnmt or Cmtr1 conditional knock-outs caused downregulation of translation-related transcripts and upregulation of cell cycle transcripts. Furthermore, many transcripts were specifically dependent on RNMT or CMTR1 for expression, demonstrating distinct roles of these cap methyltransferases. Thus, the mRNA cap methylation emerges as an important regulator of pluripotency and differentiation, modulating gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.

Le sol est une ressource rare remplissant de nombreuses fonctions nécessaires au bon fonctionnement des écosystèmes et de nos sociétés. Malgré tout, il subit des pressions anthropiques à l’origine de sa déterioration. Ainsi en Europe, 16% du territoire est sujet à des degradations des sols. Une des menaces affectant l’homeostasie des sols est la contamination chimique issue des sites à activités industrielles. Ces sites contaminés, estimés au nombre 2,5 millions en Europe sont à l’origine d’un risque pour la santé humaine et environnementale. Malheureusement, à l’heure actuelle, il n’existe pas de cadre réglementaire européen commun concernant la gestion de ces sites, dont les diagnostics sont réalisés uniquement sur des listes restreintes de molécules et les polluants prioritaires. Cependant, la contamination des sols est généralement issue de mélanges complexes dont la toxicité est due à un ensemble de contaminants. L’objectif de cette thèse concerne l’identification de composés à l’origine de la toxicité des sols pollués en appliquant une analyse dirigée par l’effet (EDA), une technique qui combine des analyses biologiques et chimiques à un fractionnement physico-chimique. Après le développement de l’EDA pour les matrices solides, cette approche a été utilisée sur site afin d’identifier des composés liant le recepteur des hydrocarbures aromatiques (AhR). Ceci à permis de mettre au jour des contaminants à activité biologique non pris en compte dans les diagnostics des sols pollués tels que des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques non prioritaires selon l’US-EPA, leurs produits d’oxydation ainsi que des composés contenant des N-,S-,O-Heterocyles. / The soil is a scarce resource fulfilling many functions necessary for the proper functioning of ecosystems and societies. Nevertheless, it suffers human pressures causing its deterioration. In Europe, 16% of the territory is subject to soil degradations. One of the threats to the soil homeostasis is the chemical contamination from industrial activity sites. These contaminated sites, estimated to number of 2.5 million in Europe are causing a risk to human and environmental health. Unfortunately, at present there is no common European regulatory framework for the management of these sites, whose diagnoses are made only on short lists of molecules and priority pollutants. However, soil contamination generally comes from complex mixtures whose toxicity is due to a combination of contaminants. The aim of this work concerns the identification of compounds responsible for the toxicity of the contaminated soil by applying an effect-directed analysis (EDA), a technique which combines biological and chemical analyzes to a physico-chemical fractionation. After the development of EDA on the solid matrices, this approach has been used on polluted sites to identify the compounds binding to the aryl hydrocabon receptor (AhR). This allowed to highlight contaminants with a biological activity not included in the diagnoses of polluted soils such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons non-priority according to US-EPA, their oxidation products and compounds containing N -, S-, O-heterocycles.

A Faixa Paraguai é uma faixa de dobramentos neoproterozoicos ao sul do Cráton Amazônico. No Brasil, está, localizada nos estados de Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul. Esta faixa tem sido alvo de constantes discussões sobre questões paleoambientais, paleoecológicas e evolutivas globais, uma vez que, em suas unidades ocorrem depósitos pós-glaciais marinoanos, as chamadas capas carbonáticas, típicas do inicio do Ediacarano, além de Cloudina lucianoi, fóssil índice do Ediacarano final, associado a outros metazoários. Nesta tese, foram estudados oito afloramentos: três pertencentes à Faixa Paraguai Sul- Formação Bocaina (FB) - Grupo Corumbá e cinco, à Faixa Paraguai Norte- Grupo Araras, sendo dois afloramentos na Formação Mirassol D\'Oeste (FMO), base do grupo e três afloramentos na Formação Nobres (FN), última formação do Grupo Araras. No total foram analisadas 73 amostras representativas de estromatólitos e 37 lâminas petrográficas de estromatólitos e rocha encaixante. Em três afloramentos, definidos como capas carbonáticas, a análise e a comparação entre a associação de estruturas tubulares e estromatólitos indicou que estas estruturas sedimentares são um importante marcador estratigráfico dos depósitos de capas carbonáticas Marinoanas. No entanto, as estruturas previamente descritas como tubulares no afloramento de Porto Morrinhos (FB), são interpretados aqui como estromatólitos colunares sem associação com os eventos do início do Ediacarano. Com a caracterização das associações de estromatólitos e estruturas tubulares nos afloramentos de Morraria do Sul e Forte de Coimbra, foi proposto, neste trabalho, que estes afloramentos não fazem parte da Formação Bocaina, e sim cronocorrelatos à Formação Mirassol D\'Oeste, no inicio do Ediacarano. O escape de fluidos foi considerado a explicação mais adequada para a origem das estruturas tubulares, corroborando alguns estudos originais. Neste sentido, é provável que o fluido tenha se originado do acúmulo de matéria orgânica nos estromatólitos. A comparação entre diferentes ocorrências de estruturas tubulares indicaram que estas possuem uma origem comum, porém, diferem em relação a sua história sedimentar. Em alguns ambientes, as estruturas tubulares eram espaços abertos na interface água-sedimento, enquanto que em outros eram espaços sem esse tipo de contato. A textura dos microbialitos de capas carbonáticas é composta por peloides amalgamados em grumos arredondados interpretados como restos micritizados de colônias cocooidais de cianobactérias. A alternância laminar observada na Pedreira Terconi pode ser relacionada a mudanças sazonais das comunidades dominantes. Os laminitos microbianos de capa carbonática formaram-se em plataformas bem iluminadas, calmas, abaixo do nível de ondas de tempestade, sem contribuição de siliciclásticos, concordante com o ambiente transgressivo proposto para o pós-glacial. A Formação Mirassol D\'Oeste, base do Grupo Araras, apresenta aproximadamente 10 metros de laminitos microbianos seguidos de camadas de megamarcas onduladas com lentes de megapelóides gerados pela ação de ondas de \"hypercanes\" que ocorreram durante a deposição das capas carbonáticasMarinoanas. Estes furações e a ação de ondas foram o motivo para o fim da deposição microbiana na Formação Mirassol D\'Oeste. Na Formação Nobres, última formação do Grupo Araras, foram identificados 15 níveis de estromatólitos, silicificados. A silicificação ocorreu durante a diagênese, obliterando em muitos níveis a laminação estromatolítica. Os estromatólitos da Formação Nobres foram divididos em quatro associações de morfotipos. A distribuição, desenvolvimento e abundância dos morfotipos foi regida por fatores sedimentológicos, devido a variações do nível do mar. O fim dos estromatóltios da Formação Nobres é concomitante com o fim da sedimentação carbonática do Grupo Araras. A evolução dos estromatólitos do Grupo Araras revelou uma variação nas formas e participação dos estromatólitos na composição litofaciológica desta plataforma carbonática. Na Formação Mirassol D\'Oeste, os estromatólitos são abundantes e considerados um dos principais componentes arquiteturais da plataforma carbonática, enquanto na Formação Nobres, apesar da alta frequência e variação de morfotipos dos estromatólitos, a contribuição na composição litofaciológica da plataforma carbonática é mínima. As variações de formas e abundância dos estromatólitos ao longo do Grupo Araras sugerem mudanças em relação importância dos microbialitos na composição das unidades estratigráficas, bem como a alteração nas condições de sedimentação do sistema deposicional -variação do nível do mar e influxo de siliciclásticos- do Grupo Araras. / The Paraguay Belt is a Neoproterozoic fold belt at the south of the Amazon Craton. In Brazil, the Paraguay belt is located in the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, central Brazil. The Paraguay Belt has been the subject of constant discussion of paleoenvironmental, paleoecological and evolutionary questions, since, in their units occur the Marinoan post-glacial deposits, the so called \"cap carbonates\", typical of the beginning of the Ediacaran, and Cloudina lucianoi, index fossil of the late Ediacaran, associated with other metazoans. In this thesis, eight outcrops were studied: three belonging to the Southern Paraguay Belt -Bocaina Formation (FB)-Corumbá Group and five outcrops belonging to the Northern Paraguay Belt- Araras Group, two outcrops in Mirassol D\'Oeste Formaton (FMO), the group\'s base and three outcrops in the Nobres Formation (FN), the last unit of the Araras Group. In total 73 representative samples of stromatolites and 37 thin sections of stromatolites and host rock were analyzed. In three outcrops, defined as cap carbonates, analysis and comparison of the tubestone structures and microbial laminites association indicated that these sedimentary structures are an important stratigraphic marker for the deposits of Marinoan cap carbonates. However, the tubular structures previously assigned as tubestone structures in Porto Morrinhos outcrop (FB) are interpreted here as columnar stromatolites unassociated with the events of the early Ediacaran.With the characterization of the tubestone-stromatolite association in the outcrops of Morraria do Sul and Forte de Coimbra, it was proposed in this study that these outcrops are not part of Bocaina Formation but are cronocorrelated to MirassolD\'Oeste Formation, at the beggining of the Ediacaran. The fluid escape was considered the most suitable explanation for the origin of tubestone structures, corroborating some original studies. Therefore, it is likely that the fluids had originated from the accumulation of organic matter in the stromatolites within the cap carbonates. The comparison between different occurrences of tubular structures indicated that they have a common origin, however, differ in their sedimentary history. In some environments, the tubular structures were open spaces in the water-sediment interface, while others were in areas the structures were without such contact. The texture of cap carbonate microbialites comprises peloids amalgamated into rounded microclots interpreted as micritization remains of cocooidal colonies of cyanobacteria. The laminar alternation observed in the quarry Terconi (Mirassol D\'Oeste Formation) may be related to seasonal changes of the dominant communities. The microbial laminites of the Marinoan cap carbonates formed in well-lit platforms, calm, below the level of storm waves, without contribution of siliciclastic, concordant with the transgressive environment proposed for the post-glacial. At the Mirassol D\'Oeste Formation, base of the Araras Group, approximately 10 meters of microbial laminites where described, covered by a packstone deposit of megaripple marks with megapeloid lenses generated by the action of wave \"hypercanes\" that occurred during the deposition of the Marinoan Cap Carbonates. These hypercanes and the wave action were the reason for the waning of microbial deposition in Mirassol D\'Oeste Formation. In the Nobres Formation, at the upper part of the Araras Group, 15 levels of silicified stromatolites were identified. The silicification occurred during late diagenesis, obliterating many portions of stromatolitic lamination. Stromatolites of Nobres Formation were divided into four morphotypes associations. The distribution, development and abundance of morphotypes was governed by sedimentological factors, due to sea level variations. The end of stromatolites in the Nobres Formation is concomitant with the end of carbonate sedimentation of the Araras Group. In Mirassol D\'Oeste Formation, stromatolites are plentiful and considered one of the major architectural components of the carbonate platform, while the Nobres Formation, despite the high frequency and morphotypes variation of stromatolites, the contribution in the litofaciological composition of carbonate platform is minimal. The variations of forms and the abundance of stromatolites along the Araras Group suggest changes regarding importance of microbialites in the composition of stratigraphic units as well as the change in the depositional system - variation in sedimentation conditions of the sea level and the influx of terrigenous in the Araras Group.