Made available in DSpace on 2008-05-13T13:16:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1994-12-21 / O objetivo principal da tese medir a velocidade de convergência entre renda per-capita dos estados brasileiros. Para atingir este intento tese foi dividida em dois capítulos, um para situar discussão realizada na literatura relacionada ao crescimento econômico, outro para realizar tarefa que se propunha trabalho. No primeiro capitulo é feita uma revisão de todos os principais modelos de crescimento desenvolvidos partir da tradição neoclássica de funções de produção com rendimentos decrescentes para os fatores de produção. Nesta revisão são destacados duas importantes conclusões destes modelos, a existência de convergência entre renda per-capita de todos os países ao esgotamento do crescimento. Logo em seguida são apresentadas tentativas de construção de modelos que não levem estes resultados. Por fim, são feitas considerações respeito de convergência entre renda per-capita de países com características semelhantes, culminando no tema de convergência entre estados de um mesmo pais. No segundo capitulo principal objetivo verificar existência de um processo de convergência entre renda per-capita para caso dos estados brasileiros e, uma vez verificada existência deste processo, calcular velocidade de convergência. Para alcançar este objetivo utiliza-se da metodologia usada por Barro Sala-i-Martin Convergence, Journal of Political Economy, 1992) para os estados americanos. No desenvolver do trabalho também foi feita uma tentativa para estimar os PIB's dos estados brasileiros para ano de 1990. conclusão obtida de que os estados brasileiros estão convergindo em termos de renda per-capita, porem uma velocidade menor que a dos estados americanos.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker relationen mellan ekonomisk tillväxt och sjukdomsepidemin HIV/AIDS i 47 afrikanska länder. Den empiriska undersökningenär utförd med hjälp av regressionsanalys med paneldata. Genom att använda data från olika välkända källor har BNP/capita för varje land undersökts. Olika faktorer som förväntas påverka utvecklingen i BNP/capita undersöks. BNP/capita har logaritmeratsi modellen för att fånga den procentuella förändringen. De inkluderade oberoende variablerna i undersökningen är andelen smittade iHIV/AIDS i åldrarna 15-49, förväntad livslängd vid födseln, inflation, befolkningstillväxt, internetanvändare, utländska investeringar samt den släpande logaritmerade BNP/capita under åren 1990-2013. Den empiriska undersökningen visar att HIV-epidemin har en positiv inverkan på den ekonomiska tillväxten. Effekten är troligen indirekt då en ökad andel sjuka leder till större efterfrågan på arbete inom sjukvårdssektorn och arbete som täcker upp för de som har insjuknat eller inte kan arbeta på grund av sin sjukdom. Undersökningensresultat är inte i linje med de flesta tidigare undersökningar som säger att HIV/AIDSär negativ för den ekonomiska tillväxten.

Background: The changes in diet and physical activity in populations over time has been described as the nutrition transition. It is currently thought that many developing nations are in a transition from the receding famine to the degenerative disease profile as these nations adopt “western diets” and the people become more sedentary. The literature has shown a unique relationship between Gross National Income (GNI) per capita and obesity. At or above a GNI per capita of $2500 (US), prevalence of obesity increase among lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups and falls in upper SES groups. Methods: To examine this transition in one country, data were analyzed from Peru. The data were obtained from the United States Agency for International Development’s Demographic Health Surveys administered from 1991 to 2008. During this time Peru’s GNI per capita increased from $1090 to $3990. For the analysis, all non pregnant women aged 15 to 49 who had body mass index (BMI) measurements taken during the survey were included. Prevalence ratios of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity were compared for place of residence (urban or rural) and educational attainment for all four surveys completed during those years (1991-2, 1996, 2000, and 2004-5). Food consumption patterns in children from the same household were examined for surveys completed in 2000 and 2004. Results and Discussion: Over the survey period (1991-2005), average BMI measurements and obesity prevalence increased in all women in Peru from 8-12%. However, both average BMI and prevalence of obesity increased more rapidly in rural women. In terms of educational attainment, a proxy for SES, obesity was highest among urban women with higher educational attainment initially. However, it increased among other educational attainment groups over time. For rural women, obesity was highest among those with lower educational attainment over time. The consumption of oils, fats, and butters increased from 2000 to 2004 in both urban and rural children with the greatest increase among rural children. Based on the results, it appears that there is evidence of increased prevalence of obesity in rural compared to urban women in Peru from 1991-2005 suggestive of the nutrition transition from receding famine to degenerative disease. The more rapid increase in both BMI and obesity in rural women may be the result of increased access to different food products such as oils, fats and butters and increased consumption in rural areas. More research should be done to further clarify factors affecting this transition and the public health community and the government should examine and attempt to prevent further increase in obesity in Peru.

Denna studie avser att undersöka jämställdhetens relevans ur ett nationalekonomiskt perspektiv. Genom att konstruera jämställdhetskvoter, av kvinnor och mäns utbildning i både antal avklarade skolår och andel med avklarade gymnasiestudier, undersöks korrelationerna mellan ett jämställt humankapital och BNP per capita. Studien ämnar således avgöra vilken påverkan och signifikans ett jämställt humankapital har för BNP per capita. Avsikten är på så vis att öka förståelsen och medvetenheten kring jämställdhetens påverkan i en nationalekonomisk kontext. Studien har utförts med hjälp av statistisk metod i form av en regressionsanalys där höginkomstländer undersökts. En analys av empirin, teoretisk bakgrund & tidigare studier har sedan utgjort underlag för de slutsatser som dragits. Analysen resulterar i fragmentariska slutsatser. Regressionen visar ingen signifikans för varken jämställdhet eller utbildning. Effekterna av flera variabler är oväntade och sambandet man finner mellan den kvot man konstruerat för att mäta jämställdhet och välstånd är negativt vilket motsäger stor del av den teoretiska bakgrunden. Ekonometriska tillkortakommanden kan vara en förklaring till dessa oväntade resultat men det kan också vara så att jämställdhet faktiskt inte har någon påverkan i höginkomstländer. Endast ett fåtal tidigare studier för detta fokusområde (höginkomstländer) har utförts och resultaten från dessa är tvetydiga vilket innebär att de varken stöttar eller avfärdar vårt resultat. På grund av tvetydigheterna i resultaten kan inte några generaliserande slutsatser dras utifrån utförd regressionsanalys. Studien är följaktligen bättre lämpad som inspiration för vidare forskning inom ämnet.

Den här studien är ett försök att empiriskt påvisa sambandet mellan utbildning och ekonomisk tillväxt i U-länder, vilket humankapitalteorin hävdar att den visar. Tidigare forskning som undersökt detta samband har inte varit eniga gällande utbildningens signifikans på tillväxten, vilket kan bero på vilka utbildningsvariabler man använt och den ojämna tillgången av tillförlitliga data, vilket vi också uppmärksammar i vår uppsats. I uppsatsen visar vi på olika faktorer som kan påverka utbildningens effekter på ekonomisk tillväxt i U-länder. I våra undersökningar testas två olika mått för utbildning som båda anses vara viktiga för ekonomisk tillväxt. Dessa är utbildningskvantiteten och utbildningskvaliteten. Detta genomförs genom två olika tvärsnittsregressioner för ett urval av U-länder under perioden 2005-2012. Flera viktiga faktorer som anses påverka ekonomisk tillväxt har inkluderats i regressionerna. Dessa oberoende variabler är initial BNP per capita, utländska direktinvesteringar, befolkningstillväxt, korruptionsgrad samt demokratinivå. Studien har använts sig av sekundärdata från erkända organisationer som t.ex. Världsbanken. De empiriska resultaten visar att utbildningskvantiteten i form av genomsnittligt antal år av uppnådd utbildning inte har något samband med BNP per capita medan vårt andra mått där såväl kvantitativa som kvalitativa mått på utbildning använts påvisar ett starkt signifikant samband med ekonomisk tillväxt. Våra resultat stämmer överens med några tidigare studier som visar att utbildningskvaliteten kan vara viktigare än antal utbildningsår för sambandet med ekonomisk tillväxt.

This dissertation investigates the casual relationship between trade openness and economic growth in a sample of 87 countries (developing & developed) during the period 1970-2013. According to the previous literature, the openness-growth relationship seems to be relatively unclear and inconclusive, although the general tendency is that openness has a positive impact on economic growth. Our empirical results confirm this ambiguous relationship and provide evidence which vary across model specification. Regarding of the per capita income regression for all countries, trade openness has a positive but not a robust impact on income, as the coefficient of openness is positive but at the same time insignificant. As far as growth regression is concerned, it seems that there is a positive relationship between openness and growth for all countries. More specific, for developing countries trade openness has a negative effect on income per capita and a positive one on income growth. On the other hand, a negative relationship between openness and income per capita and income growth presented in our results for developed countries.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio Econômico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia, Florianópolis, 2017. / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T03:15:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 348877.pdf: 814916 bytes, checksum: 366e4c34d5ac89eda43a95b6f1976d50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / A questão da mobilidade de renda e suas implicações têm recebido maior atenção por parte dos pesquisadores nos últimos anos. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de descrever o comportamento da mobilidade de renda entre os estratos econômicos no Brasil, tendo como base as informações da Pesquisa Nacional por Domicílios (PNAD) de 2004, 2008 e 2012. Para tanto, foram estimadas as probabilidades de transição entre os quintis de renda, através do método de Cadeias de Markov. Tais probabilidades consideram os rendimentos familiares per capita dos indivíduos economicamente ativos (PEA).Os resultados sugerem persistência entre os quintis de renda durante os anos observados, isto é: baixa mobilidade entre os estratos. / Abstract : The issue of income mobility and its implications has received greater recognition from researchers in recent years. The present study aims at describing the behavior of income mobility among socioeconomic strata in Brazil, based on National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) of IBGE from 2004, 2008, and 2012. To do so, the transition probabilities among the income quintiles were estimated, using the Markov Chain method. Such probabilities take into account the per capita family income of economically active people (PEA). The results suggest persistence among the income quintiles during the observed years: showing low mobility between the socioeconomic strata.

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TITLE: The Impact of Institutions on Economic Growth.MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Wanki Moon. Based on the cross-sectional data, my thesis examined the relationship between the Economic Freedom Indices and per capita GDP. This thesis demonstrates that the rule of law category, which includes the property right variable, is the category that most affects per capita GDP which demonstrates the importance of the institution. Data from 184 countries published by Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal were used. I analyzed the data using the OLS regression model to explore the relationship between Economic Freedom index and per capita GDP. The first model I analyzed is simple regression which regress economic freedom indices on per capita GDP. The result of the regression showed that all variables are significant, except the Tax Burden and Fiscal Health variables which were insignificant. The Government Spending and Tax Burden are the only variables have a negative effect on per capita GDP. The second model I analyzed was multiple regression for each category’s components, then I repeated the model four times, since there are four different categories with three components each. It is important to analyze each category by itself to explore what the relationship is between the component in each category and per capita GDP. The results of regression on each category including the three different components show that government integrity (from the rule of law category), government spending and fiscal health (from government size category), business freedom (from regulatory efficiency category), trade freedom and financial freedom (from open market category) are significant variables and affected per capita GDP positively except for government spending which has a negative effect on per capita GDP. On the other hand, the variables which are insignificant like property right from the rule of law category, monetary freedom from regulatory efficiency category have a positive effect on per capita GDP. But the Judicial Efficiency from the rule of law category, tax burden from government size, labor freedom from regulatory efficiency category and investment freedom from open markets are insignificant and have a negative effect on per capita GDP. However, when we look to the category as a group, we find that all four grouped index freedom is significant at 99% significant level. R-square is highest for rule of law category (68%) and very low for government size (16.7%). The third model I used includes four categories by computing the average of each category’s components, we found, by looking at R-square, that 65.4% of per capita GDP is explained by these four categories. Surprisingly, I found that the rule of law category is the only significant variable with positive effect on GDP per capita. On the other hand, Government Size, and Regulatory Efficiency are insignificant variables and have a negative effect on per capita GDP. Open Market category is insignificant variable and has a positive effect on per capita GDP.

Esta pesquisa analisa a convergência da renda per capita dos municípios do Estado de Roraima, no período compreendido entre os anos de 1999 a 2004. Para determinar a hipótese de convergência, aplicou-se os testes de β - convergência e σ -convergência e utilizou-se o método de estimação de Barro e Sala-i-Martin (1991,1992). Para este método é aplicado um modelo linear simples de mínimos quadrados ordinários da taxa de crescimento da renda per capita em relação ao logaritmo da renda per capita inicial. Os resultados denotam a existência de β -convergência absoluta entre os municípios, o que indica que as economias menos desenvolvidas cresceram mais que as mais desenvolvidas, de forma que reduziu as disparidades entre os municípios neste período. Relacionada a β -convergência condicional, foi obtido o crescimento com redução das disparidades, contudo é apresentada uma diferença ínfima em relação à β - convergência absoluta, em que a variável de controle educação, representada pela taxa de matrícula, não influenciou de forma intensa. Concernente a β - convergência, os resultados demonstraram a ocorrência de redução da dispersão da renda per capita, indicando a mesma tendência da β -convergência absoluta. / This research examines the convergence of per capita income of the municipalities of the State of Roraima, in the period between the years 1999 to 2004. To determine the possibility of convergence, was applied, the tests of β - convergence and σ -convergence and using the method of estimation of Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1991, 1992). This method is applied to a simple linear model of ordinary least squares of the growth rate of per capita income on the logarithm of initial income per capita. The results show the existence of absolute β - convergence between the municipalities, which indicates that the less developed economies grew more than the most developed, so that reduced the disparities between municipalities in this period. Related to the conditional β -convergence, the growth was achieved with reduction of disparities, however is a small difference with respect to absolute convergence, where the control variable of education, represented by the rate of registration, not influenced so intense. Concerning the β -convergence, the results demonstrated the occurrence of reduction of the dispersion of per capita income, indicating the same trend of absolute β - convergence.