This dissertation investigates the limitations on the emergence of the Angolan stock market. It also examines the strategies developed by sub-Saharan African stock exchanges when facing similar issues. It uses information obtained from participants to recommend actions to be taken by the Angolan government and institutions related to capital markets. The analysis shows that some prerequisites must be prepared to establish any equity market and enhance the continued development of capital markets. Determinants of capital markets show that macroeconomic and institutional approaches are critical tools for stock market development. Results of this study tell us that stock markets do not follow a linear path. No such formula exists to apply to have the same results as other geographies because market characteristics are different. However, some conditions must be conceived to host the stock market. Additionally, the collaboration of the government, regulators, policymakers, and other stakeholders has been crucial for developing capital markets.

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This research project explores the rise of Chinese cross-border finance. Cross-border investment programmes have been at the heart of China's financial liberalisation. Yet, we know little about what drives the expansion of these new market entry channels and the effects they have on global finance. This thesis explores the role that formal and informal institutions play in China's financial system, by addressing three main research goals: (1) to rethink analytical frameworks of global financial networks, by shifting the focus to channels of state power; (2) to investigate how such formal institutions shape competitive hierarchies in financial markets, both inside and outside of China; (3) to demonstrate that informal institutions such as a common cultural identity are equally important to explain behaviour and outcomes in Chinese cross-border finance. The thesis pursues this agenda through four substantive papers, each with its own subset of research goals and findings. The papers follow a three-fold structure. The thesis begins with an analytical focus on agents (micro-level), by examining the evolution of state-firm relations in Chinese cross-border finance. The first paper develops a politically sensitive framework of global financial networks, which conceptualises how bargaining dynamics within China's party-state shape competitive hierarchies in Chinese capital markets. Drawing on these theoretical insights, the second paper breaks new empirical ground, by explaining the asymmetrical nature of market access criteria for foreign investors. The third paper zooms out on the global consequences that Chinese state control has for money centres (macro-level). It sheds light on how state-firm relations shaped London's development as the first Western offshore trading centre for Chinese currency. The fourth paper shifts the attention to the role of informal social institutions in Chinese equity markets. It presents the first empirical study of how a common cultural identity with Mainland China governs the behaviour of different investor categories (group-level). The thesis distils the following findings: Bargaining conflicts inside the Chinese party-state have a decisive impact on competitive outcomes and behaviour in Chinese cross-border finance, both domestically and globally. Strategic state interests form an interdependent relationship with the resources supplied by foreign investors and domestic corporate players. Domestically, these resource interdependencies explain the asymmetrical nature of market access under China's cross-border investment schemes. Globally, the shift in state-firm bargaining dynamics from strategic alignment to an increasing bifurcation of interests explains the patchy integration of RMB finance into London's financial architectures. Informal social institutions equally shape competitive outcomes in China's capital markets. Whilst the literature identifies shared cultural identity as a source of local information advantage, this thesis finds the opposite: A common cultural background with national Chinese investors reduces information asymmetries for foreign investors but it does not equate to local information advantages. Overall, the four substantive papers add up to a multifaceted yet integrated perspective on the drivers, dynamics and consequences of Chinese cross-border finance. They clarify that the intersection of formal state governance and informal social forces is essential for understanding how the spread of neoliberal market forces unfolds across Chinese capital markets. This thesis thus affirms that space and place remain central to our understanding of financial market outcomes.

This paper investigates the impact of diversification and the financial crisis on firm performance in India.The dataset of this paper is focused on Indian publicly listed firms between 2006 and 2012. By analyzingaccounting-based and market-based measures of firm performance, this study tries to explain the factorsthat influences the costs and benefits of diversified firms compared to non-diversified firms. This studyfound that diversified firms have on average a higher firm performance than non-diversified firms.During the global financial crisis, the performance of both diversified and non-diversified firms in Indiadeteriorated caused by a meltdown of global economic activities. This study does not find evidence thatdiversified firms perform relatively better than non-diversified firms during crisis times. Diversification isexpected to be more beneficial in the absence of well-developed and integrated capital markets due theeffects of “more money” and “smarter money”, arising from an increased efficiency of the internalcapital market. The analysis gives an impression that the total number of diversified firms increased afterthe crisis.

Abstract/ Modern Types of Derivatives and its Reflection in the Positive Law The purpose of my thesis is to provide an introduction to modern types of derivatives and analyze its regulation in the positive law of the Czech Republic. The reason for my research is an absence of literature on modern types of derivatives in the Czech language, as well as the fact that the legal nature of derivatives remains still unclear. The thesis is composed of four chapters. Chapter One provides an introduction into derivatives in general. It deals with the notion of derivatives and classifies them as an innovative instrument of the capital market. It also tries to analyze various definitions of derivatives, and although it concludes that there is no ideal, all-encompassing definition of derivatives, existing definitions usually give fairly good idea about what the derivatives are. Chapter One further deals with the regulation of derivatives in the Czech law (importantly, its tries to rebut an opinion that derivatives fall under the regulation of hazardous activities), it focuses on economic function of derivatives (namely hedging and speculation), it explains and justifies the division of derivatives into "classic" and "modern" or "exotic" derivatives, and finally it describes the main types of classic derivatives and its...

This dissertation addresses two major issues. First, it investigates whether currency risk commands a significant premium in representative equity markets in Africa. The International Arbitrage Pricing Theory and the Stochastic Discount Factor model respectively provide the analytical frameworks for the unconditional and the conditional asset pricing models used to investigate currency risk pricing. Empirical data analysis uses the Generalized Method of Moments estimation technique. Second, it examines the nexus between real foreign exchange rates and net international portfolio flows in representative capital markets in Africa. Time series and panel data techniques are employed to this end. The study covers seven major African countries: Botswana, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, and South Africa over the period January 1997 through December 2009. Foreign exchange risk is found to be non-priced unconditionally when returns are measured in the US dollar; weakly priced unconditionally when returns are measured in the euro; and priced with time-varying risk premia in the conditional sense. Africa’s equity markets are found to be partially integrated with the rest of the world. Monthly international portfolio flows to Africa are found to be low, non-persistent and relatively volatile. Using monthly data, Granger causality tests and innovation accounting from vector autoregressions (VARs), the study shows that the dynamic relationship between the real exchange rates and net portfolio flows is both country-dependent and time-varying. The findings are robust to alternative VAR specifications. However, annual data exhibit strong causality moving from real exchange rates to net portfolio flows, suggesting that fluctuations in real exchange rates inform the investment decisions of foreign investors in Africa’s capital markets. Among the key policy implications, it is recommended that, in addition to the US dollar and precious metals, Africa’s monetary authorities should regard the euro as an important reserve currency; that policies be put in place to expedite the development of private fixed income securities and derivatives markets; that sound monetary policies be instituted to ensure that interest rate changes are market-determined and inflationary pressures are well-managed; and that regional markets integration and financial sector development policies be pursued more meticulously by governments in Africa.

O investimento é resultado de uma ação simultânea entre dois agentes: a empresa e o mercado. Enquanto a empresa segue um comportamento que implica em alterações nos recursos investidos, para o mercado existe um comportamento de valoração, caracterizado por atribuição de valor aos recursos investidos que não envolve alteração desses, e sim do respectivo preço. Nesta dissertação são comparados os Mercados de Capitais de oito países, seguindo a um modelo dinâmico que busca estimar a capacidade de resposta de cada agente; constatou-se diferenças entre essa capacidade nos diferentes países, assim como nas situações esperadas de equilíbrio, seja em sub-investimento ou sobre-investimento. Ao mesmo tempo, verificou-se a predominância da resposta das empresas, indicando uma possível evidência para a eficiência do mercado e uma necessidade em buscar entender como a empresa pode participar do processo. / Investment results from a simultaneous action by two agents: the firm and the market. While the firms behavior implies on invested resources, the market forwards on valuation of this resources, allocating prices. This paper compare Capital Market of eight countries, according a dynamic model that estimates the reaction capacity of each agent. The main findings consists on confirmation of differences between countries parameters, as well on equilibrium (under-investment and over-investment). Also the results shows the predominance of firms reaction (or need to), revealing one possible evidence on market efficiency and a need for better understanding of firms rule on the process.

Este trabalho busca analisar a influência do endividamento e da restrição financeira das companhias nos seus custos de emissão em ofertas iniciais de ações (IPOs) e ofertas subsequentes de ações (SEOs). A metodologia utilizada baseou-se na análise de regressão múltipla e na análise de regressão com variáveis instrumentais em uma amostra de 106 observações para IPOs e 66 observações para SEOs. Os resultados indicam que, para IPOs, os custos de emissão de ações têm relação negativa com endividamento possivelmente em função do benefício econômico do endividamento. Já as empresas consideradas restritas financeiramente pagam mais caro para fazer seu IPO. Em SEOs, as comissões dos bancos de investimento só têm relação negativa com o endividamento até certo nível de alavancagem financeira. A partir de um determinado ponto os custos ficam maiores, indicando que empresas sobrealavancadas pagam maiores comissões para realização das ofertas. Empresas endividadas e restritas também pagam mais caro para realizar a SEO, indicando que empresas com estas características de fato podem demorar a ajustar sua estrutura de capital, conforme apontado por Leary e Roberts (2005) e por Longstaff e Strebulaev (2014). Os resultados são robustos quanto ao tratamento de endogenia das variáveis endividamento e custos de emissão de ações. / This study aims to analyze the influence of financial leverage and financial constraints on the issue costs of IPOs and SEOs. The analysis was made based on ordinary least square and instrumental variable regression of a sample of 106 observations for IPOs and 66 observations for SEOs. The results showed that for IPOs the cost of issuing equity had a negative relationship with leverage possibly due to tax shields. Constrained companies pay more to issue equity in IPOs. Financial leverage had a negative coefficient to explain investment banks commission in SEOs, but it happens only until certain level of leverage. Overleveraged companies pay higher commissions to issue equity in SEOs. Additionally, leveraged companies that are also considered financially constrained pay higher commissions. Thus, leveraged and constrained companies may spend more time to adjust their capital structure, as showed by Leary and Roberts (2005) and Longstaff and Strebulaev (2014). All results are robust for the endogeneity between leverage and equity issue costs.

O estudo dos impactos das questões socioambientais e de governança corporativa sobre o desempenho financeiro das empresas tem atenção crescente nas últimas décadas. Não há consenso, no entanto, sobre a geração de vantagens competitivas ou custos adicionais às empresas, decorrentes da integração dessas questões às suas estratégias, processos, produtos e forma de se relacionar com suas partes interessadas. As mudanças climáticas surgem nesse contexto como uma questão de endereçamento urgente pelo setor público e privado, e seus impactos sobre a atividade produtiva ainda não são claros, e variam significativamente de acordo com o setor e mercado de atuação de cada companhia. O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar a existência de correlação e relação de causalidade entre o desempenho financeiro e eficiência na gestão de emissões de gases de efeito estufa das empresas do mercado de capitais brasileiro. Para isso, foram analisados os coeficientes de Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa em relação à Receita das companhias integrantes do Índice Carbono Eficiente da BM&FBOVESPA, entre os anos de 2010 e 2013. Estes dados foram analisados em relação às principais variáveis econômico-financeiras, utilizando-se regressões univariadas por Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários, MQO, controladas pelo tamanho, risco e setor de atuação das empresas. A partir da análise dos resultados, não se pode afirmar que as empresas menos emissoras incorrem em menor desempenho financeiro. Os resultados, embora sujeitos às limitações do curto histórico e número reduzido de observações, apontam para uma relação negativa entre o coeficiente de emissões e as variáveis de retorno econômico-financeiro, com significância estatística nas regressões em que se utiliza o Retorno sobre o Patrimônio Líquido. Embora ainda sejam necessários estudos mais aprofundados sobre o tema, as indicações são de que as empresas mais eficientes no combate de emissões de gases de efeito estufa no mercado de capitais brasileiros tendem a apresentar um retorno maior para seus acionistas. / The study of the impact of environmental, social and governance issues on companies\' financial performance has received attention over the past few decades. There is no consensus, though, whether they create competitive advantages or additional costs to corporations, due to the integration of these issues into companies\' strategy, processes, products and the way they interact with their stakeholders. Climate change emerges in this context as an urgent issue to be addressed by public and private sector, and its impact over productive activity is not clear yet, varying significantly according to each company\'s sector and target market. This dissertation\'s objective is to study the existence of correlation and causality between the financial performance and the efficiency in greenhouse gas emissions of the companies in the Brazilian capital market. For that, the Greenhouse Gas Emissions coefficient, in relation to companies\' Revenues, was analyzed for the companies that integrate the Brazilian Carbon Efficient Index, in the period between 2010 and 2013. The data was analyzed against the main financial performance figures of the same companies, using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions, controlled by companies\' size, risk and sector. From the results, it is not possible to conclude that companies with less emission present reduced financial returns. The results, although limited by the short historic data and reduced number of observations, point to a negative relation between the emissions coefficient and economic and financial return figures, with statistical significance when using the Return on Equity. Although further studies are required, the trend is that companies more efficient in reducing greenhouse gas emissions present a higher financial return to shareholders.