Le délit d’initié peut être légal ou illégal selon le moment où l’initié fait le commerce : il est illégal lorsque l’information est non publique. Effectuer une négociation tout en ayant une connaissance particulière est injuste pour les autres investisseurs qui ne disposent pas de l’accès à ces connaissances. Les dirigeants ne sont pas les seuls à être reconnus coupables du délit d’initié. Des gens comme les courtiers, et même les membres de familles peuvent en être coupables. Par contre, le délit d’initié est légal une fois l’information a été rendue publique, au moment où l’initié n’a aucun avantage direct sur d’autres investisseurs. La tendance est à la pénalisation du délit d’initié ainsi qu’à la création d’une autorité de régulation spécifique aux marchés financiers. Ce travail s’appuie donc sur une étude des différents systèmes juridiques répressifs qui tendent à assurer la transparence des marchés et veiller au respect de l’égalité entre les opérateurs par le phénomène de la régulation. On s’attachera dans une première approche à l’originalité de l’infraction, à savoir la double définition qui engendre une double poursuite : pénale et administrative. Et dans une deuxième approche, on analyse la question de l’effectivité du dispositif répressif instauré, dans lequel nous concluons que cette dualité de système répressif face à la règle non bis in idem ne peut être comprise que comme une cohérence et une complémentarité entre les deux ordres de juridictions qui forment une avancée en particulier / Insider trading can be illegal or legal depending on when the insider makes the trade: it is illegal when the material information is still non public, trading while having special knowledge is infer to other investors who don’t have access to such knowledge. Directors are not the only one who has the potential to be convicted of insider trading. People such a brokers and even family members can be guilty. Insider trading is legal once the material information has been made public, at which time the insider has not direct advantage over other investors. The tendency is to the criminalization of insider trading and the foundation of a specific regulatory authority for financial markets. The work is therefore based on a study of different law enforcement jurisdictions which trend to ensure markets transparency and ensure the respect of equity between the operators by the phenomenon of regulation. In a first approach, we study the originality of the crime including the double definition that generates a double prosecution: criminal and administrative. And in a second approach, we analyze the effectiveness of the repressive system in which we realize that this duality of the repressive system facing the non bis in idem can only be seen as coherence and complementarily between the two orders of jurisdictions

Thesis (MDevF (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Portfolio diversification in capital markets is an accepted investment strategy. On the other hand corporate diversification has drawn many opponents especially agency theorists who argue that executives must not diversify their firms. Instead, they must pay out the ‘free cash flows’ used to make acquisitions as dividends so that shareholders can diversify on their own. The ‘conglomerate discount’ of diversified firms in stock markets confirmed this argument and compelled many firms to refocus by selling-off non-core units from the 1980s. Through a case study of Zimbabwe Stock Exchange listed Delta Corporation Limited which spun-off its unrelated subsidiaries to focus on its core cold beverages business in 2001, this thesis investigates if by refocusing conglomerates improve shareholders’ returns. Using inflation adjusted share returns and factoring in risk by adopting the Sharpe index, the study results show that Delta underperformed the market and its peers as a diversified conglomerate but outperformed both benchmarks after refocusing. The study also argues that market failures in Zimbabwe, in particularly the foreign exchange and agriculture markets, compelled firms to divert from their core strategies in order to survive hyperinflation. It concludes by affirming the consensus in corporate diversification research that conglomerates are an inefficient structure for growing shareholders’ returns but may indeed be the default corporate strategy in developing economies frequently marred by market imperfections and failures.

Corporate investment decisions are among the most important decisions of a firm. Internal capital markets play a key role in facilitating the allocation of capital resources in order to finance investment projects within diversified firms. This thesis investigates internal capital markets and its relationship with analysts earnings forecast errors in three countries with two distinct financial systems, namely, the market-based and bank-based financial system. Using segment level data for public listed companies in the UK, France and Germany between 2005 and 2010, we examine the operation and efficiency of internal capital markets in market- and bank-based systems. We also examine the impact of the financial crisis of 2008 on internal capital markets and analysts earnings forecasts errors, namely, the accuracy, bias and dispersion. The findings indicate internal capital markets actively facilitate the allocation of resources within diversified firms and, in general, operate inefficiently. Furthermore, internal capital markets appear to be more active in France compared with the UK. On the other hand, their role appears to be limited in Germany, as segments appear to rely more on their own resources and less on internal capital markets for investments. In addition, we find that internal capital market activity declines and efficiency improves during the financial crisis in UK. In contrast, there is no significant evidence to suggest that efficiency improves during the crisis in France or Germany. This research also finds some evidence to suggest internal capital markets operations aggravate firm complexity and, in turn, negatively affect short-term forecast accuracy in the UK. In addition to this, our analysis shows there is a positive relationship between the size of internal capital markets and dispersion in analysts earnings forecasts. In general, our study shows analysts are optimistic about firms future performance; however, the level of optimism significantly declines during the financial crisis. Lastly, we report a positive relationship between efficiency of internal capital markets and optimism in earnings forecasts.

Subject matter of this thesis is the problem of informed trading on the Prague Stock Exchange. This topic is developed in two directions. First one is empirical analysis of informed trading, which makes use of unique dataset which includes trading in XETRA and SPAD. This dataset enabled the author to compare change in measures of informed trading in respective trading systems. For this comparison models PIN and VPIN are used, the latter for the first time in Czech academic research. Model PIN brings the result that the probability of informed trading has significantly decreased following the transition to XETRA. On the contrary, results of VPIN metric suggest that measure of toxic liquidity has slightly increased. Second one is economic analysis of law. On the basis of economic insight two regulatory issues are identified - the problem of inside information and conflict of interest in case of market makers. Legal analysis has brought two key findings - problem of inside information is the result of incomplete implementation of european legislature and the conflict of interest is attributed to its improper treatment, based on the concept of fiduciary duties, which are hard to enforce in this particular case. Proposal how to fix these problems suggests "chinese wall" as the solution which would...

This study aims to demonstrate how different country and industry-level variables affect the value-creating abilities of CSR initiatives. It contributes to the growing body of literature about CSR as it directly compares the moderating effects of the quality of country-level institutions with the moderating effects of the respective industry sector. The study amongst 3,670 firms in a sample period from 2006-2014 shows that CSR initiatives have a superior value-creating ability in environments with weak capital markets and country governance standards. Firms in controversial industry sectors have a superior ability to create value through CSR because they display a higher potential for reputational gains through CSR due to the nature of their business. The results of the study suggest a supremacy of country-level determinants over industry-level determinants of the CSR-firm value relationship.

The thesis is focused on hedge funds, their definition and historical development. Four investment strategies are further discussed (Global macro, Distressed securities, M&A, Convertible arbitrage) and their performance is displayed during the last thirteen years. We can compare performance of individual investment strategies with global equity index and high-yield bond index, as the alternative for potential investor.

A metrópole de São Paulo posiciona-se como principal praça financeira do território brasileiro. Nela, situa-se a Bolsa de Valores, Mercadorias e Futuros de São Paulo (BM&FBovespa), que é, atualmente, a única bolsa de valores em operação no país. Avaliando o processo de desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais brasileiro, buscamos entender o surgimento e a transformação das bolsas de valores, discutindo a centralização e a concentração das instituições financeiras no território e suas implicações. Buscamos também entender como se dá o processo de expansão e de internacionalização da bolsa de valores brasileira, observando como São Paulo se insere como participante de peso no mercado financeiro internacional e questionando as consequências da concentração dessas atividades em poucos pontos do território brasileiro, assim como os efeitos da expansão das atividades financeiras no mundo contemporâneo. / The metropolis of São Paulo stands as the main financial center in the Brazilian territory. The São Paulo Stock, Commodities and Futures Exchange is currently the only stock exchange operating in the country. Evaluating the process of development of the Brazilian capital market, we seek to understand the emergence and expansion of the stock exchanges, discussing the centralization and concentration of financial institutions on the territory and its implications. We also intend to understand the process of Brazilian stock exchanges expansion and internationalization. For this, we observe how São Paulo inserts itself as a heavy participant of the international financial markets, questioning the consequences of the concentration of this activity in a few points of the Brazilian territory, and also the effects of the expansion of financial activities in the contemporary world.

A proposta desta pesquisa é apresentar os sistemas organizacionais de empresas que atuam no mercado imobiliário residencial no Brasil e possuem capital aberto, com o intuito de avaliar o desempenho organizacional desses sistemas e verificar se há ou não a existência de relações entre o desempenho organizacional das empresas e seus valores de mercado. No texto, apresenta-se a contextualização do tema que envolve distintamente três grandes núcleos: Estrutura Organizacional, Desempenho Organizacional e Mercado de Real Estate. Neste último, é apresentado um breve histórico da evolução deste mercado no Brasil, com foco, principalmente, nos acontecimentos após ingresso das empresas do setor no mercado de capitais. Os objetivos centrais são os de avaliar se o desempenho organizacional das estruturas exerce alguma influência no comportamento dos preços das ações das empresas no mercado de capitais. As empresas que participaram da pesquisa tiveram suas estruturas reconhecidas por meio de questionários de reconhecimento e seus modelos de gestão avaliados segundo o questionário de diagnóstico da Fundação Nacional da Qualidade e do Índice de Eficiência Organizacional, criado para esta pesquisa, cuja base são as informações financeiras extraídas dos relatórios trimestrais das empresas. Ao final, faz-se uma avaliação dos resultados obtidos de cada empresa e as considerações gerais acerca da relação entre o desempenho organizacional e o valor de mercado. Os resultados obtidos indicam que empresas que possuem melhores desempenhos organizacionais, incluindo a evolução do Índice de Eficiência Organizacional, tendem a ter comportamento mais estável no mercado de capitais. / The proposal of this research is to demonstrate the organizational systems of companies operating in the residential property market in Brazil and have stocks in BOVESPA\'s New Market, in order to evaluate the performance of these organizational structures and check whether or not the existence of relations between the performance organization of companies and their market values. In the text, is presented the contextualization of the theme that involves three distinctly large cores: Organizational Structure, Organizational Performance and Real Estate Market. In the last core, it gave a brief history of the evolution of this market in Brazil, focusing primarily on the events after entry of such companies in the stock market. The main objectives are to evaluate the performance of organizational structures has an influence in the behavior of stock prices of companies in the stock market. Companies that participated in the study had their structures recognized by questionnaires for the recognition and management models were evaluated according to the diagnostic questionnaire of the National Quality and Organizational and Effectiveness Index, which was developed for this study and has based on financial information obtained from the quarterly reports of companies. Finally, is built an evaluation of the results of each company and the general considerations about the relationship between organizational performance and market value. The results indicate that companies with better organizational performance, including changes in the Index of Organizational Effectiveness, tend to have more stable capital market.

As normas contábeis brasileiras estabelecem algumas opções de classificação na Demonstração dos Fluxos de Caixa (DFC), especificamente os fluxos de caixa relacionados aos juros, dividendos e juros sobre capital próprio (JCP) pagos e recebidos. Tais fluxos de caixa podem ser classificados na DFC em três diferentes atividades: operacional (FCO), de investimento (FCI) ou de financiamento (FCF). Por um lado, essa flexibilidade de classificação permite que uma informação mais fidedigna seja divulgada, uma vez que a apresentação da DFC poderá ser adaptada às circunstâncias específicas de cada empresa. Por outro lado, abre espaço para comportamentos oportunistas, ao permitir a escolha da opção que gera a informação mais conveniente. Este trabalho busca identificar incentivos, relacionados às características das empresas não financeiras do mercado de capitais brasileiro, que influenciaram as escolhas de classificação dos juros, dividendos e JCP na DFC, no período de 2008 a 2014. As hipóteses resultantes desse objetivo referem-se a: classificação dos fluxos de caixa de acordo com o encorajamento do CPC 03; identificação de uma possível padronização das classificações na DFC entre empresas com aspectos semelhantes (mesmo setor ou firma de auditoria); relação entre mudanças de classificação dos juros pagos com a troca de auditor; e, o efeito da escolha de classificação dos juros, dividendos e JCP na DFC sobre o FCO, de acordo com características financeiras e de desempenho das empresas. Para fins de mensuração do efeito sobre o FCO, tomou-se por referência o parágrafo 34A do CPC 03, que encoraja a classificação dos juros recebidos ou pagos, dos dividendos recebidos e JCP recebidos como FCO; assim como os dividendos pagos e JCP pagos como FCF. Para análise do referido efeito, foram utilizados dados em painel e duas regressões com as seguintes variáveis dependentes: 1) a diferença em reais entre o FCO divulgado e o valor que seria o FCO ao seguir as opções encorajadas pelo CPC 03; e, 2) a escolha de classificação dos juros pagos (variável dummy). Considerou-se os juros pagos, pois, entre as alternativas, trata-se daquela que aumenta o FCO caso não seja seguida a classificação recomendada pelo CPC. Com uma amostra de 352 empresas, 2.290 relatórios analisados e 3.764 dados levantados, os resultados apontaram que: i) a maior parte das empresas brasileiras segue as classificações encorajadas pelo CPC 03, exceto quanto ao item dividendos/JCP recebidos; ii) alguns setores seguiram uma classificação predominante em todos ou parte dos itens que possuem flexibilidade de apresentação na DFC; iii) há classificações predominantes para empresas que possuem determinadas firmas de auditoria; iv) as mudanças de classificação dos juros pagos ocorreram independentemente da troca de auditor; e, v) há evidências de que o endividamento influencia na divulgação de um FCO em montante diferente do que seria se a recomendação de classificação do CPC fosse seguida. Os resultados alcançados trazem evidências sobre a relação entre características das empresas brasileiras e o FCO divulgado decorrente da escolha de classificação na DFC. / Brazilian accounting standards establish some classification options in the Statement of Cash Flows (SCF), specifically the cash flows related to interest, dividends and interest on capital paid and received. Such cash flows can be classified in the SCF in three different activities: operating (FCO), investment (FCI) or financing (FCF). This flexibility of classification, on the one hand, allows the disclosure of a more accurate information, since the presentation of SCF can be adapted to the specific circumstances of each company. On the other hand, it makes room for opportunistic behavior by allowing choice of which option to generate the most suitable information. This study aims to identify incentives related to the characteristics of non-financial companies in the Brazilian capital markets, which influenced the choices of classification of interest, dividends and interest on capital in the SCF, from 2008 to 2014. The resultant hypothesis from the objective refer to: cash flows classification according to the encouragement of the CPC 03; identification of a possible standardization of classifications in SCF among companies with similar features (same sector or audit firm); relationship between classification shift of the interest paid with the change of auditor; and, the effect on the FCO of the classification choice of interest, dividends and interest on capital in the SCF, according to financial characteristics and performance of companies. For the measurement purposes of the effect on the FCO, the paragraph 34A of CPC 03 is taken as reference, which encourages the classification of interest received or paid, dividends received and interest on capital received as FCO; as well as dividends paid and interest on capital paid as FCF. For analysis of that effect, panel data and two regressions with the following dependent variables have been adopted: 1) the difference in reais between the disclosed FCO and the amount that the FCO would be if the options encouraged by the CPC 03 had been followed; and, 2) the classification choice of interest paid (dummy). The interest paid was considered because, among alternatives, it is that which increases the FCO if the classification recommended by the CPC is not followed. With a sample of 352 companies, 2.290 reports analyzed and 3.764 data collected, the results show that: i) the most Brazilian companies follow the classifications encouraged by CPC 03, except those related to dividends/interest on capital received; ii) some sectors followed a predominant classification in all items or part of them that allow flexibility of presentation in SCF; iii) there are prevalent classifications for companies with certain audit firms; iv) classification shift of the interest paid occurred regardless of the change of auditor; and, v) there is evidence that the debt influences the disclosure of an FCO in an different amount than if the CPC classification recommendation had been followed. The achieved results provide evidence on the relationship between characteristics of Brazilian companies and the FCO released due to the choice of classification in the SCF.

Este trabalho focaliza os fatores que influenciam a decisão das empresas de realizar uma oferta pública inicial de ações (IPO) e as implicações sobre o desempenho operacional ex-post. Por meio da construção de um banco de dados de empresas brasileiras de capital aberto e fechado relativos ao período entre 2002 e 2010, estimamos modelos econométricos cujos resultados sugerem que as empresas que realizaram IPO eram menores e mais endividadas e apresentavam maiores taxas de rentabilidade, investimento e crescimento. Há evidências, ainda, de que exploraram as circunstâncias favoráveis de preços das ações das empresas já listadas nos setores em que operavam. Para compararmos o desempenho operacional ex-post das empresas que realizaram IPO com o das que se mantiveram fechadas, recorremos à metodologia do propensity score matching. Encontramos evidências robustas de que os investimentos das empresas que listaram na bolsa nesse período são superiores aos das que permaneceram com o capital fechado. Para as demais variáveis de desempenho (rentabilidade, eficiência e endividamento), os resultados não revelaram diferenças significativas entre as empresas desses dois grupos. Essa evidência combinada com a observação de uma relação elevada entre valor de mercado e valor contábil das empresas já listadas do mesmo setor de atividade no momento do IPO pode indicar que a abertura de capital associa-se às exigências de funding para investimentos futuros. / We analyze the factors that influenced some Brazilian firms to conduct an IPO over the 2002-2010 period as well as the implications on their ex-post operational performance. Using an unique database composed of private and public companies, we estimated a logit model, whose results suggest that the firms that conducted IPOs were smaller, more leveraged, and more profitable, grew at a faster pace, and presented higher investment rates. Furthermore, they tended to explore the favorable equity market conditions of the already listed companies belonging to the same industries where they operated. To compare the ex-post operating performance of the companies that performed an IPO with those that remained private, we used the propensity score matching method. We found robust evidence of higher investment in IPO companies, whereas the results for the other variables (profitability, efficiency and leverage) do not suggest any difference between the two groups of companies. This finding coupled with the evidence of high stock prices of the already listed companies belonging to the same corresponding industry during the IPO may indicate that the decision to go public is related to funding requirements for undertaking future investments.