Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Amaral Merofa.pdf: 2153805 bytes, checksum: d2abcf4aa1bee3746d766d1d0624bdd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-04 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The purpose of this work is to investigate the relationship between executive compensation and corporate debt in the Brazilian market. The research is focused on interactions between capital structure and compensation in the Brazilian public companies listed on the BM&FBovespa, particularly when they use debt as a disciplining factor on the behavior of managers to mitigate conflicts of interest between managers and shareholders. The sample of 234 companies and the information about variable compensation were collected from the Formulário de Referência, in subsection on remuneration of executive officers. Using panel data for the period from 2009 to 2012, this empirical study describe the effects that the variables have on companies debt level. The results confirm the negative relationship between debt and executive compensation. / Este trabalho se desenvolveu com o propósito de investigar a relação entre a remuneração dos executivos e o endividamento das empresas, no contexto do mercado brasileiro. O foco da pesquisa é explorar se as empresas brasileiras de capital aberto listadas na BMF&Bovespa utilizam a dívida como elemento disciplinador sobre o comportamento dos gestores para mitigar os conflitos de interesse entre gestores e acionistas. A amostra foi de 234 empresas, as informações sobre remuneração variável foram coletadas do Formulário de Referência, no subitem sobre remuneração dos diretores estatutários. Para testar a hipótese da relação negativa entre o endividamento e a remuneração variável, os dados foram tratados pelo método de painel de dados sob a técnica de mínimos quadrados generalizados por efeitos fixos e, também, por efeitos aleatórios, no período entre 2009 e 2012. Os resultados alcançados confirmam a hipótese de pesquisa, corroborando a perspectiva de que os compromissos da dívida podem alinhar os interesses entre acionistas e gestores.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:31:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Johan Hendrik Poker Junior.pdf: 498521 bytes, checksum: 4b52a39378e7e571663267a4903d6a57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-08 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This work contributed with confirmatory evidence about the influence of national cultural values in the capital structure of firms. The results confirm and extend the findings of Chui et al. (2002). The period of analysis is the range between 1988 and 2003, during this period were analyzed 8986 companies in 30 countries. For these same countries have been consolidated annual indicators of cultural values from the SVS (Schwartz Value Survey). Panel data analysis was used in the Compustat database with the use of accounting and market metrics. This analysis was done by employing the technique of two stage robust using the lagged dependent variable as an instrument of regression. Then the relationship of the residuals of panel data and the natural cultural values, consolidated from the SVS, was analyzed. Again,the two stage robust regression was employed, which confirmed the results obtained by previous research of Chui et al. (2002). / O presente trabalho contribuiu com indícios confirmatórios a respeito da influência dos valores culturais nacionais na estrutura de capital de empresas. Os resultados obtidos confirmam e expandem as conclusões de Chui et al. (2002). O período de análise corresponde ao intervalo entre 1988 e 2003, ao longo deste período foram analisadas 8986 empresas em 30 países. Para estes mesmos países foram consolidados anualmente os indicadores de valores culturais nacionais a partir da SVS (Schwartz Value Survey). Para tanto foi empregada a análise de dados em painel na base de dados Compustat com o emprego de métricas contábeis e de mercado. Tal análise se deu pelo emprego da técnica de regressão robusta em dois estágios utilizando a variável dependente defasada como instrumento da regressão. Em seguida a partir dos resíduos dos painéis de dados foi analisada a relação dos valores culturais nacionais, consolidados a partir da SVS através de nova análise de dados com regressão robusta em dois estágios que confirmou os resultados obtidos pela pesquisa prévia de Chui et al. (2002).

As decisões relacionadas à configuração da estrutura de capital das empresas impulsionam as pesquisas há mais de cinqüenta anos. Muito embora o assunto seja recorrente e atual no meio acadêmico, ele se mantém bastante controverso. Neste trabalho são exploradas diretamente duas bases teóricas distintas: a Static Trade off Theory (STT), a partir do modelo proposto por Frank e Goyal (2003) e a Pecking Order Theory (POT), a partir do modelo proposto por Shyam-Sunder e Myers (1999). Os resultados destes testes são comparados aos modelos propostos por Qiu e Smith (2007) e Bahng e Jeong (2012) para analisar a estrutura de endividamento das empresas a níveis diferentes de alavancagem. A amostra selecionada consiste de empresas brasileiras de capital aberto, não-financeiras e não-regulamentadas, listadas na Bolsa de Valores Mobiliários de São Paulo (BM&FBovespa) no período entre 2002 e 2011. Utilizou-se como metodologia as técnicas Regressão Múltipla por meio do método dos Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO) comparativamente à Regressão Quantílica. Como resultados destacou-se uma velocidade de ajuste à estrutura de capital alvo entre 6% e 14% ao ano, nos teste da teoria trade off. Quanto aos testes da teoria pecking order, constatou-se que as empresas brasileiras se orientam conforme esta teoria na tomada de decisão sobre estrutura de capital, financiando-se em grande parte com capital de terceiros. / Decisions related to the configuration of the capital structure of companies drive research for over fifty years. Although it is recurrent and current in academia, it remains quite controversial. This paper explored directly two different theoretical bases: the Static Trade off Theory (STT), from the model proposed by Frank and Goyal (2003) and the Pecking Order Theory (POT), from the model proposed by Shyam-Sunder and Myers (1999). The results of these tests are compared to the models proposed by Qiu and Smith (2007) and Bahng and Jeong (2012) to analyze the debt structure of firms at different levels of leverage. The sample consists of Brazilian companies traded, non-financial and non-regulated, listed on the Securities Exchange of São Paulo (BM & FBovespa) between 2002 and 2011. It was used as a methodology techniques Multiple Regression by the method of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) compared to Quantile Regression. The results pointed to a speed of adjustment to target capital structure between 6% and 14% per year, the trade off theory test. As for testing the pecking order theory, it was found that Brazilian companies are oriented according to this theory in decision making on capital structure, financing itself largely with debt capital.

Esta pesquisa investiga empiricamente as possíveis influências de gestores cognitivamente enviesados sobre as decisões de financiamento e de investimento das empresas. Especificamente, dois vieses cognitivos amplamente documentados na literatura comportamental e psicológica são enfocados: o otimismo e o excesso de confiança. As hipóteses de pesquisa são derivadas de um crescente corpo de teorias dedicadas à exploração das implicações para a empresa da presença destes traços psicológicos nos seus gestores. Embora o otimismo e o excesso de confiança tendam a se manifestar conjuntamente, é possível tratá-los separadamente para fins analíticos. Genericamente, o otimismo costuma ser modelado como uma superestimação da probabilidade de ocorrência de eventos favoráveis, ao passo que o excesso de confiança reflete-se na subestimação da volatilidade ou do ruído de processos que envolvem incerteza. Argumenta-se que uma predição central emerge do conjunto dos modelos considerados, qual seja, empresas geridas por indivíduos otimistas e/ou excessivamente confiantes são mais propensas ao endividamento, ceteris paribus. Alguns modelos que enfocam apenas o viés do otimismo também sugerem que estas empresas são mais propensas a adotar uma hierarquização de preferências por fontes de financiamento conhecida como pecking order. Quanto ao impacto destes vieses sobre o valor de mercado e sobre as decisões de investimento das empresas os resultados teóricos são ambíguos. O estudo oferece duas contribuições principais. A primeira é o teste pioneiro das predições referidas acima e a segunda é a proposição de uma estratégia inovadora de identificação destes vieses entre os gestores. Especificamente, sólidas evidências empíricas apoiadas por argumentos teóricos diversos sugerem que os indivíduos que gerenciam o seu próprio negócio (empreendedores) são particularmente propensos a exibir excesso de confiança e otimismo exacerbado em seus julgamentos. Alternativamente, estes vieses são identificados com base no padrão de posse de ações da própria empresa por parte dos seus gestores. Utiliza-se uma amostra de 153 empresas brasileiras observadas entre os anos de 1998 e 2003. Diferentes métodos foram empregados para estimar os parâmetros dos modelos empíricos, com destaque para o procedimento baseado no Método dos Momentos Generalizado conhecido como GMM Sistêmico, sempre com o objetivo de controlar os problemas de endogeneidade relacionados, em particular, com variáveis omitidas, erros de mensuração e com a provável determinação simultânea de algumas variáveis. Os dados não mostram evidências favoráveis à hipótese da hierarquização de fontes de financiamento. Tampouco é possível divisar qualquer impacto sistemático das variáveis substitutas do otimismo/excesso de confiança dos gestores sobre medidas do valor de mercado e do volume geral de investimentos das empresas. Um resultado bastante significativo emerge, não obstante, da análise empírica: empresas geridas por indivíduos classificados como otimistas/excessivamente confiantes revelam-se, depois de isolados diversos fatores intervenientes, substancialmente mais alavancadas financeiramente do que as demais. Esta evidência, compatível com a predição central do conjunto de teorias comportamentais consideradas, é robusta a variações do método de estimação, da especificação do modelo empírico e da definição operacional escolhida para os vieses de interesse. A significância econômica aliada à significância estatística da influência observada sugere que otimismo e o excesso de confiança dos gestores podem exercer impacto significativo sobre decisões corporativas e, em especial, podem ser importantes determinantes da estrutura de capital das empresas. / This research empirically investigates the possible impacts of cognitively biased managers on firms\' financing and investment decisions. Specifically, two cognitive biases that are widely recorded in the behavioral and psychological literature are considered: optimism and overconfidence. The testable hypotheses are derived from a growing body of theories that focus on the implications of biased managers for firms. Although optimism and overconfidence tend to appear together, it is possible to treat them separately for analytical purposes. Generically, optimism is usually modeled as an overstatement of the probability of occurrence of favorable events and overconfidence is reflected in the understatement of the volatility or of the noise of processes that involve uncertainty. It is argued that one central prediction emerges from the set of models considered, namely, that companies managed by optimistic and/or overconfident individuals are more inclined towards debt financing, ceteris paribus. Some models that focus on the bias of optimism alone suggest, in addition, that these companies are more prone to establishing an ordering of preferences for alternative sources of financing known as pecking order. When it comes to the impact of these biases on the firm\'s market value and on its investment decisions the theoretical results are more ambiguous. The study offers two main contributions. Firstly, it pioneers in testing the above mentioned predictions. Secondly, it proposes a novel strategy for identifying these biases among managers. Specifically, solid empirical evidence supported by diverse theoretical arguments suggests that people who run their own business (entrepreneurs) are particularly prone to showing overconfidence and optimism in their judgments. Alternatively, these biases were identified based on the amount of firm\'s stock owned by its manager. The available sample comprises 153 Brazilians firms observed from years 1998 to 2003. Different methods were applied for estimating the parameters of the empirical models, emphasizing a procedure based on the Generalized Method of Moments and known as System GMM, aiming at controlling endogeneity problems related to omitted variables, measurement errors and the likely simultaneous determination of some variables. The empirical evidence obtained does not favor the pecking order hypothesis. It is also not possible to distinguish any systematic impact of the proxies for managerial optimism/overconfidence on indicators of firm\'s market value or of its general level of investments. A quite significant result emerges from the empirical analysis, nevertheless: firms managed by individuals that were classified as optimists/overconfident reveal themselves, after intervening factors have been isolated, to be substantially more financially leveraged. This evidence is compatible with the central prediction of the set of theories considered and is robust to variations of the estimation method, specification of the empirical model and to differing operational definitions for the cognitive biases of interest. The economic significance allied to the statistical significance of the observed impact suggests that managerial optimism and overconfidence can indeed play a role in corporate decision making and, specifically, they may be important determinants of firms\' capital structure.

This thesis examines asset pricing and capital structure of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in three essays. Firm finance and asset pricing are areas of voluminous research in the literature. Most of this research observes firms trading on public stock exchanges. In my thesis, I examine privately-owned SMEs where relatively little research has been done. I use a proprietary database of over 16,000 SMEs that sold from 1990 to 2010, reporting market valuations and accounting information. My findings contribute to the literature on asset pricing and capital structure of private firms that benefits researchers, entrepreneurs, investors, and analysts. The first essay examines whether the size effect in returns found in traded stocks is present in SMEs. The size-effect literature generally observes listed firms and finds that smaller firms tend to have higher returns. Using the SME database, I document the size effect in private firms using market valuations. I also find the size premium is concentrated in smaller SMEs. In firms smaller than $2.5 million in market value, the size effect is nearly 13 times stronger compared to larger firms. The second essay explores the effects of investor sentiment and marketwide liquidity in SME returns. Prior studies find these factors have effects in returns of listed firms. I find that SME returns are negatively related to sentiment and liquidity. As sentiment or liquidity rise, SME returns tend to fall. This study also finds that the effects of sentiment and liquidity are concentrated in smaller firms and weaken or disappear in larger SMEs. Apparently investors in smaller SMEs are more influenced by sentiment and liquidity. I also find that sentiment and liquidity have conditional effects on the magnitude of the size premium. The third and final essay examines SME capital structure. Firm capital structure has been one of the most contentious issues in finance theory for over 50 years. Relatively little research examines private firm finance and no previous studies to my knowledge have examined SME capital structure using market-based leverage ratios. I examine relations between leverage and capital structure determinants suggested by theory using market-based and book-value leverage ratios. I find support for both the trade-off and pecking-order theories. This study also finds that SMEs tend to use short-term debt much more than long-term debt and firms appear to practice maturity matching where managers tend to match borrowing terms with asset life. Evidence also suggests that capital structure determinants suggested by theory have greater explanatory power for market-based leverage ratios than for ratios based on book values.

Företagsfinansiering är ett väl diskuterat ämne de senaste årtionden. Alla beslut som fattas av företagsledningen innebär finansiella konsekvenser för företaget. Ett av de viktigaste områdena inom företagsfinansiering är kapitalstrukturen, som handlar om hur stor företagets totala skulder är i förhållande till det egna kapitalet. Det finns många faktorer som påverkar företagets kapitalstruktur, nämligen lönsamhet, storlek med flera. Med grund i The pecking order theory samt Miles och Snows typology försöker vi i denna uppsats att förklara sambandet mellan företagsstrategi och kapitalstruktur. Företagen delas in i olika strategier utifrån hur stor andel av sin nettoomsättning respektive företag spenderar på forskning och utveckling. Vår urvalsgrupp består av 54 företag inom hälsovårdsindustri i Sverige. Alla dessa bolag är listade på börsen Nasdaq Stockholm. Utav de här 54 bolagen kunde vi identifiera 12 bolag med försvarare strategi, 36 företag som har prospektör strategi och 6 företag med analyserare strategi. Våra resultat tyder på att företag med försvarare strategi är positivt och statistiskt signifikant relaterade till använding av skulder. Däremot är prospektörer signifikant och negativt relaterade till användning av skuldfinansiering. Dock kunde inte vi hitta något statistiskt säkerställt samband mellan analyserare och skuldfinansiering. Denna uppsats bidrar till ökade förståelser för hur företagsstrategi och kapitalstruktur kan vara relaterade till varandra. / Corporate finance is a well-debated subject over the last decades. All the decisions that are made by corporate managers have financial implications. One of the most important issues in corporate finance is capital structure, which refers to the proportion of total debt a company has compared to its total equity. There are many factors that affect the capital structure of a firm, namely profitability, size, and many other factors. Based on The pecking order theory, and Miles and Snows typology, this bachelor thesis aims to explore how strategy orientations influence the choice of capital structure. Firms are categorized in different strategies based on how much they spend on R&D activities. Our sample consists of 54 Swedish Healthcare companies that are listed on NASDAQ Stockholm. Out of those 54 firms, we could find 12 firms with defender strategy, 36 firms with prospector strategy, and 6 firms with analyzer strategy. Finally, the results of the study show that defenders are significantly and positively related to the use of debt financing. In contrast, prospectors are significantly and negatively related to the use of debt. And lastly, we could not find any statistically significant relationship between analyzers and the use of debt financing. This study contributes to the knowledge about the link between organizational strategy and capital structure.

Afin de maintenir la stabilité du secteur financier et le dynamisme des autres secteurs del’économie réelle, les sociétés d’assurance sont amenées à renforcer leur soliditéfinancière et leur solvabilité. Cependant, malgré l’importance de la question du niveaudes fonds propres dans la solvabilité des sociétés d’assurance et dans la stabilité globaledu secteur financier, elle n’a fait l’objet que de quelques rares tentatives d’analyse. Dansce contexte, l’objectif principal de notre thèse est d’analyser les déterminants de lastructure financière des sociétés d’assurance françaises et l’effet de l’intégration de larégulation prudentielle dans la formation de leur niveau de fonds propres. A cette fin,nous mobilisons les théories du compromis et du financement hiérarchique dansl’élaboration de notre modèle théorique qui est ensuite testé empiriquement auprès d’unéchantillon de compagnies d’assurance françaises sur la période 2006-2012. Lesprincipaux résultats empiriques démontrent que la réglementation prudentielle influencele niveau des fonds propres dans les compagnies d’assurance françaises. / To maintain the stability of the financial sector and the dynamism in the other sectors ofthe economy, the insurance companies have to improve their solvency and manage theirrisks. Despite the importance of the issue of the level of capital in maintaining the overallstability of the insurance companies sector, it has been the subject of a very fewresearches. In this context, the main objective of our thesis is to analyze the determinantsof the financial structure of French insurance companies and the effect of the integrationof prudential regulation in the formation of their level of capital. To this end, we use TOTand POT to develop our theoretical model that we then tested empirically in a sample ofFrench insurance companies in the period 2006-2012. Our main empirical result is thatprudential regulation affects the determinants of the level of capital in the Frenchinsurance companies.

Mindre företag är nödvändiga för ett land, och att förstå varför och hur de växer, samt hur de kan skapa ekonomiskt värde, är därför av stor vikt. Vi syftar till att kunna bidra med insikter inom två ämnen, tillväxt samt värdeskapande, genom att studera några av de snabbast växande bolagen i Sverige. Tillväxt mäts som omsättningstillväxt, och värdeskapande mäts enligt Economic Value Added (EVA), i studien. Genom att genomföra både multivariat samt bivariat regressionsanalys undersöker vi både relationen mellan hög tillväxt och värdeskapande, samt relationen mellan olika finansiella faktorer - hantering av rörelsekapital, lönsamhet, kapitalstruktur - och EVA. Analysen visar att hög tillväxt i sig inte kommer att skapa ekonomiskt värde, och drar slutsatsen att vägen till värdeskapande snarare är genom en välbalanserad strategi mellan tillväxt och finansiell stabilitet. Vi presenterar praktiska implikationer för företagsledare, investerare, samt statliga tillsynsmyndigheter kring ett ämne som historiskt sett har mottagit begränsad uppmärksamhet. / Small businesses are vital for a country, and understanding why and how they grow, as well as what creates economic value in this sector of the economy, is therefore important. We set out to provide insights into the two subjects, growth and value creation, by looking at some of the fastest-growing companies in Sweden. Growth, in this study, is measured as sales growth, and value creation is measured as Economic Value Added. Using multivariate and bivariate regression models we examine both the relationship between high growth and value creation, and the relationship between different financial variables - such as working capital management, profitability, and capital structure - and EVA. Our analysis shows that high growth in and of itself will not create economic value, and conclude that the road to value creation is rather through a well-balanced approach between growth and financial stability. We present practical implications for business leaders, investors, and state regulators alike on a topic that has received little or no attention before.

This study investigates the source of financing in Austrian tech startups and aims to identify the main factors that affect the decision making of these firms. In doing so, we aim to contribute to the relatively limited field of research conducted in Europe. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, we implemented a multiple case study method as the research design. For the purpose of this study, a literature review was used that generated a theoretical framework. This framework focuses on capital structure with the main emphasis being on the pecking order theory. Additionally, government financial support is included as a  secondary priority. Together with the theoretical framework, our empirical findings i.e. data from the interviews with six companies, one email response, and two additional secondary data from an Austrian startup publication comprised the basis for our analysis.   Our findings from the sample companies used in this study show that Austrian tech startups use internal funding as an initial source of financing their new venture. When it comes to the order of funding, our findings show that most of the startups used in this study utilized equity as a second source of financing after internal funding and before debt. However, when it comes to the preference of the founders, half preferred a financing order that is inline with the pecking order theory while the remaining half preferred otherwise choosing equity to debt.   From this, three conclusions can be drawn. First, the limited funding options available affect the decision making and preference of the tech startups. Second, founders value the nonfinancial added value they can get from investors both when implementing and preferring a financing option. Third, the future growth potential and the long term strategy of the startups and their founders play a crucial role in the funding option they prefer to finance their venture.   Additionally, when it comes to capital structure, we see that most Austrian tech startups used in this study do not have a set policy. When it comes to Government financial support (GFS), we see that financial support from the government plays a significant role in Austrian tech startup financing.

This study has strived to explore how capital structure in Swedish corporations has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study has employed both a panel regression with fixed and random effects estimation as well as a dynamic panel regression with Arellano-Bond estimators. The model utilizes common and appropriate capital structure determinants to investigate how leverage has changed between a pre-crisis and crisis sample. Even though the results have proven to be relatively scattered they have indicated that corporate leverage has increased in the crisis period. Furthermore, this study examined how corporate size (market capitalization) and industry has impacted the capital structure. The results suggest that industries such as consumer goods and services have experienced a higher degree of influence in comparison to industries such as healthcare. The evidence also suggests several significant relationships such as between tangibility and leverage as well as an overall general inclination towards the Pecking-Order Theory. Additionally, the rate of adjustment of the corporate leverage prior to the crisis was comparable to that of the 2007/08 financial crisis, but did ultimately not undergo a dramatic change similar to the financial crisis found in previous research. / Denna studie ämnade att undersöka och utvärdera hur kapitalstrukturen i Svenska bolag har påverkats av COVID-19 pandemin. Studien har tillämpat en panelregression med både fixed och random effects, samt en dynamisk panelregression med den applicerbara Arellano-Bond skattnings estimatorn. Modellerna använder sig av vedertagna och lämpliga variabler för att härleda hur belåningsgraden har utvecklats mellan period före pandemin samt under pandemin. Även om resultaten har varit relativt spridda har de ändå indikerat att belåningsgraden har ökat under pandemin. Utöver detta har studien undersökt hur belåningsgraden har påverkats som en funktion av bolagsstorlek   (baserat på börsvärde) samt den industri som bolaget verksam i. Resultaten tyder på att industrier som konsumtionsvaror och tjänster (consumer goods and services) har påvisat en större påverkan jämfört med industrier som sjukvård. Resultaten finner att variabeln tangibility har en stor del signifikanta värden och att den finner stöd hos den så kallade Pecking-Order teorin. Studien har även kommit fram till att anpassningshastigheten av belåningsgraden innan krisen var jämförbar med samma värde innan finanskrisen 2007/08, dock förblev anpassningshastigheten relativt oförändrad av pandemin i jämförelse till finanskrisen.