Thesis (PhD (Genetics))--Stellenbosch University, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current understanding of the regulation of carbohydrate accumulation is still under investigation despite the tremendous work done in this subject. Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides have been implicated in many biochemical processes in plants. Amongst others, they are building blocks for nucleic acid synthesis, an energy source, precursors for the synthesis of primary products such as sucrose, polysaccharides, phospholipids, as well as secondary products. With the aim of placing adenine and uridine nucleotides in the context of sucrose and starch metabolism and carbon partitioning in higher plant, we have investigated the transcripts, enzymes and metabolites in carbohydrate metabolism and both de novo and salvage of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides in both sugarcane and tobacco tissues. For that purpose, adenylate kinase (ADK) and UMP synthase were chosen for silencing and over expression as they are rate limiting steps of de novo adenine and uridine nucleotides biosynthesis, respectively. Sugarcane with repressed ADK activity showed significant increase in both the starch and adenylate pools. Increase in starch content was highly correlated with reduced ADK activity. As a result of decreased ADK activity, the salvage pathway was up regulated via the increased activity of both adenosine kinase (AK) and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRTase) which positively correlated with increase in adenine nucleotide contents. In addition hexose phosphates and ADP glucose, the committed substrate for starch biosynthesis positively correlated with changes in starch content. A high ratio of ATP/ADP was observed in all transgenic lines compared with the untransformed wild type and suggested to favour starch synthesis. Over expression of cytosolic ADK in tobacco demonstrated an expression of the enzyme where 2/3 of the total activity was in the direction of ADP production. As a result of over expression of ADK, starch content increased in all transgenic plants and positively correlated with changes in the activity of ADK. Despite changes in adenine nucleotide content, the salvage pathway was not activated and no significant changes in both AK and APRTase acivities were found between the transgenic and the untransformed plants. Sucrose synthase (SuSy) activity in breakdown direction positively correlated with changes in starch content suggesting a contribution in the starch accumulation in tobacco plants. In addition the ratio of ATP/ADP was low in all transgenic lines compared with the untransformed wild type. This was in line with the higher content in ADP compare to ATP in all transgenic lines and was supported by the over expression of ADK, and predominantly in the direction of ADP production. Repressed UMP synthase in transgenic sugarcane resulted in increases in sucrose, starch and uridinylate. UDP-glucose, hexose phosphates and uridinylate content positively correlated with changes in sucrose content. Transgenic lines had increased sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity and low activity in SuSy, which suggests alteration of carbon flux toward sucrose. As a result of decreased UMP synthase activity, an up regulation of the salvage pathway was observed and predominantly via increased activity of uridine kinase (UK) which positively correlated with changes in the uridinylate pool. In addition to repressed UMP synthase activity, starch content and adenine nucleotides increased in transgenic lines. Tobacco plants transformed with a cytosolic UMP synthase demonstrated an over expression of the enzyme in all transgenic lines. As a result of over expression of UMP synthase, key metabolites were up regulated, amongst them sucrose. Increase in sucrose content positively correlated with both hexoses and hexose phosphates but not the uridinylate pool. SPS activity positively correlated with increase in sucrose content, and accounted for most of the sucrose synthesized in transgenic lines. Despite the increase in the adenylate pool, no significant changes were observed in starch content. The depletion level of UDP-glucose in all transgenic lines was a mere reflection of the higher activity of UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) in the formation of glucose-1-phosphate. In addition, no salvage pathway was up regulated in transgenic lines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige beskikbare inligting in verband met die reguleering van koolhidraat akkumulasie word steeds ondersoek ten spyte van die groot hoeveelheid navorsing wat reeds in hierdie verband gedoen is. Purien en pirimidien nukleotide speel ‘n rol in baie biochemiese prosesse in plante. Onder andere is hulle boublokke vir nukleïensuur sintese, ‘n energie bron, voorlopers vir die sintese van primêre produkte soos byvoorbeeld sukrose, polisakkariede, fosfolipiede, asook sekondêre produkte. Met die vooruitsig om adenine- en uridiennukleotide in verband te plaas met sukrose en stysel metabolisme en koolstof afskorting in plante, ondersoek ons hier die transkripte, ensieme en metaboliete in koolhidraat metabolisme in beide de novo en berging van purien en pirimidien nukleotide in suikerriet asook tabak weefsel. Vir hierdie doel is adenilaatkinase (ADK) en UMP-sintase gekies vir uitskakeling en ooruitdrukking, juis omdat hulle tempo vermindering stappe van de novo adenine- en uridiennukleotide biosintese is. Suikerriet met onderdrukte ADK aktiwiteit wys betekenisvolle vermeerdering in beide die stysel en adenilaat poele. Verhoging in styselinhoud was hoogs gekorreleerd met verminderde ADK aktiwiteit. As gevolg van ‘n vermindering in ADK aktiwiteit, is die bergingspad opwaards gereguleer via die vermeerdering van beide adenosienkinase (AK) en adenien-fosforibosieltransferase (APRTase) aktiwiteit wat positief korreleer met die vermeerdering in adeniennukleotied-inhoud. Addisioneel word hexosefosfate en ADP-glukose, die toegewysde substraat vir stysel biosintese, positief gekorreleer met veranderinge in styselinhoud. ‘n Hoë verhouding van ATP/ADP was geobserveer in alle transgeniese lyne in vergelyking met die nie-getransformeerde wilde tipe en blyk stysel sintese te begunstig. Ooruitdrukking van sitologiese ADK in tabak demonstreer die uitdrukking van die ensiem waar 2/3 van die totale aktiwiteit in die rigting van ADP produksie was. As ‘n resultaat van ooruitdrukking van ADK, word stysel inhoud vermeerder in alle transgeniese plante en positief gekorreleer met die verandering in die aktiwiteit van ADK. Ten spyte van veranderinge in adeniennukleotide inhoud was die bergingspad nie geaktiveer nie en geen betekenisvolle veranderinge in beide AK en APRTase aktiwiteit was gevind tussen die transgeniese en nie-transgeniese plante nie. Sukrose sintese (SuSy) aktiwiteit tydens afbreking korreleer positief met die veranderinge in stysel inhoud en dui moontlik op ‘n bydrae in die stysel akkumulasie in tabak plante. Verder was die verhouding van ATP/ADP laag in alle transgeniese lyne in vergelyking met die nie-getransformeerde wilde tipe. Hierdie bevinding word ondersteun deur die hoër inhoud in ADP in vergelyking met ATP in alle transgeniese lyne en word verder ondersteun deur die ooruitdrukking van ADK, hoofsaaklik in die rigting van ADP produksie. Onderdrukte UMP-sintase in transgeniese suikerriet lei tot verhogings in sukrose, stysel en uridienilaat. UDP-glukose, hexose-fosfate en uridienilaat inhoud korreleer positief met die verandering in sukrose inhoud. Transgeniese lyne het verhoogde sukrose-fosfaatsintase (SPS) aktiwiteit en lae SuSy aktiwiteit wat dui op ‘n verandering in koolstof vloei in die rigting van sukrose. As gevolg van die afname in UMP-sintese aktiwiteit, word ‘n verhoogde reguleering van die bergingspad gesien, en dít hoofsaaklik via verhoogde aktiwiteit in uridienkinase (UK) wat positief korreleer met veranderinge in die uridienilaat poel. Addisioneel tot die onderdrukking van UMP-sintase was stysel inhoud en adenine- nucleotides in transgeniese lyne verhoog. Tabak plante wat getransformeer is met sitologiese UMP-sintase demonstreer verhoogde uitdrukking van die ensiem in al die transgeniese lyne. As ‘n resultaat van ooruitdrukking van UMP-sintase is sleutel metaboliete, onderandere sucrose, oorgereguleer. ‘n Verhoging in sukrose inhoud korreleer positief met beide hexose en hexose-fosfate maar nie met die uridienilaat poel nie. SPS aktiwiteit korreleer positief met die verhoging in sukrose inhoud en verklaar die meeste van die sukrose vervaardig in transgeniese lyne. Ten spyte van die verhoging in die adenilaat poel word geen noemenswaardige veranderinge gesien in die stysel inhoud nie. Die uitputtingsvlak van die UDP-glukose in alle transgeniese lyne was slegs ‘n aanduiding van die hoër aktiwiteit van UDP-glukose pirofosforilase (UGPase) in die formasie van glukose-1-fosfaat. Verder was geen bergingspad opgereguleer in die transgeniese lyne nie. / The South African Sugarcane Research Institute and the Gabonese Government who provided the financial support for this work

Caracterizar um quadro experimental que representa excesso de glicocorticoides e verificar esse efeito sobre o metabolismo dos carboidratos no tecido adiposo branco. Ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo controle (CON) e dexametasona (DEX), e após 4 semanas de tratamento foram sacrificados e os tecidos retirados e analisados. O tratamento foi capaz de bloquear o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal, como verificado pela menor concentração de corticosterona plasmática e atrofia das glândulas adrenais no grupo DEX. Além disso, os animais do grupo DEX apresentaram resistência à insulina, intolerância à glicose, dislipidemia e alterações hormonais; além de adipócitos hipertrofiados. Apresentaram também maior lipogênese nos coxins retroperitoneal e mesentérico, sendo que houve maior incorporação de glicose na porção ácido graxo dos triacilgliceróis. Houve maior atividade e expressão das enzimas lipogênicas no grupo DEX. Os resultados mostram que a maior atividade e expressão de enzimas lipogênicas podem justificar o acúmulo de gordura na região visceral. / To characterize an experimental condition of glucocorticoid excess and to verify this effect in carbohydrate metabolism in white adipose tissue. Rats were divided at random into control (CON) and dexamethasone (DEX) groups, and after 4 weeks of treatment they were sacrificed and tissues were excised and analysed. The treatment was able to block hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as verified by lower corticosterone plasma levels and adrenal glands atrophy in DEX group. Furthermore, animals from DEX group presented insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and hormonal alterations; besides hypertrophied adipocytes. They also presented increased lipogenesis in retroperitoneal and mesenteric fat pads, with increased incorporation into fatty acids of triacylglycerol. There was increased activity and gene expression of lipogenic enzymes in DEX group. The data show that the increased lipogenic enzyme activity and expression could justify increased lipid accumulation in visceral depots.

A ocorrência de frutanos em espécies de Asteraceae foi amplamente documentada para a flora da região de cerrado da Reserva Biológica e Estação Experimental de Moji Guaçu. Dentre estas espécies destaca-se Vernonia herbacea, uma planta perene que apresenta órgãos subterrâneos de reserva, denominados rizóforos, que acumulam altos teores de frutanos do tipo inulina. Seu crescimento sazonal é caracterizado pela brotação das gemas existentes nos rizóforos, na primavera, seguida de floração e crescimento vegetativo intenso no verão e dormência no inverno. O conteúdo de frutanos diminui durante a brotação e floração, pois este carboidrato parece ser utilizado para a regeneração dos ramos aéreos que ocorre nesta fase. Estudos preliminares mostraram que a FEH, responsável pela mobilização dos frutanos, apresenta atividade elevada apenas durante a brotação; a despolimerização dos frutanos nos rizóforos de V. herbacea nesta fase foi evidenciada pelo aumento de açúcar redutor, especialmente frutose. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal a análise da atividade das enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo de frutanos e análise do conteúdo e da composição de frutanos em rizóforos de V. herbacea induzidas à brotação. A brotação foi induzida pela remoção dos ramos aéreos e as atividades das enzimas FEH , SST, FFT e INV foram determinadas a cada quatro dias durante um mês após a poda. Um aumento na atividade da FEH foi observado entre os dias 13 e 20 após a poda, o que coincidiu com o início da brotação dos novos ramos que ocorreu no 13º dia. Este resultado sugere que a despolimerização de frutanos e a brotação são processos concomitantes em V. herbacea, que ocorrem naturalmente durante o ciclo fenológico, mas que também podem ser induzidos em outras fases do ciclo fenológico pela remoção dos ramos aéreos. A FFT parece atuar junto à FEH na diminuição do tamanho das cadeias de frutanos durante a rebrota, enquanto a SST é inibida devido, possivelmente, à interrupção do fornecimento de sacarose aos rizóforos pelos órgãos aéreos. Para a caracterização e purificação parcial da FEH de rizóforos de V. herbacea foram utilizados rizóforos de plantas induzidas à brotação através da remoção dos ramos aéreos. O extrato bruto apresentou, para atividade de FEH, pH ótimo de 4,5, temperatura ótima em 30 ºC e curva sigmoidal de concentração de substrato, sugerindo tratar-se de uma enzima alostérica. Esta enzima também apresentou maior especificidade por ligações do tipo b-2,1 do que sobre ligações b-2,6, e maior afinidade por frutanos de cadeias curtas quando comparadas com frutanos de cadeias longas. Utilizando precipitação com sulfato de amônia, cromatografia de afinidade e cromatografias de troca aniônica e catiônica, quatro frações com atividade de FEH foram purificadas. Destas quatro frações, duas foram submetidas à cromatografia de exclusão molecular, sendo que os pesos moleculares estimados para uma delas foi de 21 kDa e para outra, esta medida situou-se entre 155 e 39 kDa, devido à ampla faixa de exclusão da coluna utilizada. Os pesos moleculares das outras duas frações foram estimados por SDS-PAGE, sendo que as bandas visualizadas corresponderam a 81,3 e 57,5 kDa para uma e 57,5 kDa para a outra fração. / The occurrence of fructans has been reported in native species of a cerrado area of Reserva Biológica e Estação Experimental de Moji Guaçu. Vernonia herbacea, one of these species, presents underground organs named rhizophores which accumulate fructans of the inulin type as reserve carbohydrate. The seasonal growth pattern exhibited by plants of V. herbacea includes sprouting of buds from the rhizophores in spring, followed by a period of flower development and vegetative growth in summer, and dormancy in winter. The fructan content decreases during sprouting and flowering due to mobilization of this carbohydrate during the regeneration of the new shoots. Preliminary studies showed that FEH, the enzyme responsible for the mobilization of fructan, shows high activity only during sprouting. Fructan mobilization was detected by the increase in the amount of reducing sugar released, namely fructose. The aim of this work was to analyze the activities of the enzymes of fructan metabolism, FEH, SST, FFT and invertase and the fructan contents in rhizophores of plants induced to sprouting by defoliation. The enzyme activities were measured every 4 th day for a month after defoliation. Sprouting of new shoots started around the 13 th day, while an increase in FEH activity was detected between 13 and 20 days after defoliation. The results suggest that fructan depolimerization and sprouting are concomitant processes in V. herbacea that occur naturally during the phenological cycle; however, these processes can also be induced by defoliation during other stages of the phenological cycle. FFT seems to act together with FEH by catalyzing the decrease in fructan chain size during shoot regrowth, while SST was inhibited, possibly, due to interruption of sucrose supply to rhizophores from the aerial organs. The characterization and partial purification of FEH were done using rhizophores from plants which were induced to sprouting by defoliation. The optimal pH and temperature for FEH activity were pH4,5 and 30ºC, respectively. The substrate concentration curve exhibited a sigmoid shape, suggesting that FEH of V. herbacea is an alosteric enzyme. Additionally, this enzyme shows more specificity to b-2,1 than to b-2,6 linked fructan and higher affinity for short chain when compared to long chain fructans. Four fractions presenting FEH activity were partially purified by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography, and anion and cation exchange chromatographies. Two of these were submitted to size exclusion chromatography and the apparent molecular size for one of them was 21 kDa and for the other it was estimated to be between 39 and 155 kDa, due to the wide exclusion limit of the column used. The molecular size of the next two fractions were estimated by SDS- PAGE and the visualized bands corresponded to 81.3 and 57.5 kDa for the first fraction and to 57.5 kDa for the second one.

O tecido adiposo, através da leptina, desempenha um papel permissivo sobre a maturação sexual do indivíduo. Apesar da importância do tecido adiposo para a puberdade, pouco se sabe a respeito do processo de formação deste tecido neste período da vida. Estudos em humanos têm descrito a presença de resistência à insulina puberal. Assim, frente à importância do tecido adiposo para a puberdade, o objetivo do trabalho foi investigar a resposta do tecido adiposo à insulina no período puberal. Foram utilizados os coxins adiposos subcutâneo e periepididimal. Na puberdade, paralelamente à intolerância à glicose transitória que ocorreu nas semanas iniciais, e, portanto, prejuízo da utilização da glicose pelos tecidos insulino-dependentes, o tecido adiposo (SC e PE) teve sua responsividade normal à insulina e uma melhor capacidade de incorporação de glicose em lipídeos o que leva a crer que há um desvio da utilização deste substrato energético, a glicose, para a formação do tecido adiposo. / The adipose tissue is critical to puberty. Leptin exerts a permissive role to hypothalamic-hypophysial-gonadal maturation and, thereby, adipose tissue is necessary to pubertal development. Despite its importance to puberty, little is known about the process of adipose tissue formation during this period of life. Researches have described insulin resistance at pubertal period in humans. The adipose tissue importance to puberty added to pubertal insulin resistance described in humans lead us to investigate how the adipose tissue responds to insulin at this period since it is essential at this time. We assessed two distinct fat pads: the subcutaneous fat pad and the epididymal one. At the puberty, despite the temporary glucose intolerance and the constraint for glucose utilization by insulin-dependent tissues, the adipose tissue had normal insulin responsiveness plus an improved capacity to synthesize lipids from glucose which led us to hypothesize that glucose could have been deviated towards the adipose tissue.

The principle objective of this investigation was to develop an understanding of the biochemical and physiological response of free-ranging adult polar bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) to prolonged fasting. A body condition index was developed from two measures, total body mass and straight-line body length, and was used as a covariate in the analyses of all other data. Protein and amino acid catabolism and urea synthesis were significantly lower in fasting bears when compared to feeding bears, and in fat bears when compared to lean bears. The inference from these results is that the energy metabolism in both states (fasting and fat) is one in which lipid is the predominant fuel for energy and nitrogen is conserved. Nutritional state (feeding versus fasting) had no significant effect on the plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid, glycerol, and ketone bodies, or on the plasma ratio of acyl-carnitine to free carnitine. Furthermore, acetoacetate concentration was below the level of detection (<196 [mu]mol/L) in all bears, and â-hydroxybutyrate concentration never exceeded 291 [mu]mol/L. These results suggest polar bears are able to regulate closely the synthesis, release, and use of lipid metabolites without significant alteration in their plasma concentrations. Fasting polar bears showed no evidence of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency; the proportions of the diet-derived EFA linoleic (18:2[omega]6) and á-linolenic (18:3[omega]3) acids in the plasma and adipose tissue of fasting polar bears were greater than that in feeding polar bears. Plasma triiodothyronine concentrations and rectal temperatures were lower in fasting bears captured during summer-fall than in feeding bears, which suggests metabolic rates were decreased during fasting to conserve body fuels. Liver glycogen concentrations were found to be higher in fasting polar bears than in feeding bears. Furthermore, the results from intravenous administration of glucose (glucose tolerance test) to polar bears indicated the rates of insulin secretion and clearance in polar bears were slow relative to rates reported for other mammals. The inference from these results is that polar bears are not as dependent on glucose for energy as are other mammals and, as a consequence, are more lax in regulating their body glucose stores.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-161).

A ocorrência de frutanos em espécies de Asteraceae foi amplamente documentada para a flora da região de cerrado da Reserva Biológica e Estação Experimental de Moji Guaçu. Dentre estas espécies destaca-se Vernonia herbacea, uma planta perene que apresenta órgãos subterrâneos de reserva, denominados rizóforos, que acumulam altos teores de frutanos do tipo inulina. Seu crescimento sazonal é caracterizado pela brotação das gemas existentes nos rizóforos, na primavera, seguida de floração e crescimento vegetativo intenso no verão e dormência no inverno. O conteúdo de frutanos diminui durante a brotação e floração, pois este carboidrato parece ser utilizado para a regeneração dos ramos aéreos que ocorre nesta fase. Estudos preliminares mostraram que a FEH, responsável pela mobilização dos frutanos, apresenta atividade elevada apenas durante a brotação; a despolimerização dos frutanos nos rizóforos de V. herbacea nesta fase foi evidenciada pelo aumento de açúcar redutor, especialmente frutose. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal a análise da atividade das enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo de frutanos e análise do conteúdo e da composição de frutanos em rizóforos de V. herbacea induzidas à brotação. A brotação foi induzida pela remoção dos ramos aéreos e as atividades das enzimas FEH , SST, FFT e INV foram determinadas a cada quatro dias durante um mês após a poda. Um aumento na atividade da FEH foi observado entre os dias 13 e 20 após a poda, o que coincidiu com o início da brotação dos novos ramos que ocorreu no 13º dia. Este resultado sugere que a despolimerização de frutanos e a brotação são processos concomitantes em V. herbacea, que ocorrem naturalmente durante o ciclo fenológico, mas que também podem ser induzidos em outras fases do ciclo fenológico pela remoção dos ramos aéreos. A FFT parece atuar junto à FEH na diminuição do tamanho das cadeias de frutanos durante a rebrota, enquanto a SST é inibida devido, possivelmente, à interrupção do fornecimento de sacarose aos rizóforos pelos órgãos aéreos. Para a caracterização e purificação parcial da FEH de rizóforos de V. herbacea foram utilizados rizóforos de plantas induzidas à brotação através da remoção dos ramos aéreos. O extrato bruto apresentou, para atividade de FEH, pH ótimo de 4,5, temperatura ótima em 30 ºC e curva sigmoidal de concentração de substrato, sugerindo tratar-se de uma enzima alostérica. Esta enzima também apresentou maior especificidade por ligações do tipo b-2,1 do que sobre ligações b-2,6, e maior afinidade por frutanos de cadeias curtas quando comparadas com frutanos de cadeias longas. Utilizando precipitação com sulfato de amônia, cromatografia de afinidade e cromatografias de troca aniônica e catiônica, quatro frações com atividade de FEH foram purificadas. Destas quatro frações, duas foram submetidas à cromatografia de exclusão molecular, sendo que os pesos moleculares estimados para uma delas foi de 21 kDa e para outra, esta medida situou-se entre 155 e 39 kDa, devido à ampla faixa de exclusão da coluna utilizada. Os pesos moleculares das outras duas frações foram estimados por SDS-PAGE, sendo que as bandas visualizadas corresponderam a 81,3 e 57,5 kDa para uma e 57,5 kDa para a outra fração. / The occurrence of fructans has been reported in native species of a cerrado area of Reserva Biológica e Estação Experimental de Moji Guaçu. Vernonia herbacea, one of these species, presents underground organs named rhizophores which accumulate fructans of the inulin type as reserve carbohydrate. The seasonal growth pattern exhibited by plants of V. herbacea includes sprouting of buds from the rhizophores in spring, followed by a period of flower development and vegetative growth in summer, and dormancy in winter. The fructan content decreases during sprouting and flowering due to mobilization of this carbohydrate during the regeneration of the new shoots. Preliminary studies showed that FEH, the enzyme responsible for the mobilization of fructan, shows high activity only during sprouting. Fructan mobilization was detected by the increase in the amount of reducing sugar released, namely fructose. The aim of this work was to analyze the activities of the enzymes of fructan metabolism, FEH, SST, FFT and invertase and the fructan contents in rhizophores of plants induced to sprouting by defoliation. The enzyme activities were measured every 4 th day for a month after defoliation. Sprouting of new shoots started around the 13 th day, while an increase in FEH activity was detected between 13 and 20 days after defoliation. The results suggest that fructan depolimerization and sprouting are concomitant processes in V. herbacea that occur naturally during the phenological cycle; however, these processes can also be induced by defoliation during other stages of the phenological cycle. FFT seems to act together with FEH by catalyzing the decrease in fructan chain size during shoot regrowth, while SST was inhibited, possibly, due to interruption of sucrose supply to rhizophores from the aerial organs. The characterization and partial purification of FEH were done using rhizophores from plants which were induced to sprouting by defoliation. The optimal pH and temperature for FEH activity were pH4,5 and 30ºC, respectively. The substrate concentration curve exhibited a sigmoid shape, suggesting that FEH of V. herbacea is an alosteric enzyme. Additionally, this enzyme shows more specificity to b-2,1 than to b-2,6 linked fructan and higher affinity for short chain when compared to long chain fructans. Four fractions presenting FEH activity were partially purified by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography, and anion and cation exchange chromatographies. Two of these were submitted to size exclusion chromatography and the apparent molecular size for one of them was 21 kDa and for the other it was estimated to be between 39 and 155 kDa, due to the wide exclusion limit of the column used. The molecular size of the next two fractions were estimated by SDS- PAGE and the visualized bands corresponded to 81.3 and 57.5 kDa for the first fraction and to 57.5 kDa for the second one.

O tecido adiposo, através da leptina, desempenha um papel permissivo sobre a maturação sexual do indivíduo. Apesar da importância do tecido adiposo para a puberdade, pouco se sabe a respeito do processo de formação deste tecido neste período da vida. Estudos em humanos têm descrito a presença de resistência à insulina puberal. Assim, frente à importância do tecido adiposo para a puberdade, o objetivo do trabalho foi investigar a resposta do tecido adiposo à insulina no período puberal. Foram utilizados os coxins adiposos subcutâneo e periepididimal. Na puberdade, paralelamente à intolerância à glicose transitória que ocorreu nas semanas iniciais, e, portanto, prejuízo da utilização da glicose pelos tecidos insulino-dependentes, o tecido adiposo (SC e PE) teve sua responsividade normal à insulina e uma melhor capacidade de incorporação de glicose em lipídeos o que leva a crer que há um desvio da utilização deste substrato energético, a glicose, para a formação do tecido adiposo. / The adipose tissue is critical to puberty. Leptin exerts a permissive role to hypothalamic-hypophysial-gonadal maturation and, thereby, adipose tissue is necessary to pubertal development. Despite its importance to puberty, little is known about the process of adipose tissue formation during this period of life. Researches have described insulin resistance at pubertal period in humans. The adipose tissue importance to puberty added to pubertal insulin resistance described in humans lead us to investigate how the adipose tissue responds to insulin at this period since it is essential at this time. We assessed two distinct fat pads: the subcutaneous fat pad and the epididymal one. At the puberty, despite the temporary glucose intolerance and the constraint for glucose utilization by insulin-dependent tissues, the adipose tissue had normal insulin responsiveness plus an improved capacity to synthesize lipids from glucose which led us to hypothesize that glucose could have been deviated towards the adipose tissue.

Caracterizar um quadro experimental que representa excesso de glicocorticoides e verificar esse efeito sobre o metabolismo dos carboidratos no tecido adiposo branco. Ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo controle (CON) e dexametasona (DEX), e após 4 semanas de tratamento foram sacrificados e os tecidos retirados e analisados. O tratamento foi capaz de bloquear o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal, como verificado pela menor concentração de corticosterona plasmática e atrofia das glândulas adrenais no grupo DEX. Além disso, os animais do grupo DEX apresentaram resistência à insulina, intolerância à glicose, dislipidemia e alterações hormonais; além de adipócitos hipertrofiados. Apresentaram também maior lipogênese nos coxins retroperitoneal e mesentérico, sendo que houve maior incorporação de glicose na porção ácido graxo dos triacilgliceróis. Houve maior atividade e expressão das enzimas lipogênicas no grupo DEX. Os resultados mostram que a maior atividade e expressão de enzimas lipogênicas podem justificar o acúmulo de gordura na região visceral. / To characterize an experimental condition of glucocorticoid excess and to verify this effect in carbohydrate metabolism in white adipose tissue. Rats were divided at random into control (CON) and dexamethasone (DEX) groups, and after 4 weeks of treatment they were sacrificed and tissues were excised and analysed. The treatment was able to block hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as verified by lower corticosterone plasma levels and adrenal glands atrophy in DEX group. Furthermore, animals from DEX group presented insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and hormonal alterations; besides hypertrophied adipocytes. They also presented increased lipogenesis in retroperitoneal and mesenteric fat pads, with increased incorporation into fatty acids of triacylglycerol. There was increased activity and gene expression of lipogenic enzymes in DEX group. The data show that the increased lipogenic enzyme activity and expression could justify increased lipid accumulation in visceral depots.