No description available.

Os fornos de pirólise, feitos a partir da liga HP modificada, são equipamentos destinados à produção de hidrocarbonetos leves na indústria petroquímica. A partir da pirólise, é possível obter etileno e outros produtos que são matérias-primas para obtenção de manufaturados formados por polímeros. Nesse processo, grandes moléculas de hidrocarbonetos, na forma gasosa, são craqueadas em condições especiais de temperatura e pressão. Durante o craqueamento, o teor de carbono dos materiais que constituem os fornos é aumentado por meio do ingresso de carbono através da superfície interna dos tubos, sendo oriundo da massa reativa que atravessa as colunas e, como consequência disso, ocorre uma alteração das propriedades mecânicas do material. Aliado a esse fato, existe o depósito nocivo de uma camada de coque a partir da superfície interna das tubulações, que funciona como um isolante térmico, diminuindo a temperatura do gás e exigindo uma maior temperatura de trabalho para o forno, além de causar tensões que podem resultar em trincas ou danos para as colunas dos fornos de pirólise. Durante a carburização, a liga metálica dos fornos de pirólise desenvolve propriedades tipo ferromagnéticas, as quais são resultado do processo de ingresso de carbono. Nesta etapa, a camada magnetizada do material coincide com a região onde houve propagação da carburização. Sendo assim, uma medida da magnetização do material pode resultar em uma medida direta do nível de carburização em que o forno se encontra. Neste trabalho, serão apresentadas técnicas para simulação de ambientes carburizantes em alta temperatura, e as amostras serão testadas tendo o tempo de exposição ao carbono como sua principal variável e as suas propriedades mecânicas serão avaliadas, além da alteração de sua composição química e sua microestrutura. / The pyrolysis heaters, made of HP-modified alloy, are equipments designed to produce lightweight hydrocarbon in the petrochemical industry. Because of the pyrolysis, it is possible to obtain ethylene and other products that are raw material to gain manufactured polymer. In this process, big gaseous hydrocarbon molecules suffer a cracking process under special conditions of temperature and pressure. During the steam cracking process, the amount of carbon from the constituent material of the heaters is increasing as a consequence of the carbon entrance through the inside surface of the tubes. This carbon comes from the reactive mass that crows the columns and, eventually, produces a change in the mechanical proprieties of the material. Besides that, there is a harmful deposit of a coke layer that comes from the internal surface of the heater tubes. This layer works as a thermal insulation and is responsible for the decreasing of the gas temperature and as a consequence, the heater demands a higher temperature to work properly. As a result, rupture or damages can occur in the pyrolysis heater columns. During the carburization, the above mentioned alloy presents magnetic properties in consequence of the increase of the carbon amount in the material. The magnetic layer is observed in the region where the carburization process happened. Therefore, a measure of the material magnetization can lead to a direct measure of the carburization level in which the heater is on. In this work, simulation techniques of the carburizing environment under high temperature will be presented, and the samples will be tested regarding the correlation between carbon exposition time and the mechanical properties, microstructural changes and chemical composition that occur as a result.

Os fornos de pirólise, feitos a partir da liga HP modificada, são equipamentos destinados à produção de hidrocarbonetos leves na indústria petroquímica. A partir da pirólise, é possível obter etileno e outros produtos que são matérias-primas para obtenção de manufaturados formados por polímeros. Nesse processo, grandes moléculas de hidrocarbonetos, na forma gasosa, são craqueadas em condições especiais de temperatura e pressão. Durante o craqueamento, o teor de carbono dos materiais que constituem os fornos é aumentado por meio do ingresso de carbono através da superfície interna dos tubos, sendo oriundo da massa reativa que atravessa as colunas e, como consequência disso, ocorre uma alteração das propriedades mecânicas do material. Aliado a esse fato, existe o depósito nocivo de uma camada de coque a partir da superfície interna das tubulações, que funciona como um isolante térmico, diminuindo a temperatura do gás e exigindo uma maior temperatura de trabalho para o forno, além de causar tensões que podem resultar em trincas ou danos para as colunas dos fornos de pirólise. Durante a carburização, a liga metálica dos fornos de pirólise desenvolve propriedades tipo ferromagnéticas, as quais são resultado do processo de ingresso de carbono. Nesta etapa, a camada magnetizada do material coincide com a região onde houve propagação da carburização. Sendo assim, uma medida da magnetização do material pode resultar em uma medida direta do nível de carburização em que o forno se encontra. Neste trabalho, serão apresentadas técnicas para simulação de ambientes carburizantes em alta temperatura, e as amostras serão testadas tendo o tempo de exposição ao carbono como sua principal variável e as suas propriedades mecânicas serão avaliadas, além da alteração de sua composição química e sua microestrutura. / The pyrolysis heaters, made of HP-modified alloy, are equipments designed to produce lightweight hydrocarbon in the petrochemical industry. Because of the pyrolysis, it is possible to obtain ethylene and other products that are raw material to gain manufactured polymer. In this process, big gaseous hydrocarbon molecules suffer a cracking process under special conditions of temperature and pressure. During the steam cracking process, the amount of carbon from the constituent material of the heaters is increasing as a consequence of the carbon entrance through the inside surface of the tubes. This carbon comes from the reactive mass that crows the columns and, eventually, produces a change in the mechanical proprieties of the material. Besides that, there is a harmful deposit of a coke layer that comes from the internal surface of the heater tubes. This layer works as a thermal insulation and is responsible for the decreasing of the gas temperature and as a consequence, the heater demands a higher temperature to work properly. As a result, rupture or damages can occur in the pyrolysis heater columns. During the carburization, the above mentioned alloy presents magnetic properties in consequence of the increase of the carbon amount in the material. The magnetic layer is observed in the region where the carburization process happened. Therefore, a measure of the material magnetization can lead to a direct measure of the carburization level in which the heater is on. In this work, simulation techniques of the carburizing environment under high temperature will be presented, and the samples will be tested regarding the correlation between carbon exposition time and the mechanical properties, microstructural changes and chemical composition that occur as a result.

The purpose of this research is to identify the effects of the carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotube (CICNT) growth process on the material properties of 316L stainless steel, particularly those properties which are essential for biocompatibility. Physically altering the micro-topography of a surface can dramatically affect its capacity to support or prevent biofilm growth. Growing CICNTs on biomedical materials is one approach which has demonstrated success at preventing biofilm growth. Unfortunately, the high temperature and carbon-rich gas exposure required for this procedure has proven to have deleterious effects. Rusting has been observed on samples that have been coated with CICNTs and then placed in culture media. A proper understanding of this rusting phenomenon, along with an exploration of other material properties which could be affected by the procedure, is a necessary prelude to further development of this novel antibacterial method. This thesis proposes a kinetic model derived from Fick's Second Law to predict the growth of chromium carbide as a function of temperature and time. Chromium carbide formation is shown to be the mechanism of corrosion, as chromium atoms are leeched from the the material, preventing the formation of a passivating chromium oxide layer that protects iron oxide from forming. The model is validated using experimental methods, which involve immersion in culture media, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) testing. This thesis further explores how the CICNT growth procedure affects the mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel as a function of temperature, time exposure to ethylene gas flow, and sample geometry. It is shown that the CICNT growth procedure effectively carburizes the stainless steel surface. Tensile tests demonstrate that the carburized surface leads to brittle failure for thin samples that have a relatively small ductile interior. This thesis also examines the adhesion and wear of the CICNTs on the surface of the 316L stainless steel. Tape tests and torsional shearing show strong adhesion between the CICNTs and the metal substrate. External fixator pin drilling also shows remarkably good wear properties for the CICNT surface. The changes in mechanical properties and the overall adhesive performance must be considered and properly managed by biomedical engineers hoping to use CICNT coatings.

No description available.

A serious concern in the practice of heat treatment is the effect of surface contamination and the effectiveness of subsequent cleaning on the performance and appearance of the finished products. This study examined the effects of contamination on the appearance, hardness, carbon concentration, and retained austenite percentages in vacuum carburized AISI 9310 steel. The effectiveness of commonly-used cleaning methods was also determined. Seven categories of typical contamination were selected for testing: rust preventative oil, hot and cold cutting fluid, and four levels of oxidation. Samples of AISI 9310 steel were contaminated and then half from each category were cleaned and the other half remained contaminated. All samples were vacuum carburized to a case depth of 0.35wt% carbon at 0.9mm. The properties were experimentally determined post-heat treatment. It was determined that there was no significant difference in the contaminated, cleaned, and non-contaminated samples for any of the hardness, carbon concentration, and percentage of retained austenite measurements. However, most contaminated samples had undesirable appearances after heat treatment. Therefore, when a high quality surface appearance is not necessary or if further surface processing is done on these parts, this study determined that cleaning of AISI 9310 steel is not necessary before vacuum carburization. This implies a potential cost and time savings for heat treatment companies. However, when the customer specifies a clean, lustrous surface, effective cleaning is required before vacuum carburizing.

Investigations of the production of thin-walled steel alloys through the reduction and subsequent gas carburization of structures made from metal oxide powders were performed. Batch compositions, as well as the heat treatment parameters necessary for the formation of structures were determined through the use of thermogravimetric analysis, dilatometric measurements, and microstructural investigation. Parameters for the high temperature carburization of thin-walled 4140 structures were determined. The research has shown that the amount of carbon in the walls of the structures can be controlled and uniform carbon contents across the cross-sections can be achieved in less than 30 minutes. Heat treatments for carburized samples were performed and subsequent microhardness testing resulted in values similar to conventionally produced 4140 steel. Studies on the decarburization behavior of similar alloys under various conditions were also performed in order to aid in the prediction of the microstructural behavior of samples during carburization and subsequent heat treatment. Low temperature gas carburization of structures with 316 steel composition has also been performed. Hardness variations present through the cross-section of the part after carburization suggest some transfer of carbon, though contents are not as high as anticipated. Suggestions for future work in this area are presented. The results of these investigations yield a novel method for the production of steel parts from metal oxide powders. The speed and low cost of the process, coupled with the proven ability of the process to yield parts with similar microstructural and mechanical characteristics as conventionally made alloys, allows for the techniques presented in this study to be used for the development of alloys which could not be previously done economically.

[pt] O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise do fenômeno de carburização na zona de redução de um forno de cuba tipo Midrex. É realizada uma análise dos principias trabalhos existentes na literatura, é apresentado o aparato experimental, a caracterização das amostras e os resultados obtidos. Os experimentos foram efetuados com o auxilio da ferramenta estatística denominada planejamento fatorial. O tempo dos experimentos foi variado, simulando a operação industrial, com a finalidade de obter o equacionamento cinético. A função obtida foi não linear, envolvendo uma função transcendental, a qual melhor se ajustou aos pontos experimentais. A partir destes resultados foi efetuado uma análise termodinâmica das reações de carburização mais provaveis da zona de redução e determinados os parâmetros cinéticos da carburização. Estes ultimos foram: fator temporal, Tau de 1,32 h, tempo de incubação de 0,30 h, para 500 ºC, e 0,80 h para 900 ºC; fator de carbono de saturação A para 500 ºC com vazão de 60 NL/min foi de 2,70 %, com 90 NL/min de 3,46%; para 900 ºC com 60 NL/min foi 0,10 % e para 90 NL/min de 0,16%. Finalmente, os calculos das velocidades iniciais do processo de carburização foram de 2,3 %C.h-1, para 500 ºC e 0,10 %C.h-1 a 900ºC, para uma fração carburante de 0,37. Os resultados mostraram que o conteúdo de carbono no ferro esponja, obtido nesta zona para as condições reais do processo, alcançou uma média de 0,043 %C, fato de relevante importância para os processos de redução direta em forno de cuba. / [en] In this work an analysis of the carburation phenomena in the reduction zone of the type Midrex Furnace is presented. A revue of the principal papers found on the subject`s literature is followed by the description of the laboratory apparatus, sample characterization, and finally, the obtained experimental results are presented. The experimental planning and screening for this work was defined by a factorial analysis. Further the residence times for all experiments were defined to simulate the actual furnace industrial operation. Also, the experiments aimed at the determination of the parameters belonging to mathematical transcendental formulae designed to simulate the furnace`s charge behavior. Based upon the results, a thermodynamical analysis was conducted obeying the operational conditions inside the furnace, this to determine all the viable carburation reactions. The analysis was followed by kinetic evaluations that produced the data for the carburation process exponential formula parameters determination, namely exponential time factor = 1,32 h; incubation time, 0,30 h at 500 oC and 0,80 h at 900 oC and carbon saturation factor A, ranging from 2,7 % for a gas flow rate of 60 NLmin-1, 3,6 % for a gas flow rate of 90 NLmin-1 to 500 oC and 0,10 % for a gas flow rate of 60 NLmin-1, 0,16 for a flow rate of 90 NLmin-1 to 900 oC. Besides, the initial carburation rates were determined for atmospheres having carburating ratios of 0,37, and they measured 2,3 %C.h-1 for 500 ºC and 0,10 %C.h-1 for 900 ºC. Wrapping up the results this work showed that an average of 0,043 %C in the DRI is to be expected in the reducing zone for the actual industrial conditions.

No description available.

No description available.