Programa Doctoral conjunto "Desarrollo Sostenible Conservativo de Bosques Tropicales: manejos Forestal y Turístico".

Densitometric, volumetric and paper-making traits of provenances of Pinus caribaea Morelet, P. oocarpa Schiede and P. patula SchiedeariclDeppe ssp. tecunumanii (Eguiluz and Perry) Styles were evaluated. Provenance mean values of densitometric density (DEN) and within tree density variation (VAR) were significantly different (p<0.05) at seven of the fourteen P.caribaea and at one of the seven of P. oocarpa and P. patula ssp. tecunumanii trials. Provenance mean valuesor volume under bark (VUB)and dry matter index (DMI) were significantly (p<0.05) different at all of the P. caribaea and at five of the P. oocarpa and P. patula ssp. tecunumanii trials. The inland provenances of P. caribaea were generally Higher for DEN and VAR than the coastal provenances, he Camelias, Mountain Pine Ridge, Rafael and Yucul provenances of P. patula ssp. tecunumanii were superior to P. oocarpa provenances for VUB and DMI in all of these trials and were superior to P. caribaea at two sites where the species were growing under similar conditions. Evaluation of densitometric races revealed large differences between species, provenances and sites for the width and density of latewood; this could explain much of the variation in VAR between these sources. The analysis of variance was used to assess genotype by environment interaction of DEN and VAR from eleven provenances of P. caribaea var. hondurensis Barrett and Golfari at eleven sites and from five provenances of P. oocarpa and four provenances of P. patula ssp. tecunumanii at sfx sites. Sites and provenances were significantly different for DEN and VAR in both series of trials out the site by provenance term was not statistically significant in either. Indications were that P. caribaea would be expected to have lower values of DEN and VAR at higher altitude. Provenances of P. oocarpa and P. patula ssp. tecunumanii were lower for VAR at sites of lower latitude but there were no individual site factors which could be correlated with DEN in these provenances. The comparison of full-scale pulping with micropulping of small wood samples from felled trees of six pine species in the Eastern Transvaal, South Africa, revealed positive and significant correlations for the pulp yield and paper strength traits. The correlation of tear index and VAR in these trees was positive and significant. Evaluation and analyses of a number of pine species and provenances by micropulping of cores from standing trees revealed significant differences for certain of the paper strength traits. The Caftas provenance of P. oocarpa was unusual in having high values for both tear index and burst index when grown in Zululand. Similar conclusions were reached for provenances of P. patula ssp. tecunumanii grown in the Eastern Transvaal. The conclusions of this thesis were: 1. Site climatic factors did not affect DEN and VAR of the different species and provenances in the same way; 2. The VAR term varied as a result of site, species and provenance; 3. There was no genotype by environment interaction for DEN«*rJ VAR; 4. The correlation of VAR with pulp and paper-making traits indicated that trees with high VAR were superior for tear index to trees with low VAR; 5. Micropulping of small wood samples could be used to assess the paper-making traits of individual trees.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2015. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-05-11T20:30:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_EmiliaPintoBraga.pdf: 2282932 bytes, checksum: 03552fd7e8030d7d5c0c98f65e9bb5d7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-12-20T12:24:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_EmiliaPintoBraga.pdf: 2282932 bytes, checksum: 03552fd7e8030d7d5c0c98f65e9bb5d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-20T12:24:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_EmiliaPintoBraga.pdf: 2282932 bytes, checksum: 03552fd7e8030d7d5c0c98f65e9bb5d7 (MD5) / Os objetivos foram descrever as estruturas das populações invasoras de Pinus caribaea e Pinus oocarpa, avaliar impactos sobre os nutrientes do solo e de serapilheira e na diversidade funcional do solo e propor manejo para controle e exclusão. No JBB foram realizados dois levantamentos para descrever as populações e montar uma matriz de transição dos estágios de vida de cada população. Para P.caribaea foram definidos 7 estágios de vida: P, J1, J2,J3,J4,I e A;P. oocarpa teve 8 estágios, 7 iguais aos de P. caribaea e mais T. O manejo simulou a exclusão dos indivíduos das classes com maiores valores de sensibilidade. Amostras de serapilheira e de solos foram coletados para quantificar nutrientes e perfil fisiológico. Em 2013, a população amostrada de P caribaea possuiu 208 indivíduos, aumentando para 233 em um ano (λ=1,09). P.oocarpa teve uma população amostrada de 834 indivíduos em 2013, indo para 890 em 2014 (λ=1,07). A simulação das matrizes resultou em populações de 82.570 indivíduos deP.caribaea e 220.478 de P.oocarpaem 22 anos. Com manejo de exclusão de Imaturos e Adultos, as populações de P.caribaea e P.oocarpa teriam, respectivamente, 2.117 e 12.482 indivíduos. Pinheiros adensaram o dossel e produziram mais serapilheira que Cerrado, mas não afetou a qualidade nutricional da serapilheira nem nos nutrientes do solo. Não foi observada relação entre nutrientes de serapilheira e de solo com a comunidade bacteriana. Não houve influência da presença de pinheirosno perfil fisiológico do solo. O perfil fisiológico mudou sob influência do regime pluviométrico. Este é o primeiro relato da invasão das espécies P. caribaea e P. oocarpa e seus efeitos, e também são inéditas as propostas e projeções de manejo para o JBB das duas espécies invasoras estudadas. / The objectives of this study were to: describe the population structure of these species, evaluate their impacts on litter and soil nutrients, evaluate their impacts on the functional diversity in the soil and 4) propose a solution for control and exclusion of these species over time. To study the populations, two surveys were done to provide data for a transition matrix for each species. For P.caribaea the following life stages were defined: P, J1, J2, J3, J4, I, A. For P.oocarpa another stage was included: T. A management proposal for these species was made based on the transitions with the highest values of sensitivity. In 2013, the P. caribaea population in the transects had 208 individuals and this increased to 233 in after one year (λ=1,09). The initial population size of P. oocarpa was 834 and this increased to 890 iin 2014 (λ=1,07). The projection of population growth over a 22 year period indicated an increase in the total number of individuals to 82,570 for P. caribaea and to 220,478 for P. oocarpa. However, if all adult individuals of each species were actively removed, the final estimate for population sizes of each species was 2,117 and 12,482 individuals, respectively. The presence of pine species resulted in greater crown closure and a higher quantity of litter on the soil surface comparing sites with and without pines, but there was no difference in the nutrient content of the litter and in soil. There was no relation between nutrient concentration in the litter and soil and the soil bacterial community. A difference in the preference of carbon sources between the rainy and dry season was observed. This is the first report of invasion of these pine species in the Cerrado, their effects, and also of proposals for their management in the JBB.

Die nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung des Waldes stellt eine der wichtigsten Anforderungen an das forstwirtschaftliche Handeln dar. In diesem Kontext befasst sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der modellhaften Abbildung des Einzelbaumwachstums der Baumart Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis und bildet damit die Grundlage zur Entwicklung nachhaltiger Bewirtschaftungskonzepte in der Dominikanischen Republik. Die Datenbasis für die Berechnung von Ertragskennwerten und für die sich anschließende Modellierung beruht auf der Anlage von 30 Probeflächen, die in den Jahren 2008, 2009 und 2010 aufgenommen wurden. 16 Probeflächen entfallen dabei auf die Region Jarabacoa und 14 Probeflächen auf die Region Restauración. Nach der Markierung der Probeflächen und der Einzelbäume wurden u.a. der Durchmesser d1,3, die Baumhöhen h, die Kronenbreite kb, der Kronenansatz ka sowie die Baumpositionen erfasst. Aus diesen Messwerten konnten zunächst Ertragskenngrößen berechnet werden. Das Bestandesalter t deckt hierbei einen Bereich von 3 bis 38 Jahren ab. Der Mitteldurchmesser dg variiert zwischen einem Minimalwert von 8,1 cm und einem Maximum von 38,4 cm. Des Weiteren konnten für alle Aufnahmen Mittelhöhen hg mit Werten von 6,7 m bis 33,7 m ermittelt werden. Die Grundfläche G nimmt Werte zwischen 11,3 m² und 63,0 m² an. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen der Basisauswertung und dem Einzelbaumwachstumssimulator BWINPro (NAGEL 1999) wurde anschließend ein regionales Wachstumsmodell angepasst. Zu diesem Zweck waren insbesondere Änderungen in den Bereichen der Datenergänzung, der Zuwachsprognose und zur Nachbildung der Mortalität notwendig, wobei sich an der vorhandenen Modellstruktur orientiert wurde. Im Bereich des Datenergänzungsmoduls war die Anpassung von Funktionen zur Erzeugung einer Durchmesserliste und zur Generierung von Einzelbaumhöhen notwendig. Die Erzeugung einzelner Durchmesser erfolgte auf der Basis der Weibull-Verteilung und linearer Gleichungen, die den Maßstabsparameter b und den Formparameter c dieser Verteilung beschreiben. In diesem Zusammenhang kamen die Prädiktoren Mitteldurchmesser dg und Maximaldurchmesser dmax zum Einsatz. Zur Generierung von Einzelbaumhöhen wurden zwei Einheitshöhenkurvenmodelle angepasst und auf ihre Eignung hin verglichen. Das Modell von SLOBODA et al. (1993) erwies sich gegenüber dem Modell, das von ARCANGELI et al. (2013) verwendet wurde, als besser geeignet. Zur Erzeugung einer gewissen Höhenvariation bei den generierten Einzelbaumhöhen wurde zudem ein Modell in Anlehnung an ALBERT (2000) angepasst. Zur Berechnung der Standardabweichung der Höhenresiduen um die Bestandeshöhenkurve nach MICHAILOFF (1943) erscheint in diesem Zusammenhang das Modell mit der unabhängigen Variable dg als geeignet. Kronenbreiten- und Kronenansatzfunktionen werden sowohl im Bereich der Datenergänzung als auch in der Zuwachsprognose benötigt. Bei der Ermittlung eines geeigneten Kronenansatzmodells wurde auf die Funktionen von SCHMIDT (2001), VAN DEUSEN und BIGING (1985) sowie auf die Funktion von PRETZSCH (2001) zurückgegriffen. Die Funktion von SCHMIDT (2001), die auch in der niedersächsischen Version von BWINPro verwendet wird, weist die beste Anpassung an das Datenmaterial auf. In die Findung einer passenden Kronenbreitenfunktion wurden die Modelle aus den Wachstumssimulatoren Silva (PRETZSCH 2001) und BWINPro (DÖBBELER et al. 2011) einbezogen. Hierbei erwies sich die Funktion aus Silva als besser geeignet. Für die Anpassung der Zuwachsprognose der Baumart P. caribaea var. hondurensis unter den Wuchsbedingungen in der Dominikanischen Republik mussten Funktionen zur Berechnung des Durchmesser- und Höhenzuwachses aktualisiert werden. Das Durchmesserzuwachsmodell beruht hierbei weitestgehend auf dem Ansatz von NAGEL (1999). Als unabhängige Variablen wurden die Kronenmantelfläche km, das Bestandesalter t und der positionsunabhängige Konkurrenzindex C66 nach WENSEL et al. (1987) verwendet. Die Berechnung erfolgte ausschließlich unter Einbeziehung von Bäumen, von denen der Durchmesser d1,3, die Baumhöhe h sowie die Kronenbreite kb und der Kronenansatz ka als Messwerte zur Verfügung standen. Aufgrund dieser Einschränkung umfasste der Stichprobenumfang lediglich 475 Bäume. Mit einem adjustierten Bestimmtheitsmaß von 0,6409 wurde im Vergleich zu anderen Untersuchungen dennoch ein gutes Anpassungsergebnis erzielt. Eine direkte Schätzung von Einzelbaumhöhenzuwächsen analog zur Durchmesserzuwachsschätzung konnte aufgrund fehlender Höhenzuwächse nicht realisiert werden. Aus diesem Grund wird hierfür ein Verfahren zur Berechnung von Höhenzuwächsen auf der Basis von Einheitshöhenkurven empfohlen. Die Umsetzung des Ansatzes kann in Anlehnung an den Ansatz von KAHN und ĎURSKÝ (1999) erfolgen. Die Voraussetzung zur Verwendung dieses Ansatzes stellt ein Einheitshöhenkurvenmodell und ein Modell zur Beschreibung der Bestandeshöhenentwicklung dar. Um Konsistenz zwischen beiden notwendigen Modellen herzustellen, erfolgte die Parametrisierung auf der Basis der Oberhöhe h100 und des Oberdurchmessers d100. Durch die Verwendung dieser Werte sind die Funktionen zudem stabiler gegenüber Durchforstungen. Für die Anpassung einer Alters-Höhen-Kurve zur Beschreibung der Oberhöhenentwicklung wurden verschiedene Wachstumsfunktionen getestet. Hierzu zählen die CHAPMAN-RICHARDS-Funktion (RICHARDS 1959), die Funktionen von GOMPERTZ (1825), KORF (1939), SCHUMACHER (1939), SLOBODA (1971) sowie eine logistische Funktion. Nach abschließender Prüfung ergab die SLOBODA-Funktion (1971) den besten Kompromiss zwischen statistischer Anpassung und biologischer Plausibilität. Für das notwendige Einheitshöhenkurvenmodell wurde wie im Bereich der Datenergänzung der Ansatz von SLOBODA et al. (1993) verwendet, wobei als Prädiktoren die Oberhöhe h100 und der Oberdurchmesser d100 in die Berechnung eingingen. Die Berechnung des Höhenzuwachses eines Einzelbaumes erfolgte durch Differenzbildung zwischen den Einheitshöhen am Anfang und Ende eines Simulationsschrittes. Zur Gewährleistung der Modellplausibilität und um sicherzustellen, dass die Bestandesdichte nicht ungehindert ansteigt, war die Parametrisierung eines Mortalitätsmodells notwendig. Da innerhalb des Untersuchungszeitraums keine Einzelbaummortalität beobachtet werden konnte und somit die Umsetzung komplexer Modelle nicht möglich war, wurde auf die Bestandesdichte-Regel nach REINEKE (1933) zurückgegriffen. Mithilfe des Mitteldurchmessers dg und der ermittelten Grenzbeziehung können die maximale Stammzahl Nmax und somit auch die maximale Grundfläche Gmax für einen Bestand berechnet werden. Erreicht die Grundfläche eines Bestandes den berechneten Maximalwert, so sterben Bäume mit dem höchsten Konkurrenzindex ab. / The sustainable management of forest ecosystems is one of the most important requirements in forestry decisions. In this context, this thesis deals with the model-based description of individual tree growth of the tree species Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis and provides the basis for the development of sustainable management concepts in the Dominican Republic. The data for the calculation of stand yield values and for the following modeling process was based on 30 sample plots. The measurements in the pine stands were made in the years 2008, 2009 and 2010. Sixteen sample plots were placed in the region of Jarabacoa and 14 plots were located close to the city of Restauración. After the selection of specific plot size in the stand, all trees were marked and the diameter d1,3, tree height h, crown width kb, crown base ka and tree positions were measured. Using these measurements, yield parameters could be calculated. The stand age t covered a range from 3 to 38 years. The mean quadratic diameter dg varied between a minimum value of 8,1 cm and a maximum of 38,4 cm. Furthermore, mean heights hg with values of 6,7 m to 33,7 m could be determined. The stand basal area G were measured with values between 11,3 m² and 63,0 m². Based on the results of the calculation of yield parameters and the growth simulator BWINPro (NAGEL 1999), a regional growth model was adjusted. For this objective, adaptations in model routines for data generation, growth prediction and mortality were necessary. The Adaption of routines for the data generation required changes in the algorithms of tree diameter estimation and individual tree height prediction. For the generation of diameter values, the Weibull distribution was adjusted to each diameter distribution of the different stands. In a second step, linear equations which describe the scale parameter b and the shape parameter c of this distribution were fitted by using the independent variables of mean quadratic diameter dg and the maximum diameter dmax. In case where no height measurements taken, a generalized diameter-height equation is parameterized. In this context the two models from SLOBODA et al. (1993) and ARCANGELI et al. (2013) were used and compared. The equation of SLOBODA et al. (1993) showed a better suitability. In order to produce heights with a certain variation, the model after ALBERT (2000) was adjusted. With this model it is now possible, to calculate the standard deviation of the height residuals around the height curve of MICHAILOFF (1943) with the predictor dg. Crown width and crown base functions are required in the model routines for data generation and growth prediction. For the determination of a suitable crown base model, the functions of SCHMIDT (2001), of VAN DEUSEN und BIGING (1985) and from PRETZSCH (2001) were included in the study. The function of SCHMIDT (2001), which is also used in the version of BWINPro in Lower Saxony, showed the best adaption to the empirical data. For the estimation of crown width values the functions of the growth simulator Silva (PRETZSCH 2001) and BWINPro (DÖBBELER et al. 2011) were tested. Here, the function from Silva proved to be better suited. To adapt the growth prediction routines for the tree species P. caribaea var. hondurensis under the conditions in the Dominican Republic, the actualization of diameter and height growth models were necessary. The diameter growth model is based on the approach of NAGEL (1999). As independent variables the crown surface area km, stand age t and the position independent competition index C66 by WENSEL et al. (1987) were used. The calculation was performed only with trees, of which the diameter d1,3, tree height h, crown width kb and crown base ka existed as empirical measurements. Because of this limitation, the sample size consists of only 475 trees. A good result of the statistical fit was achieved with an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0,6409. The comparison to other studies supports this assertion. A direct estimation of individual tree height growth similar to the diameter increment model could not be implemented due to lack of height measurements. For this reason a method for calculating the height growth of single trees on the basis of a generalized diameter-height equation is recommended. The implementation of the described approach can be carried out in accordance to KAHN and ĎURSKÝ (1999). The requirements for using this approach are a generalized diameter-height equation and a growth function for the stand height. To ensure consistency between the two necessary models, the parameterization is based on the dominant height h100 and the dominant diameter d100. By using these values, the functions are also more stable with regard to thinning. For the adaptation of an age-height curve to describe the top height development, different growth functions were tested. These include the CHAPMAN-RICHARDS function (RICHARDS 1959), the functions of GOMPERTZ (1825), KORF (1939), SCHUMACHER (1939), SLOBODA (1971) and a logistic function. After a comprehensive evaluation, the SLOBODA function (1971) represents the best compromise between statistical adaptation and biological plausibility. For the necessary generalized diameter-height equation, again the approach of SLOBODA et al. (1993) was used, with the predictors dominant height h100 and the dominant diameter d100. The calculation of the height increment of a single tree is set by the difference between the heights from the generalized diameter-height equation at the beginning and the end of one simulation step. The age-height curve is used to extract the required information for the generalized diameter-height equation. To ensure the plausibility of the whole growth model and to ensure that the stand density does not rise unlimited, the adjustment of a mortality model was necessary. Within the research period no individual tree mortality was observed and the implementation of complex models was not possible. For this reason the stand density rule by REINEKE (1933) was implemented. By using the mean quadratic diameter dg and the estimated equation, it is possible to calculate the maximum tree number Nmax. Furthermore the maximum basal area Gmax can be calculated by multiplying Nmax with the basal area of the dg. If the basal area G of the simulated forest stand exceeds the maximum basal area Gmax, the trees with the highest competition index die. The elimination of trees stops if G is lower than Gmax. / El uso sostenible del bosque representa uno de los requisitos más importantes de la gestión forestal. En este contexto, el presente trabajo expone un modelo de crecimiento individual de la especie de árbol Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, el mismo que pretende contribuir a sentar las bases para el desarrollo de conceptos de aprovechamiento sostenible en la República Dominicana. La base para el cálculo de valores de rendimiento y para el modelaje la constituyeron los datos tomados en 30 parcelas de muestreo en los años 2008, 2009 y 2010. La ubicación de las parcelas fue georeferenciada; 16 de ellas se encuentran en la región de Jarabacoa y 14 parcelas están en la región Restauración. Cada árbol fue marcado, se registró su ubicación dentro de la parcela y se tomaron las respectivas medidas de diámetro (d1,3), altura (h), diámetro de copa (kb) y altura de fuste limpio (ka). La edad de los árboles en las parcelas de muestreo cubrió un rango desde los tres hasta los 38 años. El diámetro a 1,3 m correspondiente al árbol de área basal promedio (dg) varió entre un mínimo de 8,1 cm hasta un máximo de 38,4cm. También se determinó que la altura de los árboles con área basal promedio (hg) fue de entre 6,7 m hasta 33,7 m. Mientras que el área basal (G) presentó valores entre 11,3 m² y 63,0 m². A partir de estos resultados de análisis básico y a través de la utilización del programa de simulación del crecimiento individual de árboles BWINPro (NAGEL 1999), se elaboró un modelo de crecimiento específico para la región. Con este propósito, fue necesario realizar modificaciones para calcular valores faltantes, los pronósticos de incremento y para replicar los valores de mortalidad. En cuanto al cálculo de los valores faltantes, se adaptaron las funciones para generar una lista de diámetros y de alturas de cada uno de los árboles. El cálculo del diámetro de cada árbol se basó en la distribución de Weibull y en ecuaciones lineales que describen el parámetro de escala b y el parámetro de forma c de dicha distribución. En este sentido, se utilizó el diámetro a 1,3 m correspondiente al árbol de área basal promedio (dg) y el diámetro máximo dmax como predictores. Con el fin de generar las alturas de cada árbol se adaptaron dos modelos generalizados de diámetro-altura y se avaluó su aptitud. El modelo de SLOBODA et al. (1993) demostró ser más apto para simular la altura de los árboles comparado con el de ARCANGELI et al. (2013). Para producir una cierta variación en la distribución de alturas generadas se ajustó adicionalmente un modelo según ALBERT (2000). El modelo con la variable independiente dg es el que resultó ser más adecuado para calcular las desviaciones estándar de los residuos de las alturas de los árboles con respecto a la ecuacion altura-diámetro de MICHAILOFF (1943). Tanto para el cálculo de los valores faltantes, como para realizar los pronósticos de incremento, se requieren funciones para determinar la altura de fuste limpio y el diámetro de copa. Con el fin de identificar un modelo adecuado para calcular la altura de fuste limpio se utilizaron las funciones de SCHMIDT (2001), VAN DEUSEN y BIGING (1985), así como también la de PRETZSCH (2001). La función de SCHMIDT (2001), que también es utilizada en la versión de BWINPro de Baja Sajonia, es la que presentó el mejor ajuste a los datos disponibles. En la búsqueda de una función adecuada para calcular el diámetro de copa, se consideraron los modelos de simulación de crecimiento de Silva (PRETZSCH 2001) y BWINPro (DÖBBELER et al. 2011). Entre ellos, el de Silva resultó ser el más adecuado. Las funciones para calcular el incremento del diámetro y la altura fueron actualizadas para ajustar el pronóstico de incremento de la especie P. caribaea var. hondurensis bajo las condiciones ambientales de la República Dominicana. El modelo para calcular el incremento del diámetro se basa principalmente en el enfoque de NAGEL (1999). Como variables independientes se consideraron el área superficial de copa (km), la edad de la plantación (t) y el índice de competencia (C66) según WENSEL et al. (1987). El cálculo consideró exclusivamente aquellos árboles cuyos valores de diámetro (d1,3), altura (h), diámetro de copa (kb) y altura de fuste limpio (ka) fueron medidos. A causa de esta limitación el tamaño de la muestra fue de únicamente 475 árboles. A pesar de esto, y en comparación con otras investigaciones se logró un buen resultado con un coeficiente de determinación ajustado de 0,6409. Una estimación directa del incremento de la altura individual análoga a la estimación del incremento del diámetro, no fue posible debido a que faltaban datos del incremento de altura. Por esta razón, el presente trabajo recomienda utilizar un procedimiento para calcular el incremento de la altura basado en una función diámetro-altura. La aplicación de tal procedimiento puede darse de conformidad al enfoque de KAHN und ĎURSKÝ (1999), que utilizaron un modelo generalizado de diámetro-altura y un modelo para describir el desarrollo de la altura del rodal. La parameterización de se basó en la altura dominante (h100) y el diámetro dominante (d100), logrando de tal manera consistencia entre ambos modelos. Además, el uso de estos valores permite que las funciones sean más estables en caso de que se realice un aclareo del bosque. Con el propósito de ajustar de una curva de altura-edad para describir el desarrollo de la altura dominante, se evaluaron varias funciones de crecimiento. Entre ellas se consideraron las de CHAPMAN-RICHARDS (RICHARDS 1959), GOMPERTZ (1825), KORF (1939), SCHUMACHER (1939), SLOBODA (1971), así como también una función logística. Tras evaluar las mencionadas funciones, la de SLOBODA (1971) fue la que presentó el mejor equilibrio entre el ajuste estadístico y la plausibilidad biológica. Para el modelo generalizado diámetro-altura se utilizó, al igual que para el cálculo de valores faltantes, el enfoque de SLOBODA et al. (1993), en el cuyos cálculos se incluyen como predictores la altura dominante (h100) y el diámetro dominante (d100). El incremento de altura de un individuo resultó de la diferencia entre la altura de cada árbol al inicio y al final de cada iteración de la simulación. Con el objeto de garantizar la plausibilidad del modelo y, para evitar que la densidad del rodal crezca libremente fue necesario parameterizar un modelo de mortalidad. Debido a que durante el tiempo de estudio no se observó la muerte de ningún árbol, y por lo cual no fue posible utilizar un modelo más complejo, se empleó la ley de densidad del rodal de Reineke, según REINEKE (1933). Con ayuda del diámetro a 1,3 m correspondiente al árbol de área basal promedio (dg) y a una relación lineal, se puede calcular el número máximo de árboles por hectárea y así también el área basal máxima de un rodal. Cuando el área basal del rodal alcanza el valor máximo calculado, mueren los árboles que poseen los índices de competencia más altos.

Die nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung des Waldes stellt eine der wichtigsten Anforderungen an das forstwirtschaftliche Handeln dar. In diesem Kontext befasst sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der modellhaften Abbildung des Einzelbaumwachstums der Baumart Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis und bildet damit die Grundlage zur Entwicklung nachhaltiger Bewirtschaftungskonzepte in der Dominikanischen Republik. Die Datenbasis für die Berechnung von Ertragskennwerten und für die sich anschließende Modellierung beruht auf der Anlage von 30 Probeflächen, die in den Jahren 2008, 2009 und 2010 aufgenommen wurden. 16 Probeflächen entfallen dabei auf die Region Jarabacoa und 14 Probeflächen auf die Region Restauración. Nach der Markierung der Probeflächen und der Einzelbäume wurden u.a. der Durchmesser d1,3, die Baumhöhen h, die Kronenbreite kb, der Kronenansatz ka sowie die Baumpositionen erfasst. Aus diesen Messwerten konnten zunächst Ertragskenngrößen berechnet werden. Das Bestandesalter t deckt hierbei einen Bereich von 3 bis 38 Jahren ab. Der Mitteldurchmesser dg variiert zwischen einem Minimalwert von 8,1 cm und einem Maximum von 38,4 cm. Des Weiteren konnten für alle Aufnahmen Mittelhöhen hg mit Werten von 6,7 m bis 33,7 m ermittelt werden. Die Grundfläche G nimmt Werte zwischen 11,3 m² und 63,0 m² an. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen der Basisauswertung und dem Einzelbaumwachstumssimulator BWINPro (NAGEL 1999) wurde anschließend ein regionales Wachstumsmodell angepasst. Zu diesem Zweck waren insbesondere Änderungen in den Bereichen der Datenergänzung, der Zuwachsprognose und zur Nachbildung der Mortalität notwendig, wobei sich an der vorhandenen Modellstruktur orientiert wurde. Im Bereich des Datenergänzungsmoduls war die Anpassung von Funktionen zur Erzeugung einer Durchmesserliste und zur Generierung von Einzelbaumhöhen notwendig. Die Erzeugung einzelner Durchmesser erfolgte auf der Basis der Weibull-Verteilung und linearer Gleichungen, die den Maßstabsparameter b und den Formparameter c dieser Verteilung beschreiben. In diesem Zusammenhang kamen die Prädiktoren Mitteldurchmesser dg und Maximaldurchmesser dmax zum Einsatz. Zur Generierung von Einzelbaumhöhen wurden zwei Einheitshöhenkurvenmodelle angepasst und auf ihre Eignung hin verglichen. Das Modell von SLOBODA et al. (1993) erwies sich gegenüber dem Modell, das von ARCANGELI et al. (2013) verwendet wurde, als besser geeignet. Zur Erzeugung einer gewissen Höhenvariation bei den generierten Einzelbaumhöhen wurde zudem ein Modell in Anlehnung an ALBERT (2000) angepasst. Zur Berechnung der Standardabweichung der Höhenresiduen um die Bestandeshöhenkurve nach MICHAILOFF (1943) erscheint in diesem Zusammenhang das Modell mit der unabhängigen Variable dg als geeignet. Kronenbreiten- und Kronenansatzfunktionen werden sowohl im Bereich der Datenergänzung als auch in der Zuwachsprognose benötigt. Bei der Ermittlung eines geeigneten Kronenansatzmodells wurde auf die Funktionen von SCHMIDT (2001), VAN DEUSEN und BIGING (1985) sowie auf die Funktion von PRETZSCH (2001) zurückgegriffen. Die Funktion von SCHMIDT (2001), die auch in der niedersächsischen Version von BWINPro verwendet wird, weist die beste Anpassung an das Datenmaterial auf. In die Findung einer passenden Kronenbreitenfunktion wurden die Modelle aus den Wachstumssimulatoren Silva (PRETZSCH 2001) und BWINPro (DÖBBELER et al. 2011) einbezogen. Hierbei erwies sich die Funktion aus Silva als besser geeignet. Für die Anpassung der Zuwachsprognose der Baumart P. caribaea var. hondurensis unter den Wuchsbedingungen in der Dominikanischen Republik mussten Funktionen zur Berechnung des Durchmesser- und Höhenzuwachses aktualisiert werden. Das Durchmesserzuwachsmodell beruht hierbei weitestgehend auf dem Ansatz von NAGEL (1999). Als unabhängige Variablen wurden die Kronenmantelfläche km, das Bestandesalter t und der positionsunabhängige Konkurrenzindex C66 nach WENSEL et al. (1987) verwendet. Die Berechnung erfolgte ausschließlich unter Einbeziehung von Bäumen, von denen der Durchmesser d1,3, die Baumhöhe h sowie die Kronenbreite kb und der Kronenansatz ka als Messwerte zur Verfügung standen. Aufgrund dieser Einschränkung umfasste der Stichprobenumfang lediglich 475 Bäume. Mit einem adjustierten Bestimmtheitsmaß von 0,6409 wurde im Vergleich zu anderen Untersuchungen dennoch ein gutes Anpassungsergebnis erzielt. Eine direkte Schätzung von Einzelbaumhöhenzuwächsen analog zur Durchmesserzuwachsschätzung konnte aufgrund fehlender Höhenzuwächse nicht realisiert werden. Aus diesem Grund wird hierfür ein Verfahren zur Berechnung von Höhenzuwächsen auf der Basis von Einheitshöhenkurven empfohlen. Die Umsetzung des Ansatzes kann in Anlehnung an den Ansatz von KAHN und ĎURSKÝ (1999) erfolgen. Die Voraussetzung zur Verwendung dieses Ansatzes stellt ein Einheitshöhenkurvenmodell und ein Modell zur Beschreibung der Bestandeshöhenentwicklung dar. Um Konsistenz zwischen beiden notwendigen Modellen herzustellen, erfolgte die Parametrisierung auf der Basis der Oberhöhe h100 und des Oberdurchmessers d100. Durch die Verwendung dieser Werte sind die Funktionen zudem stabiler gegenüber Durchforstungen. Für die Anpassung einer Alters-Höhen-Kurve zur Beschreibung der Oberhöhenentwicklung wurden verschiedene Wachstumsfunktionen getestet. Hierzu zählen die CHAPMAN-RICHARDS-Funktion (RICHARDS 1959), die Funktionen von GOMPERTZ (1825), KORF (1939), SCHUMACHER (1939), SLOBODA (1971) sowie eine logistische Funktion. Nach abschließender Prüfung ergab die SLOBODA-Funktion (1971) den besten Kompromiss zwischen statistischer Anpassung und biologischer Plausibilität. Für das notwendige Einheitshöhenkurvenmodell wurde wie im Bereich der Datenergänzung der Ansatz von SLOBODA et al. (1993) verwendet, wobei als Prädiktoren die Oberhöhe h100 und der Oberdurchmesser d100 in die Berechnung eingingen. Die Berechnung des Höhenzuwachses eines Einzelbaumes erfolgte durch Differenzbildung zwischen den Einheitshöhen am Anfang und Ende eines Simulationsschrittes. Zur Gewährleistung der Modellplausibilität und um sicherzustellen, dass die Bestandesdichte nicht ungehindert ansteigt, war die Parametrisierung eines Mortalitätsmodells notwendig. Da innerhalb des Untersuchungszeitraums keine Einzelbaummortalität beobachtet werden konnte und somit die Umsetzung komplexer Modelle nicht möglich war, wurde auf die Bestandesdichte-Regel nach REINEKE (1933) zurückgegriffen. Mithilfe des Mitteldurchmessers dg und der ermittelten Grenzbeziehung können die maximale Stammzahl Nmax und somit auch die maximale Grundfläche Gmax für einen Bestand berechnet werden. Erreicht die Grundfläche eines Bestandes den berechneten Maximalwert, so sterben Bäume mit dem höchsten Konkurrenzindex ab. / The sustainable management of forest ecosystems is one of the most important requirements in forestry decisions. In this context, this thesis deals with the model-based description of individual tree growth of the tree species Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis and provides the basis for the development of sustainable management concepts in the Dominican Republic. The data for the calculation of stand yield values and for the following modeling process was based on 30 sample plots. The measurements in the pine stands were made in the years 2008, 2009 and 2010. Sixteen sample plots were placed in the region of Jarabacoa and 14 plots were located close to the city of Restauración. After the selection of specific plot size in the stand, all trees were marked and the diameter d1,3, tree height h, crown width kb, crown base ka and tree positions were measured. Using these measurements, yield parameters could be calculated. The stand age t covered a range from 3 to 38 years. The mean quadratic diameter dg varied between a minimum value of 8,1 cm and a maximum of 38,4 cm. Furthermore, mean heights hg with values of 6,7 m to 33,7 m could be determined. The stand basal area G were measured with values between 11,3 m² and 63,0 m². Based on the results of the calculation of yield parameters and the growth simulator BWINPro (NAGEL 1999), a regional growth model was adjusted. For this objective, adaptations in model routines for data generation, growth prediction and mortality were necessary. The Adaption of routines for the data generation required changes in the algorithms of tree diameter estimation and individual tree height prediction. For the generation of diameter values, the Weibull distribution was adjusted to each diameter distribution of the different stands. In a second step, linear equations which describe the scale parameter b and the shape parameter c of this distribution were fitted by using the independent variables of mean quadratic diameter dg and the maximum diameter dmax. In case where no height measurements taken, a generalized diameter-height equation is parameterized. In this context the two models from SLOBODA et al. (1993) and ARCANGELI et al. (2013) were used and compared. The equation of SLOBODA et al. (1993) showed a better suitability. In order to produce heights with a certain variation, the model after ALBERT (2000) was adjusted. With this model it is now possible, to calculate the standard deviation of the height residuals around the height curve of MICHAILOFF (1943) with the predictor dg. Crown width and crown base functions are required in the model routines for data generation and growth prediction. For the determination of a suitable crown base model, the functions of SCHMIDT (2001), of VAN DEUSEN und BIGING (1985) and from PRETZSCH (2001) were included in the study. The function of SCHMIDT (2001), which is also used in the version of BWINPro in Lower Saxony, showed the best adaption to the empirical data. For the estimation of crown width values the functions of the growth simulator Silva (PRETZSCH 2001) and BWINPro (DÖBBELER et al. 2011) were tested. Here, the function from Silva proved to be better suited. To adapt the growth prediction routines for the tree species P. caribaea var. hondurensis under the conditions in the Dominican Republic, the actualization of diameter and height growth models were necessary. The diameter growth model is based on the approach of NAGEL (1999). As independent variables the crown surface area km, stand age t and the position independent competition index C66 by WENSEL et al. (1987) were used. The calculation was performed only with trees, of which the diameter d1,3, tree height h, crown width kb and crown base ka existed as empirical measurements. Because of this limitation, the sample size consists of only 475 trees. A good result of the statistical fit was achieved with an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0,6409. The comparison to other studies supports this assertion. A direct estimation of individual tree height growth similar to the diameter increment model could not be implemented due to lack of height measurements. For this reason a method for calculating the height growth of single trees on the basis of a generalized diameter-height equation is recommended. The implementation of the described approach can be carried out in accordance to KAHN and ĎURSKÝ (1999). The requirements for using this approach are a generalized diameter-height equation and a growth function for the stand height. To ensure consistency between the two necessary models, the parameterization is based on the dominant height h100 and the dominant diameter d100. By using these values, the functions are also more stable with regard to thinning. For the adaptation of an age-height curve to describe the top height development, different growth functions were tested. These include the CHAPMAN-RICHARDS function (RICHARDS 1959), the functions of GOMPERTZ (1825), KORF (1939), SCHUMACHER (1939), SLOBODA (1971) and a logistic function. After a comprehensive evaluation, the SLOBODA function (1971) represents the best compromise between statistical adaptation and biological plausibility. For the necessary generalized diameter-height equation, again the approach of SLOBODA et al. (1993) was used, with the predictors dominant height h100 and the dominant diameter d100. The calculation of the height increment of a single tree is set by the difference between the heights from the generalized diameter-height equation at the beginning and the end of one simulation step. The age-height curve is used to extract the required information for the generalized diameter-height equation. To ensure the plausibility of the whole growth model and to ensure that the stand density does not rise unlimited, the adjustment of a mortality model was necessary. Within the research period no individual tree mortality was observed and the implementation of complex models was not possible. For this reason the stand density rule by REINEKE (1933) was implemented. By using the mean quadratic diameter dg and the estimated equation, it is possible to calculate the maximum tree number Nmax. Furthermore the maximum basal area Gmax can be calculated by multiplying Nmax with the basal area of the dg. If the basal area G of the simulated forest stand exceeds the maximum basal area Gmax, the trees with the highest competition index die. The elimination of trees stops if G is lower than Gmax. / El uso sostenible del bosque representa uno de los requisitos más importantes de la gestión forestal. En este contexto, el presente trabajo expone un modelo de crecimiento individual de la especie de árbol Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, el mismo que pretende contribuir a sentar las bases para el desarrollo de conceptos de aprovechamiento sostenible en la República Dominicana. La base para el cálculo de valores de rendimiento y para el modelaje la constituyeron los datos tomados en 30 parcelas de muestreo en los años 2008, 2009 y 2010. La ubicación de las parcelas fue georeferenciada; 16 de ellas se encuentran en la región de Jarabacoa y 14 parcelas están en la región Restauración. Cada árbol fue marcado, se registró su ubicación dentro de la parcela y se tomaron las respectivas medidas de diámetro (d1,3), altura (h), diámetro de copa (kb) y altura de fuste limpio (ka). La edad de los árboles en las parcelas de muestreo cubrió un rango desde los tres hasta los 38 años. El diámetro a 1,3 m correspondiente al árbol de área basal promedio (dg) varió entre un mínimo de 8,1 cm hasta un máximo de 38,4cm. También se determinó que la altura de los árboles con área basal promedio (hg) fue de entre 6,7 m hasta 33,7 m. Mientras que el área basal (G) presentó valores entre 11,3 m² y 63,0 m². A partir de estos resultados de análisis básico y a través de la utilización del programa de simulación del crecimiento individual de árboles BWINPro (NAGEL 1999), se elaboró un modelo de crecimiento específico para la región. Con este propósito, fue necesario realizar modificaciones para calcular valores faltantes, los pronósticos de incremento y para replicar los valores de mortalidad. En cuanto al cálculo de los valores faltantes, se adaptaron las funciones para generar una lista de diámetros y de alturas de cada uno de los árboles. El cálculo del diámetro de cada árbol se basó en la distribución de Weibull y en ecuaciones lineales que describen el parámetro de escala b y el parámetro de forma c de dicha distribución. En este sentido, se utilizó el diámetro a 1,3 m correspondiente al árbol de área basal promedio (dg) y el diámetro máximo dmax como predictores. Con el fin de generar las alturas de cada árbol se adaptaron dos modelos generalizados de diámetro-altura y se avaluó su aptitud. El modelo de SLOBODA et al. (1993) demostró ser más apto para simular la altura de los árboles comparado con el de ARCANGELI et al. (2013). Para producir una cierta variación en la distribución de alturas generadas se ajustó adicionalmente un modelo según ALBERT (2000). El modelo con la variable independiente dg es el que resultó ser más adecuado para calcular las desviaciones estándar de los residuos de las alturas de los árboles con respecto a la ecuacion altura-diámetro de MICHAILOFF (1943). Tanto para el cálculo de los valores faltantes, como para realizar los pronósticos de incremento, se requieren funciones para determinar la altura de fuste limpio y el diámetro de copa. Con el fin de identificar un modelo adecuado para calcular la altura de fuste limpio se utilizaron las funciones de SCHMIDT (2001), VAN DEUSEN y BIGING (1985), así como también la de PRETZSCH (2001). La función de SCHMIDT (2001), que también es utilizada en la versión de BWINPro de Baja Sajonia, es la que presentó el mejor ajuste a los datos disponibles. En la búsqueda de una función adecuada para calcular el diámetro de copa, se consideraron los modelos de simulación de crecimiento de Silva (PRETZSCH 2001) y BWINPro (DÖBBELER et al. 2011). Entre ellos, el de Silva resultó ser el más adecuado. Las funciones para calcular el incremento del diámetro y la altura fueron actualizadas para ajustar el pronóstico de incremento de la especie P. caribaea var. hondurensis bajo las condiciones ambientales de la República Dominicana. El modelo para calcular el incremento del diámetro se basa principalmente en el enfoque de NAGEL (1999). Como variables independientes se consideraron el área superficial de copa (km), la edad de la plantación (t) y el índice de competencia (C66) según WENSEL et al. (1987). El cálculo consideró exclusivamente aquellos árboles cuyos valores de diámetro (d1,3), altura (h), diámetro de copa (kb) y altura de fuste limpio (ka) fueron medidos. A causa de esta limitación el tamaño de la muestra fue de únicamente 475 árboles. A pesar de esto, y en comparación con otras investigaciones se logró un buen resultado con un coeficiente de determinación ajustado de 0,6409. Una estimación directa del incremento de la altura individual análoga a la estimación del incremento del diámetro, no fue posible debido a que faltaban datos del incremento de altura. Por esta razón, el presente trabajo recomienda utilizar un procedimiento para calcular el incremento de la altura basado en una función diámetro-altura. La aplicación de tal procedimiento puede darse de conformidad al enfoque de KAHN und ĎURSKÝ (1999), que utilizaron un modelo generalizado de diámetro-altura y un modelo para describir el desarrollo de la altura del rodal. La parameterización de se basó en la altura dominante (h100) y el diámetro dominante (d100), logrando de tal manera consistencia entre ambos modelos. Además, el uso de estos valores permite que las funciones sean más estables en caso de que se realice un aclareo del bosque. Con el propósito de ajustar de una curva de altura-edad para describir el desarrollo de la altura dominante, se evaluaron varias funciones de crecimiento. Entre ellas se consideraron las de CHAPMAN-RICHARDS (RICHARDS 1959), GOMPERTZ (1825), KORF (1939), SCHUMACHER (1939), SLOBODA (1971), así como también una función logística. Tras evaluar las mencionadas funciones, la de SLOBODA (1971) fue la que presentó el mejor equilibrio entre el ajuste estadístico y la plausibilidad biológica. Para el modelo generalizado diámetro-altura se utilizó, al igual que para el cálculo de valores faltantes, el enfoque de SLOBODA et al. (1993), en el cuyos cálculos se incluyen como predictores la altura dominante (h100) y el diámetro dominante (d100). El incremento de altura de un individuo resultó de la diferencia entre la altura de cada árbol al inicio y al final de cada iteración de la simulación. Con el objeto de garantizar la plausibilidad del modelo y, para evitar que la densidad del rodal crezca libremente fue necesario parameterizar un modelo de mortalidad. Debido a que durante el tiempo de estudio no se observó la muerte de ningún árbol, y por lo cual no fue posible utilizar un modelo más complejo, se empleó la ley de densidad del rodal de Reineke, según REINEKE (1933). Con ayuda del diámetro a 1,3 m correspondiente al árbol de área basal promedio (dg) y a una relación lineal, se puede calcular el número máximo de árboles por hectárea y así también el área basal máxima de un rodal. Cuando el área basal del rodal alcanza el valor máximo calculado, mueren los árboles que poseen los índices de competencia más altos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:52:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 trigueiro_rm_me_botfca.pdf: 552798 bytes, checksum: 7e38d8c84a2da8be4d5303a8ebb8862b (MD5) / Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as características físicas e químicas de substratos compostos pela mistura de diferentes proporções de biossólidos com casca de arroz carbonizada e avaliar a viabilidade da utilização desses materiais como meio de crescimento para produção de mudas de pinus e eucalipto. Para tanto, estabeleceu-se um ensaio com proporções variando de 0 a 100% entre biossólido e casca de arroz carbonizada, onde foram realizadas análises para determinação das propriedades físicas, como macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, capacidade de retenção de água, densidade aparente, peso de água retida por peso de substrato, e propriedades químicas dos substrato, como determinação dos teores totais de macro e micronutrientes; pH, relação C/N e condutividade elétrica. Com base nos resultados obtidos nestas análises, e em informações encontradas na literatura, foram selecionadas as misturas de componentes com melhores características, sendo instalado um segundo ensaio onde foi avaliada a produção de mudas florestais. Este ensaio foi estabelecido no viveiro do Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciências Florestais, FCA-UNESP/Botucatu, onde foram testados como substrato as proporções 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 (biossólido/casca de arroz carbonizada), as quais foram comparadas ao substrato padrão usado por este viveiro (Multiplant®). Utilizou-se, no ensaio de produção de mudas, as espécies florestais exóticas Eucalyptus grandis Hill, ex- Maiden, e Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Morelet. Foram avaliados parâmetros relativos ao crescimento das mudas: altura de planta (H); diâmetro de colo (D); relação H/D; produção de matéria seca de parte aérea e raiz; relação matéria seca de raiz/matéria seca de parte aérea; sobrevivência; qualidade de torrão; análise... . / The aim of this work was to evaluate physical and chemical characteristics of substrates composed of the mixtures of different proportions of biosolids with carbonized rice straw and evaluate how feasible it is to utilize these materials as growing means to produce pinus and eucalyptus seedlings. For that purpose, an experiment was done using proportions ranging from 0 to 100% between biosolid and carbonized rice straw, on which analyses were conducted to evaluate their physical properties, such as macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, water retention capacity, apparent density, retained water’s weight by substrate’s weight, and substrate chemical properties, such as determining total macro and micronutrients content; pH, C/N ratio and electric conductivity. Based on the results obtained in this analysis and on information found in the literature, mixtures of components with the best characteristics were selected and a second experiment was set up to evaluate the production of forest seedlings. This experiment was conducted in the nursery of the Natural Resources/Forest Sciences Department, FCA-UNESP/Botucatu, where the proportions 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 (biosolid/carbonized rice straw) were tested as substrate, which were compared with the standard substrate used by this nursery (Multiplant®). In this new experiment, the exotic forest species Eucalyptus grandis Hill, ex-maiden, and Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Morelet were used. Parameters related to seedling growth were: plant height (H); collar diameter (D); H/D ratio; dry matter production of aerial part and root; ratio between dry matter of root and aerial part; survival; quality of aggregation of the substrate; chemical analysis of the vegetal tissue of aerial part and root; foliar area and chlorophyll content, being the last two evaluations only for eucalyptus... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Orientador: Iraê Amaral Guerrini / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as características físicas e químicas de substratos compostos pela mistura de diferentes proporções de biossólidos com casca de arroz carbonizada e avaliar a viabilidade da utilização desses materiais como meio de crescimento para produção de mudas de pinus e eucalipto. Para tanto, estabeleceu-se um ensaio com proporções variando de 0 a 100% entre biossólido e casca de arroz carbonizada, onde foram realizadas análises para determinação das propriedades físicas, como macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, capacidade de retenção de água, densidade aparente, peso de água retida por peso de substrato, e propriedades químicas dos substrato, como determinação dos teores totais de macro e micronutrientes; pH, relação C/N e condutividade elétrica. Com base nos resultados obtidos nestas análises, e em informações encontradas na literatura, foram selecionadas as misturas de componentes com melhores características, sendo instalado um segundo ensaio onde foi avaliada a produção de mudas florestais. Este ensaio foi estabelecido no viveiro do Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciências Florestais, FCA-UNESP/Botucatu, onde foram testados como substrato as proporções 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 (biossólido/casca de arroz carbonizada), as quais foram comparadas ao substrato padrão usado por este viveiro (Multiplant®). Utilizou-se, no ensaio de produção de mudas, as espécies florestais exóticas Eucalyptus grandis Hill, ex- Maiden, e Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Morelet. Foram avaliados parâmetros relativos ao crescimento das mudas: altura de planta (H); diâmetro de colo (D); relação H/D; produção de matéria seca de parte aérea e raiz; relação matéria seca de raiz/matéria seca de parte aérea; sobrevivência; qualidade de torrão; análise... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate physical and chemical characteristics of substrates composed of the mixtures of different proportions of biosolids with carbonized rice straw and evaluate how feasible it is to utilize these materials as growing means to produce pinus and eucalyptus seedlings. For that purpose, an experiment was done using proportions ranging from 0 to 100% between biosolid and carbonized rice straw, on which analyses were conducted to evaluate their physical properties, such as macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, water retention capacity, apparent density, retained water's weight by substrate's weight, and substrate chemical properties, such as determining total macro and micronutrients content; pH, C/N ratio and electric conductivity. Based on the results obtained in this analysis and on information found in the literature, mixtures of components with the best characteristics were selected and a second experiment was set up to evaluate the production of forest seedlings. This experiment was conducted in the nursery of the Natural Resources/Forest Sciences Department, FCA-UNESP/Botucatu, where the proportions 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 (biosolid/carbonized rice straw) were tested as substrate, which were compared with the standard substrate used by this nursery (Multiplant®). In this new experiment, the exotic forest species Eucalyptus grandis Hill, ex-maiden, and Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Morelet were used. Parameters related to seedling growth were: plant height (H); collar diameter (D); H/D ratio; dry matter production of aerial part and root; ratio between dry matter of root and aerial part; survival; quality of aggregation of the substrate; chemical analysis of the vegetal tissue of aerial part and root; foliar area and chlorophyll content, being the last two evaluations only for eucalyptus... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Mestre

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2018-08-07T14:26:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ouorou Ganni Mariel Guera.pdf: 5661294 bytes, checksum: 7f5784536c7d7d0ac07cfad5a29df312 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T14:26:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ouorou Ganni Mariel Guera.pdf: 5661294 bytes, checksum: 7f5784536c7d7d0ac07cfad5a29df312 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this study was to propose models that aid decision making in productive process of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea Barr. & Golf. through the application of multivariate techniques, regression analysis, multicriteria decision analysis techniques (MCDA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in different stages of said process. The three stages of the forest production process (PPF) involved in the present study were: (1) growth, yield and forest survival stage; (2) wood extraction and transport stage, and (3) wood primary transformation stage. Pinus caribaea var. caribaea growth, yield and survival modeling required data from temporary and permanent circular plots of 500 m² of the Macurije Integral Forest Company, in which the following variables were measured: : Diameter at Breast Height - DBH (cm), total height - H (m) and survival - (num. of trees/ha). At this stage, the specie productive capacity classification was carried, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were trained and regression models were adjusted for growth prediction and yield and survival prognosis. At wood extraction and transport stage, the performance of different wood extraction systems and means was evaluated through univariate and multivariate factorial experiments, being cost and productivity the dependent variables obtained by time and movement studies. At the same stage, a Lexicographic Goals Programming model was proposed to assist decision making in harvesting and forest transport planning. At the stage of wood primary transformation in Combate de Tenerías sawmill, regression models were adjusted and ANNs were trained, both for lumber recovery factor prediction and lumber classification. Lumber quality being a discrete ordinal variable, ordinal logistic regression was used for its modeling. The database required for lumber recovery factor modeling was composed by the variables Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), Smallest log diameter (D) and conicity (Con.) obtained from real-time monitoring of wood sawing at the sawmill Combate de Tenerías. The 24 variables predicting lumber quality were measured in pieces obtained at the end the end of sawing process in the same sawmill. The results obtained during the research indicated that multivariate, multicriteria and Artificial Neural Networks techniques are efficient in assisting decision-making in FPP stages considered. ANNs models presented similar or superior performances to the traditional regression models both in prediction (volumetric growth, lumber recovery factor) or prognosis (survival, growth and yield) and in lumber grading. From the results, it was concluded that it is not prudent to assume absolute superiority of ANNs and that opting for the complementarity of both approaches rather than the exclusive use of ANNs, as most comparative research tends to suggest, is far more prudent. Multivariate evaluation of wood extraction machineries performances and the Lexicographic Goal Programming model proposed for timber extraction and transport planning provided a multicriteria support translated into solutions with greater practicality and functionality. / Objetivou-se no presente estudo, propor modelos que auxiliem na tomada de decisões no processo produtivo de Pinus caribaea var. caribaea Barr. & Golf. por meio da aplicação de técnicas multivariadas, análise de regressão, técnicas de análise de decisão multicritério (MCDA) e Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs) em diferentes etapas do referido processo. As três etapas do processo produtivo florestal (PPF) envolvidas no presente estudo foram: (1) a fase de crescimento, produção e sobrevivência florestal; (2) a fase de extração e transporte florestal e (3) a fase de transformação primária da madeira. A modelagem de crescimento, produção e sobrevivência da espécie requereu de dados provenientes de parcelas temporárias e permanentes circulares de 500 m² de plantios de Pinus caribaea var. caribaea da Empresa Florestal Integral Macurije, nas quais foram medidas as variáveis: Diâmetro à Altura de Peito DAP (cm), altura total – H (m) e sobrevivência - (árv./ha). Nessa etapa, foi realizada a classificação da capacidade produtiva da espécie, foram treinadas Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs) e foram ajustados modelos de regressão para a predição e prognose de sobrevivência e crescimento e produção florestal. Na etapa de extração e transporte florestal, avaliou-se o desempenho de diferentes meios e sistemas de extração de madeira por meio de experimentos fatoriais univariados e multivariados sendo custo e produtividade as variáveis dependentes obtidas por estudos de tempo e movimento. Na mesma etapa, se propôs um modelo de programação por metas lexicográficas para auxiliar a tomada de decisão na extração e transporte florestal. Na etapa de transformação primária da madeira na serraria Combate de Tenerías, foram ajustados modelos de regressão e foram treinadas RNAs, tanto para a predição do rendimento em madeira serrada como para a classificação da mesma. A qualidade de madeira serrada sendo uma variável discreta ordinal, a regressão logística ordinal foi utilizada para sua modelagem. A base de dados requerida para a modelagem do rendimento em madeira serrada foi composta pelas variáveis Diâmetro a Altura do Peito (DAP), Diâmetro menor da tora (D) e conicidade (Con.) obtidas do acompanhamento em tempo real do desdobro da madeira na serraria Combate de Tenerías. As 24 variáveis preditoras da qualidade de madeira serrada foram mensuradas em peças obtidas ao final do processo de desdobro na mesma serraria. Os resultados obtidos ao longo da pesquisa indicaram que as técnicas multivariadas, multicritérios e as Redes Neurais Artificiais são eficientes no auxílio à tomada de decisão nas etapas do PPF consideradas. Os modelos de RNAs apresentaram desempenhos similares ou superiores aos modelos tradicionais de regressão tanto na predição (crescimento volumétrico; rendimento em madeira serrada) ou prognose (sobrevivência; crescimento e produção florestal) como na classificação da madeira serrada. Através dos resultados obtidos ao longo da pesquisa, concluiu-se que não é prudente assumir a superioridade absoluta das RNAs e que optar pela complementaridade de ambas as abordagens em vez do uso exclusivo das RNAs, como a maioria das pesquisas comparativas tendem a sugerir, é bem mais argucioso. A avaliação multivariada dos desempenhos dos meios de extração de madeira e o modelo de programação por metas lexicográfica proposto para o planejamento de extração e transporte de madeira proporcionaram um apoio multicritério traduzido em soluções com maior praticidade e funcionalidade.

A produção de mudas via propagação vegetativa é fundamental para se obter os ganhos desejados nos programas de melhoramento genético, bem como garantir o sucesso da implantação florestal. No entanto, existem muitos fatores que impedem a sua utilização de forma abrangente na produção de mudas para algumas espécies florestais, principalmente em relação à baixa taxa de enraizamento. Para atender a essa necessidade, pesquisas com o uso de substâncias que promovam maior taxa de enraizamento de miniestacas e crescimento de mudas vem sendo desenvolvidas, como o uso de reguladores de crescimento e de bioestimulantes à base de substâncias húmicas. Dessa forma o objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar o efeito de adubos foliares e condicionadores de solo na produção de mudas clonais de híbridos de Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis vs. elliottii var. elliottii e de Pinus tecunumanii vs. caribaea var. hondurensis. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos em viveiro florestal na cidade de Paranapanema-SP, com delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 4x2, com duração de seis meses. Foram utilizados dois condicionadores de solo, sendo o C1 à base de pescados marinhos e o C2 à base de ácidos húmicos e quatro adubos foliares, sendo AF1 à base de quitosana, AF2 à base de pescados marinhos, AF3 à base de ácido húmico e AF4 extrato da alga Ascoplhyllum nodosum, além da mistura dos adubos M1AF (AF2+AF3+AF4) e o M2AF (AF1+AF3+AF4). Foram instalados dois experimentos: 1) híbrido de P. caribaea var. hondurensis vs. elliottii var. elliottii, testando a combinação dos dois condicionadores de solo e os adubos AF2, AF3, AF4 e M1AF e 2) híbrido de P. tecunumanii vs. carearia var. hondurensis em que a única alteração nos tratamentos foi o AF2 por AF1 e o M1AF por M2AF. As mudas foram avaliadas nas três fases da seguinte forma: 1) casa de vegetação: taxa de enraizamento; 2) casa de sombra: altura, massa seca e verde da parte aérea e radicial e a relação entre elas; e 3) rustificação: avaliadas as mesmas variáveis da casa de sombra, além do estado nutricional das acículas. Para o experimento 1, a taxa de enraizamento com C2 + AF3 foi 46,67% maior quando comparada à testemunha, comprovando o efeito positivo das substâncias húmicas no enraizamento. Já na fase de rustificação, a interação C1 + AF3 promoveu maior crescimento das mudas. Para o experimento 2, não houve diferença nas taxas de enraizamento na casa de vegetação, devido a característica de rápido crescimento do P. tecunumanii. E, na fase de rustificação, o adubo foliar AF4 promoveu maior crescimento somente em altura. Na casa de sombra, os tratamentos testados não promoveram crescimento significativo para ambos os híbridos. Os teores nutricionais analisados nas acículas estão dentro dos níveis adequados para ambos os experimentos. Somente o Mn apresentou baixo teor, mas sem sintomas de deficiência no experimento 2. Os híbridos obtiveram respostas diferentes quando submetidos a tratamentos semelhantes e a determinação do tratamento adequado vai depender do gargalo na produção de mudas, podendo este ser o enraizamento ou o crescimento. / The production of cuttings by vegetative propagation is essential to obtain the desired accomplishment in genetic improvement programs and ensure the success of forest establishment. However there are many factors that prevent their use in a comprehensive manner considering the production of cuttings for some forest species especially in low rooting rate. In order to meet this need research on the use of substances that promote greater rooting rates of minicuttings and growth of cuttings have been developed with the use of growth regulators and biostimulants based on humic substances. Thus the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of foliar fertilizers and soil conditioners in the production of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis vs. elliottii var. elliottii and Pinus tecunumanii vs. caribaea var. hondurensis hybrids cuttings. The experiment was conducted in the city of Paranapanema-SP using cutting nursery with delineation of randomized blocks in a factorial arrangement 4x2, lasting six months. It used two soil conditioners, the C1 based on marine fish and C2 based on humic acids and 4 foliar fertilizers, the AF1 chitosan base, AF2 based on marine fish, AF3 based on humic acid and AF4 by Ascoplhyllum nodosum seaweed extract, besides the mixture of fertilizers M1AF (AF2;AF3;AF4) and M2AF (AF1;AF3;AF4). Two experiments were implemented: 1) hybrid of P. caribaea var. hondurensis vs. elliottii var. elliottii, testing the combination of two soil conditioners as well as fertilizers AF2, AF3, AF4 and M1AF and 2) hybrid of P. tecunumanii vs. caribaea var. hondurensis in which the only change in treatment was the AF2 by AF1 and M1AF by M2AF. Cuttings were evaluated in three phases as follows: 1) greenhouse: rooting rate; 2) shade house: higher, aerial drywet mass and radicial part as well as the relationship between them; 3) hardening: the shade house had the same variables evaluated, in addition with the nutritional status of needles. For the experiment 1, the rooting rate with C2 + AF3 were 46.67% higher compared with the control, this stated the positive effect of humic substances on rooting. Considering the hardening phase C1 + AF3 interaction promoted greater seedling growth. For the experiment 2 there was no difference in rooting rates at greenhouse, because the characteristic of fast growth of P. tecunumanii. In hardening phase, the foliar fertilizer AF4 promoted greater growth only in height. In the shade house treatments did not promote significant growth for both hybrids. Nutritional contents analyzed the needles leaves are within appropriate levels for both experiments. Mn showed only low level, but without deficiency symptoms in the experiment 2. Different answers were obtained on hybrids when subjected to similar treatment and to determine the appropriate treatment will depend on the obstaclecuttings production, which may either rooting or growth.

No Brasil, foram introduzidas diversas espécies de Pinus e a espécie P. elliottii Engelm apresenta o comportamento invasor em unidades de conservação de Cerrado, no estado de São Paulo. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar P. elliottii com outras duas espécies do mesmo gênero, P. caribaea Moret e P. oocarpa Shiede ex Schltdl, através de: viabilidade e germinabilidade das sementes, em laboratório; sobrevivência das plântulas logo após a germinação e acompanhamento de seu crescimento em estufa; germinabilidade em fisionomias campestres; e chuva de sementes dentro de talhões. Para P. elliottii, também foi verificada a distância de dispersão das sementes. As sementes utilizadas nos testes em laboratório foram coletadas em Águas de Santa Bárbara (Estação Ecológica de Santa Bárbara - EEcSB; Floresta de Águas de Santa Bárbara - FASB) e Itirapina (Estação Experimental de Itirapina - EExI). Primeiramente, as sementes foram colocadas em água para separação das sementes cheias das vazias (flutuabilidade). Em seguida, as sementes cheias foram testadas quanto à viabilidade por meio de sal de tetrazólio e quanto à germinabilidade. As sementes germinadas foram acompanhadas até os cotilédones ficarem visíveis e uma parte destas teve o crescimento acompanhado até a 24ª semana. A germinabilidade em fisionomias campestres foi realizada apenas na EEcSB, onde as sementes das três espécies foram semeadas em diferentes graus de umidade do solo. Coletores de sementes foram instalados dentro dos talhões de Pinus spp., tanto na EEcSB-FASB como na EExI, para quantificar a chuva de sementes. A distância de dispersão das sementes de P. elliottii foi avaliada apenas na EEcSB, durante o período de maior dispersão de sementes (março a maio), e teve como classes de distâncias em relação ao talhão: 10, 30, 60, 100, 150 e 250 m. Os resultados dos testes em laboratório mostraram que P. caribaea e P. elliottii apresentam as maiores proporções de sementes cheias (>70%) e P. oocarpa e P. elliottii, as maiores taxas de viabilidade (>90%) e germinabilidade (>90%). Dentre as sementes germinadas das três espécies, mais de 90% desenvolveram-se até o aparecimento dos cotilédones. Quanto ao crescimento, P. caribaea e P. oocarpa apresentaram maior vigor em relação a P. elliottii. Em campo, as três espécies apresentaram, de maneira similar, baixíssima porcentagem de germinação (<1,5% do total semeado), preferencialmente em solos mais úmidos. A chuva de sementes de P. elliottii dentro de talhões foi muito maior (pelo menos o dobro) em comparação com as outras duas espécies. A distância de dispersão das sementes de P. elliottii foi maior nos primeiros 30 m, mas chegou até os 150 m. Portanto, P. caribaea e P. oocarpa apresentaram condições de se tornarem invasores pela viabilidade de suas sementes, vigor de crescimento e germinação em campo, mas o fator determinante para o sucesso na invasão P. elliottii é, provavelmente, a pressão de propágulos, maior do que as outras duas espécies, causada pela sua alta produção de sementes e intenso plantio. / Several pine species of the genus Pinus have been introduced in Brazil, and P. elliottii Engelm is presently considered an invasive species in the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) in São Paulo State. The aim of this study was to compare P. elliottii with two other Pinus species, P. caribaea Moret and P. oocarpa Shiede ex Schltdl according to: seed viability and germinability, in laboratory; survival of seedlings soon after germination and their growth, in greenhouse; germination at field conditions; and seed rain inside the plantation. The distance of seed distance dispersal was also verified for P. elliottii. The seeds for the laboratory tests were collected in Águas de Santa Bárbara (Santa Barbara Ecological Station - EEcSB; Águas de Santa Bárbara Forest - FASB) and Itirapina (Itirapina Experimental Station - EExI). First, the seeds were placed in water to separate the full from the empty seeds (flutuability). Then full seeds were tested by viability (tetrazolium) and germinability. Germinated seeds were monitored until the cotyledons were visible and some of those were monitored up the 24th week to verify their growth rate. In the EEcSB, seeds of the three species were sown at different levels of soil moisture to observe the germination in the field. In order to quantify the species seed rain seed collectors were installed inside the Pinus spp. stands, in both EEcSB-FASB and EExI. The distance of P. elliottii seed spread was evaluated only at the EEcSB, during the greater period of seed dispersion (March to May), at the distances of 10, 30, 60, 100, 150 and 250 m from the planted areas. The results of laboratory tests showed that P. caribaea and P. elliottii have the highest proportions of full seeds (> 70%) and P. oocarpa and P. elliottii, the highest viability (> 90%) and germination rates (> 90%). Among the germinated seeds of the three species more than 90% developed to seedling stage. Concerning seedling growth, P. caribaea and P. oocarpa showed greater vigor than P. elliottii. In the field, the three species showed similar and very low germination rates (<1.5% of the total sown), preferably in more humid soils. The seed rain of P. elliottii inside the plantation stand was much higher (at least twice) compared to the other two species. The dispersal distance of P. elliottii seeds was higher in the first 30 m, but reached 150 m. The results show that P. caribaea and P. oocarpa are able to become invaders due to their high values of seed viability and germination, and vigor growth, however, the determining factor for the invasive success of P. elliottii is probably its higher propagule pressure, caused by several human mediated introductions, and high production of seeds.