Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / The species Serjania lethalis A.St.-Hil. is a native plant found in all regions of Brazil, like North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast and South. It is associated with many biomes, such as Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal. In CearÃ, this species is found in a Cerrado disjunction in the Araripe plateau, and it is known popularly as croapÃ, cipà - uva, and cipà â trÃs - quinas. Although it is exploited for honey production for over twenty years in Araripe Plateau, the scientific studies about this species are few in number. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the potential of this plant to apicultural exploitation in the region. To this end, we studied the floral biology, botanical aspects, pollination requirements, flower visitors, foraging behavior of the honeybee (Apis mellifera), the carrying capacity of apiaries and also the characteristics of the honey produced. The study was carried out from 2008 to 2012 in Crato, Jardim, Juazeiro do Norte, Santana do Cariri (CearÃ) and MoreilÃndia (Pernambuco). The data were analyzed through analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test (5%), using the SAS statistical software version 9.1 and the t test (5%) using the program Microsoft Office Excel 2007. The results showed that the species is a plant andromonoecious and presents a diclinous or unisexual phase (with male flowers) and another hermaphroditic or monoecious phase, besides presenting an annual flowering phase that lasts four months (August to November). The flowers are produced in axillary inflorescences of the type thyrsus, and 5:00 h 73.75% of the buds were open. The nectar secretion pattern varied over the years and its concentration was higher during the afternoon. The inflorescences lasted 35 days, with a range in length from 20.5 to 22.68 cm (Santana do Cariri) and from 13.47 to 21.89 cm (MoreilÃndia), 86.76 to 154.90 flowers/inflorescence (Santana do Cariri) and 58.64 to 128.92 flowers/inflorescence (MoreilÃndia), and 17.35 to 21.30 inflorescences/branch (Santana do Cariri) and 12.20 to 16.60 inflorescences/branch (MoreilÃndia). The cipà - uva fruits are dry and indehiscent of the type samara, with characteristics of an anemochoric seed dispersal syndrome, and the open pollination yielded more fruits set in both counties, differing from other types of pollination. The species depends on their biotic agents in order to accomplish its pollination, because the wind cannot carry the cipà - uva pollen grains, and the flower is unable to promote self-pollination. The family Apidae was the most frequent among the insect visitors, especially the species Apis mellifera and Trigona spinipes. The foraging by Apis mellifera occurs throughout the day, with the highest peak at 9 h, collecting, exclusively, nectar either in male as in hermaphroditic flowers. In general, the Africanized bee colonies distributed in a natural cipà - uva area in the Araripe Plateau (2008) and Santana Cariri (2008 and 2010) showed a larger honey storage area and a smaller brood area regarding to the total comb area, and also a satisfactory pollen flow. The polifloral honey produced fits within the Brazilian legislation for all physicochemical parameters analyzed, and showed no contamination by molds, yeasts and total coliforms. In sensory acceptance, the cipo - uva honey was approved by the panelists for the attributes of color, flavor, aroma, viscosity and overall acceptance, especially the flavor attribute that was the most appreciated by the panelists. It was concluded that the cipà - uva (Serjania lethalis) requires biotic agents to promote its pollination and consequently it is not able to promote self-pollination. The species is is quite attractive to insects, predominantly honey bees, with only nectar as a food reward. Thus, this species is able to keep well-developed colonies in apiaries, and it presents a honey suitable for the human consumption, however there is a need to improve the management of the colonies in the region in order to avoid compromising honey production. / A espÃcie Serjania lethalis A.St.-Hil. à uma planta nativa encontrada em todas as regiÃes do Brasil, como Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul, sendo associada hà vÃrios biomas, tais como AmazÃnia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Mata AtlÃntica, Pantanal. No CearÃ, a espÃcie à encontrada em um encrave de cerrado na Chapada do Araripe, sendo conhecida popularmente como croapÃ, cipà - uva e cipà - trÃs - quinas. Embora seja explorada para a produÃÃo de mel hà mais de vinte anos na Chapada do Araripe, pouco sÃo os estudos cientÃficos sobre a espÃcie. Com o presente estudo objetivou-se, portanto, investigar o potencial desta planta para exploraÃÃo apÃcola na regiÃo. Para tanto, foram estudados a biologia floral, aspectos botÃnicos, requerimentos de polinizaÃÃo, visitantes florais, comportamento forrageiro da abelha Apis mellifera, bem como a capacidade de suporte de apiÃrios e as caracterÃsticas do mel produzido. O estudo foi realizado no perÃodo de 2008 a 2012 em Crato, Jardim, Juazeiro do Norte, Santana do Cariri (CearÃ) e MoreilÃndia (Pernambuco). Os dados foram analisados por meio de anÃlise de variÃncia e as mÃdias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%), usando-se o programa estatÃstico SAS versÃo 9.1 e pelo teste t (5%) usando o Programa do Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Os resultados mostraram que a espÃcie à uma planta andromonoica e apresenta uma fase unissexual ou dÃclina (com flores masculinas) e outra fase hermafrodita ou monoclina, alÃm de apresentar uma floraÃÃo anual com duraÃÃo de quatro meses (agosto a novembro). As flores sÃo produzidas em inflorescÃncias do tipo tirso axilar e Ãs 5 h, 73,75% dos botÃes florais estavam abertos. O padrÃo de secreÃÃo de nÃctar variou ao longo dos anos e sua concentraÃÃo foi maior no perÃodo da tarde. As inflorescÃncias duraram 35 dias, tendo uma variaÃÃo de 20,5 a 22,68 cm (Santana do Cariri) e 13,47 a 21,89 cm (MoreilÃndia), de 86,76 a 154,90 flores/inflorescÃncia (Santana do Cariri) e 58,64 a 128,92 flores/inflorescÃncia (MoreilÃndia), e de 17,35 a 21,30 inflorescÃncias/ramo (Santana do Cariri) e 12,20 a 16,60 inflorescÃncias/ramo (MoreilÃndia). Os frutos de cipà - uva sÃo secos e indeiscentes do tipo sÃmara, caracterÃsticas de sÃndrome de dispersÃo anemocÃrica e a polinizaÃÃo aberta proporcionou maior nÃmero de frutos vingados em ambos os municÃpios, diferindo dos demais tipos de polinizaÃÃo. A espÃcie depende de agentes biÃticos para sua polinizaÃÃo, pois o vento nÃo consegue carrear seu pÃlen e a flor à incapaz de promover autopolinizaÃÃo. A famÃlia Apidae foi a mais frequente entre os insetos visitantes, destacando-se as espÃcies Apis mellifera e Trigona spinipes. O forrageamento por Apis mellifera ocorre durante todo o dia, com maior pico Ãs 9 h, coletando exclusivamente nÃctar tanto nas flores masculinas quanto nas hermafroditas. Em geral, as colÃnias de abelhas africanizadas distribuÃdas na Ãrea do cipà - uva na Chapada do Araripe (2008) e Santana do Cariri (2008 e 2010) apresentaram maior Ãrea de mel e menor Ãrea de cria em relaÃÃo à Ãrea total de favos puxados e fluxo de pÃlen satisfatÃrio. O mel polifloral produzido està enquadrado dentro das especificaÃÃes da legislaÃÃo brasileira para todos os parÃmetros fÃsico-quÃmicos analisados e nÃo apresentou contaminaÃÃo por bolores, leveduras e coliformes totais. Na aceitaÃÃo sensorial, verificou-se a aprovaÃÃo do mel pelos provadores para os atributos de cor, sabor, aroma, viscosidade e aceitaÃÃo global, sendo o atributo sabor o mais apreciado pelos provadores. Conclui-se que o cipà - uva (Serjania lethalis) necessita de agentes biÃticos para promover a polinizaÃÃo, nÃo sendo capaz de promover autopolinizaÃÃo. A espÃcie à bastante atraente aos insetos, predominantemente a abelha Apis mellifera, tendo exclusivamente o nÃctar como a recompensa alimentar. Desta forma, consegue manter colÃnias bem desenvolvidas nos apiÃrios e apresenta mel apto para o consumo humano, no entanto hà necessidade de melhorar o manejo das colÃnias na regiÃo para nÃo comprometer a produÃÃo de mel.

As atividades recreativas em áreas naturais são apresentadas como uma ferramenta capaz de conciliar desenvolvimento e conservação. Entretanto, a falta de um planejamento que leve em consideração os fatores relacionados com sua sustentabilidade pode ocasionar graves impactos tanto ecológicos como econômicos e sociais. No Brasil, onde as discussões sobre o assunto são muito recentes, existe falta de informações sistematizadas sobre as verdadeiras repercussões do uso recreativo e sobre a recuperação dos ambientes. Além da própria complexidade do assunto, existe uma outra dificuldade em razão da bibliografia específica, dispersa e nem sempre de fácil acesso. No presente trabalho é feita, no primeiro capítulo, uma revisão bibliográfica sobre: a natureza dos impactos; os fatores relacionados a sua ocorrência e à capacidade de carga do ambiente; os métodos de avaliação de impacto mais usados; e a experiência brasileira. Esta revisão forneceu a base teórica necessária para a elaboração do estudo de caso, visando discutir a sustentabilidade ecológica das atividades recreativas. No segundo capítulo foi realizado um estudo na antiga Fazenda Santa Carlota (SP),área de elevado potencial turístico. Para tanto, elaborou-se um zoneamento ecológico, em ambiente de SIG, sintetizando as fragilidades e as oportunidades. Para o Mapa de Fragilidades foram utilizadas as informações abióticas (pedologia,declividade, geomorfologia e clima) e bióticas (vegetação e fauna) relacionadas com a capacidade de carga para recreação (CCR) do ambiente. Para o Mapa de Oportunidades, foi feito um levantamento preliminar dos atrativos potenciais para a área de estudo. O resultado é o Mapa de Zoneamento Ecológico que classifica a fazenda em cinco zonas: três zonas propostas para o desenvolvimento de atividades recreativas, com níveis diferentes de fragilidade e potencialidade; uma de uso especial, onde está o patrimônio histórico; e uma zona de recuperação. Foi estimada a CCR, adaptando o método de Cifuentes (1992), para cada uma das três zonas destinadas para o uso. Os valores obtidos representam os limites máximos de uso que devem ser permitidos de forma a evitar a degradação dos recursos naturais. Estes valores não são absolutos e incorporam conhecimento científico e juízos de valor. A utilização do SIG mostrou-se adequada para o objetivo de zoneamento ecológico para fins recreativos. O método de CCR mostrou-se flexível e rápido. Porém, a CCR foi superestimada devido aos fatores importantes não incorporados por falta de dados específicos e à escala de trabalho. / Recreational activities in wildland areas are being considered a way to achieve development and protect the environment. However, without a planning program that considers the factors related to their sustainability, they can cause serious ecological, economic and social impacts. In Brazil, in spite of the recent concerns about recreational problems, there is a lack of systematic information about actual consequences of the recreational use and environmental restoration. It is very difficult to deal with the recreational sustainability, due to its complexity and to a dispersed and inaccessible specific bibliography. The first chapter of this work is a bibliography revision on: the nature of the impacts; the factors related to their occurrence and the environmental carrying capacity; the most useful methods of impact evaluation; and the Brazilian experiences. This revision supplied the theoretical base necessary for the elaboration of a study case that intended to discuss the ecological sustainability of recreational activities. The second chapter is a study about Fazenda Santa Carlota (SP), an area with a high touristic potential. A GIS was used to elaborate an ecological zoning, synthecizing fragilities and opportunities. Abiotic (pedology, slope, geomorfology and climate) and biotics informations (vegetation and wildlife) related with the recreational carrying capacity (RCC) have been used to elaborate the Map of Fragilities. For the Map of Opportunities, a preliminary survey of the attractive potentials for the study area was made. The result is the Map of Ecological Zoning that classifies the area in five zones: three zones that permit for the development of recreational activities, with different levels of fragility and potentiality; one zone of special use, where there is a historic site; and a restoration zone. The RCC was estimate, for each of the three recreational zones, using the Cifuentes method (1992). The values obtained represent the limits of acceptable change that could be allowed to prevent the degradation of the natural resources. These values are not absolute and involve scientific and judgmental considerations. The use of GIS revealed to be adequate for the objective of ecological zoning for recreationals objectives. The RCC method revealed to be flexible and fast. However, due to important factors not considered because of lack of specific data and due to the working scale, it overestimates the RCC.

Abstract Although the present day management of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus L.) and its operational environment have changed from the past, knowledge of the ecological mechanisms typical of traditional herding is still important. The main objective of this study was to examine factors related to stock productivity and carrying capacity of pastures in the Finnish semi-domesticated reindeer management area during 1960-1990's in order to clarify the basis of the present management strategies in Finland. In the Oraniemi district, before 1987, calf production was more affected by the snow conditions of the previous winter, than the weather conditions of the previous summer. Slaughtering mass of calves was more affected by the weather and precipitation in spring and summer than the snow conditions of the previous winter. Thick snow cover and unfrozen soil in early winter also probably affect the quality of natural winter food of reindeer by favouring the growth of certain micro fungi on pastures. Before the mid-1990's in the northern part of the management area, calf production decreased and its variability increased between the districts when reindeer densities on forest and heath land increased, amount of lichen (Cladonia spp.) pastures per reindeer decreased and condition of these pastures deteriorated. Variability in calf production increased especially when the amount of arboreal lichen (Alectoria, Bryoria spp.) pastures per reindeer decreased. The slaughtering mass of reindeer decreased when reindeer densities on all pastures increased. Intensive calf slaughtering increased reindeer stock productivity although it was density dependent. Because of intensified feeding, reindeer densities on winter pastures did not affect stock productivity in the whole management area between 1993 and 1999. Stock productivity could be increased markedly by feeding. Still, slaughtering mass and meat production per reindeer decreased when reindeer densities on summer pastures increased. In the Finnish grazing system, reindeer densities should have remained well below 10 reindeer/km2 lichen range for maintaining lichen ranges in a good condition. The average lichen biomass of lichen ranges in the management area in the mid-1990's was 13% of the lichen biomass at the maximum production. Lichen ranges should have been ungrazed for an average 18 years to recover to the maximum production. The time needed for the lichen ranges to recover to a good condition, would have been 7 years. This study showed that the amount and condition of pastures had a fundamental part in the productivity of Finnish reindeer stock. Calf slaughtering and feeding were effective ways to increase and stabilize stock productivity in the situation where the economic carrying capacity of winter ranges has obvuously been exceeded due to overgrazing and the effects caused by the other land use. This has made reindeer management more and more dependent on feeding. Improvements of the state and condition of winter ranges would only be possible during a long period by regulating reindeer stock size, developing pasture rotation and protecting reindeer pastures from the other land use.

The aim of this article is to study in what way the politicians manage the work of Sustainable Tourism Development in Barcelona. The questions at issue is to define the main problems in the city caused by tourists and in what way the city is working to find sustainable and long-term solutions. The method used is a qualitative analysis of important Management documents for tourism of Barcelona City Council, especially Barcelona Strategic Tourism Plan, diagnosis, 2017-2020. The results shows that the biggest problems caused by tourism is overcrowding in Ciutat Vella as well as noise and social fragmentation caused by private rented homes, and loss of public space for the citizens in the same area. The city is working together with the citizens of Barcelona, direct and indirect stakeholders to find sustainable solutions, compiling the Barcelona Strategic Tourism Plan 2020. Apart of finding solutions for the tourist situation, one of the main goals with the plan is to improve the social conditions for the citizens of Barcelona. One of the solutions against overcrowding is to widen the brand of and the destination of Barcelona to find new, responsable segments. The other is mainly about all kind of Visitors-Management in order to manage visitors from overcrowded areas to less crowded areas. To solve the renting problems, new restrictions and supervision is made. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera på vilket sätt politikerna i Barcelona arbetar för en Hållbar Turismutveckling. Det övergripande målet är att definiera huvudproblemen i staden, orsakade av turism samt på vilket sätt staden arbetar för att finna långsiktiga, hållbara lösningar. Metoden utgörs av en kvalitativ analys av viktiga styrdokument vid Barcelona Kommun, speciellt fokus läggs på Barcelona Strategic Tourism Plan 2020. Resultatet visar att de största problemen är överexploatering i Ciutat Vella, samt störningar och sociala motsättningar orsakade av privatuthyrda bostäder, samt brist på plats i det offentliga rummet för lokalbefolkningen i ovan nämnt område. Staden arbetar tillsammans med lokalbefolkningen, direkta och indirekta intressenter för att finna hållbara lösningar genom att sammanställa en strategisk handlingsplan. Utöver att finna lösningar på turistsituationen är ett av de övergripande målen att förbättra levnadsvillkoren för invånarna i staden. En av lösningarna på överexploateringen är att bredda destinationen Barcelonas varumärke för att på så sätt finna nya, hållbara kundsegment. Den andra lösningen består huvudsakligen av Visitor-Management med syfte att styra besökare från överexploaterade områden till de mindre hårt belastade. För att komma till rätta med uthyrningsproblematiken har nya regler och kontroller införts.

Orientador: Jamil Viana Pereira / Resumo: Neste trabalho, será abordada a teoria matemática utilizada no estudo de quatro modelos clássicos de crescimento populacional: Malthus, Verhulst, Gompertz e Montroll. Serão apresentadas e/ou discutidas algumas de suas características, propriedades, diferenças e diferentes métodos para obtenção de seus parâmetros. Posteriormente, estes modelos e métodos serão aplicados a um conjunto de dados relativos ao crescimento populacional do Brasil. Também foi elaborada uma atividade para ser aplicada no Ensino Médio, na qual se explora, por tabelas e gráficos, a forma como os alunos observam certos fenômenos de crescimento, bem como, construtivamente e com auxílio de dados, a forma como ocorrem esses crescimentos de fato. / Abstract: In this work, the mathematical theory of four classic population growth models (Malthus, Verhulst, Gompertz and Montroll) will be addressed. Some of their characteristics, properties, differences and different methods for obtaining their parameters will be presented and/or discussed. Subsequently, these models and methods will be applied to a Brazilian population growth data set. An activity was also elaborated to be applied in high school. It explores, by tables and graphs, how students observe some growth phenomena, as well as, constructively and with the help of data, how these growths really occur. / Mestre

Alkali-kiselsyrareaktionen (AKR) är en kemisk reaktion som medför att spänningar uppstår i betongen då den bildade silikatgelen expanderar. Reaktionen kräver tillräcklig hög alkalihalt, reaktiv ballast samt vatten. På grund av de AKR-inducerade spänningarna är det av intresse att få kunskap i hur reaktionen påverkar betongens böjmomentkapacitet, förankring samt skjuvnings- och genomstansningskapacitet. För att besvara frågeställningen har därför en omfattande litteraturinventering tillsammans med tre kompletterande intervjuer utförts. Resultat som har erhållits, påvisar att två huvudsakliga effekter fås av AKR. Utöver en reducerad hållfasthet på grund av expansioner och sprickbildningar, erhålls även en gynnsam förspänningseffekt när armering motverkar expansioner. Med hänsyn till dessa huvudeffekter påverkas betongs bärighet i olika stor utsträckning beroende på expansionens storlek samt armeringens läge och typ i tvärsnittet. Resultaten tyder på att draghållfastheten reduceras till 40 % medan tryckhållfastheten reduceras till 60 % vid 5 mm/m expansion. För böjkapaciteten har ingen större reduktion uppmäts då expansioner understiger 6 mm/m. Emellertid har en reduktion på 25 % observerats vid expansioner större än 6 mm/m. Skjuvkapaciteten i AKR-skadad betong beror till stor del av byglars närvaro samt expansionens omfattning. I balkar utan byglar reduceras skjuvkapaciteten med 15-25 % för slät armering och 20-30 % för räfflad armering. Genomstansningskapaciteten i ett dubbelarmerat betongtvärsnitt reduceras obetydande till dess att expansionen överstiger 6 mm/m varpå en mer påtaglig reduktion fås. Hållfastheten för vidhäftning minskar med ca 40 % då täckande betongskikt understiger 1.5Æ och/eller att inga byglar är närvarande. Om byglar är närvarande samt om täckande betongskikt överstiger 4Æ visas inga tecken på försämrad vidhäftningshållfasthet. Utöver en minskad bärighet, öppnar AKR upp betong och skapar gynnsammare förutsättningar för rost-och frostangrepp. / Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a chemical reaction that causes stresses in concrete when the produced alkali silica gel expands. The reaction requires sufficiently high alkali content, reactive aggregates and water. Due to ASR-induced stresses it is of interest to gain insight in how ASR affects the concrete’s bending capacity, anchoring together with shear- and punching shear capacity. An extensive literature review was therefore carried out together with three complementary interviews in order to answer the question at issue. Obtained results show two main effects of ASR. In addition to a reduced strength because of cracking and expansion, an advantageous pre-stress is gained due to restraint to expansion. Thus, the load-carrying capacity of concrete is affected in various extents depending on the size of expansion and location and type of the reinforcement. The results indicate that the tensile strength is reduced to 40 % whereas the compressive strength is reduced to 60 % at 5 mm/m expansions. While expansions lesser than 6 mm/m has not shown a greater reduction of the bending capacity, a reduction of 25 % has been observed in concrete with expansions greater than 6 mm/m. The shear capacity of an ASR-affected concrete structure depends mainly on the presence of links and the extent of expansions. In beams without links, shear capacity is reduced to 15-25 % for smooth bars and 20-30 % for ribbed bars. The punching strength of a concrete structure reinforced in both faces is not reduced until expansions exceed 6 mm/m, whereas a more significant reduction is obtained. The bond strength decreases by about 40 % if the concrete cover is less than 1.5 Æ and/or if no links are present. Meanwhile if links are present and if concrete cover is more than 4Æ, no signs of reduction of the bond strength has been observed. Additionally, to a reduced load-carrying capacity, ASR also opens up the concrete and consequently creates beneficial circumstances for corrosion and frost attacks.

By investigating the scope of future wind turbine projects in north Swedish coastal regions and Lapland inland, identification of especially sensitive areas and the effect of wind farm location for the white- tailed sea eagles (WSE) Haliaeetus albicilla at these sites were evaluated. Since the 1980s the WSE the population growth has been stable and intensified in the last two decades, the upgoing trend is evident especially at coastal areas of the Bothnian Sea and Lapland inland, these regions are also considered suitable for wind farm projects. The scope of this analysis consists of an investigation of the density-dependent effect and interference regarding WSE population for each concerned wind farm by using an option with 4 MW wind turbines and a 6 MW alternative. The purpose with this comparison was to identify where wind turbines impact is most critical for WSEs and to which extent wind farms affected land area usage as well as the carrying capacity levels.One of the key findings was in Norrbotten where the 6 MW wind turbines reduced land area usage by 37,59%. In Västerbotten the highest concentration of WSEs was found and where the interference was most severe, in one of the wind farms three WSEs were observed inside the WF area which was the highest number noticed for this category in the study.Based on the low occurrence of WSEs and the accessible land area in the north-east part of Sweden (Pajala), it was considered the least critical area in terms of risk mitigation for WSE interference. A similar scenario was noticed in the southern part of Gävleborg, however in this case it was mainly a slowdown of population growth related to issues with habitat preference that enabled further possibilities for wind power investments.

In recent decades, coastal tourism has grown significantly bringing enormous economic benefits to host communities, and causing many environmental and social impacts to the coastal environment. Beach resort development faces problems due to an inability on the part of stakeholders to make sound decisions about sustainable design due, in part, to the complexity of the sustainability issues and the lack of a comprehensive decision-making tool to assist them. In Egypt, design and planning regulations have not changed for decades, resulting in non-sustainable beach resort development. This study provides a "decision framework," a conceptual "Sustainable Design Model," which shifts the focus of stakeholders from the application of traditional physical carrying capacity procedures to a comprehensive approach linking sustainability indicators and carrying capacities. This approach includes an array of acceptable capacities based on the ecological, social, psychological, physical, economic, and managerial capacity thresholds of a site. This framework assists stakeholders in making rational decisions about what is to be built, where it is located, and how to build it. To test the model, a survey was conducted at 10 beach resort destinations (5 American, 5 Egyptian) to measure the difference in perceptions between stakeholders concerning sustainability indicators and carrying capacities. The instrument was determined valid and reliable using a test/retest procedure. A total of 276 responses were obtained for data analysis. Statistical analyses included frequency distribution, t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), factor analysis, and a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Sample demographic information was also collected. Results revealed a strong link between sustainability indicators and carrying capacity thresholds. While both Egyptian and American respondents recognized the importance of sensitive environmental developments, there were significant differences due to differences in culture, environment, regulations, and priorities. The American sample placed greater importance on the ecological indicators, while the Egyptian sample placed greater importance on the social, psychological, and managerial indicators. The American sample conveyed a positive attitude toward government regulations, design, and management efforts to incorporate sustainability principles into the built environment, while the Egyptian respondents conveyed a more negative attitude. As a result of this study, future Egyptian policy may be better informed of the gap between the theoretical concepts of sustainability and real world coastal development implementation. / Ph. D.

This thesis presents a reanalysis of data collected between 1999 and 2006 by the Institute for Outdoor Recreation and Tourism (IORT) at Utah State University. These data concern a variety of outdoor recreation sites in Utah, Idaho, and South Dakota, and were collected via intercept, mail, and, to a very limited extent, telephone surveys. Survey instruments contained questions related to visitor perceptions of crowding, overall satisfaction, support for use limits/rationing, and estimates of use density, in addition to other conceptually related factors. Analyses consisted of multiple regression models for both perceived crowding and visitor support for use limits dependent variables for each suitable data set. These were intended to ascertain the dependent variables' relationships with various factors hypothesized to contribute to both crowding perceptions and a perceived need for use limits--notably variations in use level. This thesis also incorporated bivariate and univariate analyses intended to investigate the relationship between perceived crowding and satisfaction, reasons for respondent support for use limits, and the potential of displacing visitors to similar recreation sites via use rationing. Side-by-side comparison of results yielded several interesting findings. First, use level was the variable most consistently showing a statistically significant association with perceived crowding. However, the amount of variation explained by use level variables was small, particularly from a managerial perspective. Results suggested support for use limits may have more to do with fears about potential changes in future conditions than actual on-site crowding. Results were not suggestive of a strong or consistent relationship between perceived crowding and satisfaction. Apprehensions about crowding were the most prevalent stated reason for respondents' support of use rationing, but concerns about safety at motorized (land- and water-based) sites were also a major factor, as was recreational conflict, though to a lesser extent. Results of all analyses highlighted the uniqueness of each study area. Overall, results suggested crowding-based recreational carrying capacities may lack utility as a generalized management framework and are perhaps best reserved for sites specifically managed for low use levels or solitude experiences. Results also support calls for regional scale, rather than site-specific, recreation planning.

Outdoor recreation participation has increased during the Covid-19 pandemic and the Jämtland mountains have felt the impacts like many other geographical areas. Increased pressure from outdoor recreation risks of decreasing visitor experience and the physical conditions of the recreational landscape. The focused area of this study (the mountain area of the Jämtland triangle) experienced problems already before the Covid-19 pandemic hit due to increasing pressure from visitors as well as from differing interests among stakeholders. The pandemic has especially increased the visitor numbers and pressure from them. This study focused on the viewpoints of the visitors in relation to outdoor recreation impacts and their landscape and land-use perspectives. Moreover, their views on the possible future planning and management of the area, with emphasis on the management practices. Methods used to achieve the objectives were of embedded mixed methods (concurrent nested design): observations, contact cards and semi-structured interviews with the emphasis on qualitative data. Visible impacts in the landscape (crowding, litter, tear, and wear as well as impacts on the fauna) were discovered and that they were also experienced by the visitors to different degrees. In general, their experiences from the contact cards identified higher experiences on tear and wear of the trails as well as crowdedness. This was supported by the interview participants experiences, where each participant experienced erosion (tear and wear) and crowdedness to some degree, and numerous also noticed littering. Noise in both quantitative and qualitative aspect was only experienced to minor degree. The experiences of the visitors differed based on how many times the visitor had been in the area (besides their personal perspectives and values). In general people saw less impacts in the social and physical aspects during their first visit.The eco-strategies framework assisted the analysis of different users and user groups perspectives on the landscape, the land-use of the landscape and conflicts between different types of users (passive use “admire and enjoy the landscape” to the other end of spectrum “factory” of activities). Moreover, carrying capacity was used as a support of the analysis in combining the visitor experience, physical landscape, and the social limits. Besides viewing the public right of access as necessity, stronger restrictions and management practices were viewed as beneficial if these would help the nature recover from the outdoor recreation impacts. Inclusion of visitors and as many stakeholders as possible in the planning process was seen as beneficial. At the end, the results are reflected on in regard to future necessities planned by Länsstyrelsen Jämtlands län (2018). / <p>2022-01-22</p>