<p>Polysaccharides constitute an important source of raw materials for the packaging industry today. Polysaccharides have good natural barrier properties which are necessary for packaging films. Cellulose is the forerunner among renewable polymers for such applications. Hemicelluloses represent a new interesting breed of barrier materials. We have chosen to work with the hemicellulose O-acetyl-galactoglucomannan (AcGGM). The high water solubility of this particular hemicellulose extracted from process waters is both an advantage and a limiting factor. However, through the right modification, the water sensitivity of AcGGM can be regulated.</p><p>This thesis presents four ways to modify AcGGM: (i) benzylation, (ii) plasma surface treatment followed by styrene addition, (iii) vapor-phase (VP) surface grafting with styrene, and (iv) lamination of an unmodified film with a benzylated material. The most important methods of analysis of the films produced include contact angle measurement, dynamic mechanical analysis under moisture scan, and oxygen gas permeability measurement.</p><p>It was found that unmodified AcGGM films have low oxygen permeability at intermediate relative humidity (50 % RH) and good dynamic mechanical properties over a wider humidity range. Films of benzylated material (BnGGM) exhibited a decrease in oxygen permeability at lower humidity but showed better tolerance to higher humidities and indicated better dynamic mechanical behavior than AcGGM films. Lamination proved to be the most promising technique of modification, combining the good gas barrier properties of AcGGM films with the moisture-insensitivity of the BnGGM films.</p>

<p>The present dissertation describes part of the efforts directed towards the development of computational tools to support process modeling. This work is also a further development of the Thermoslag software developed in the Division of Materials Process Science, KTH.</p><p>The essential parts of the thesis are</p><p>a) development of a semi-empirical model for the estimation of the molar volumes/densities of multicomponent slags with a view to incorporate the same in the model for viscosities and</p><p>b) further development of the viscosity model for application towards fluorid- containing slags, as for example, mould flux slags.</p><p>The model for the estimation of molar volume is based on a correlation between the relative integral molar volume of a slag system and the relative integral molar enthalpies of mixing of the same system. The integral molar enthalpies of the relevant systems could be evaluated from the Gibbs energy data available in the Thermoslag software. The binary parameters were evaluated from experimental measurements of the molar volumes. Satisfactory correlations were obtained in the case of the binary silicate and aluminate systems. The model was extended to ternary and multi component systems by computing the molar volumes using the binary parameters. The model predictions showed agreements with the molar volume data available in literature. The model was used to estimate the molar volumes of industrial slags as well as to trace the trends in molar volume due to compositional variations. The advantage of the present approach is that it would enable prediction of molar volumes of slags that are compatible with the thermodynamic data available.</p><p>With a view to extend the existing model for viscosities to F--containing slags, the viscosities of mould flux slags for continues casting in steel production have been investigated in the present work. The measurements were carried out utilizing the rotating cylinder method. Seven mould fluxes used in the Swedish steel industry and the impact of Al₂O₃pick up by mould flux slags on viscosities were included in the study. The results showed that even relatively small additions of Al₂O₃ are related with a significant increase in viscosity</p>

<p>The fluid flow in the mold during up-hill teeming is of great importance for the quality of the cast ingot and therefore the quality of the final steel products. At the early stage of the filling of an up-hill teeming mold, liquid steel enters, with high velocity, from the runner into the mold and the turbulence on the meniscus could lead to entrainment of mold flux. The entrained mold flux might subsequently end up as defects in the final product. It is therefore very important to get a mild and stable inlet flow in the entrance region of the mold. It has been acknowledged recently that swirling motion induced using a helix shaped swirl blade, in the submerged entry nozzle is remarkably effective to control the fluid flow pattern in both the slab and billet type continuous casting molds. This result in increased productivity and quality of the produced steel. Due to the result with continuous casting there is reason to investigate the swirling effect for up-hill teeming, a casting method with similar problem with turbulence.</p><p>With this thesis we will study the effect of swirling flow generated through a swirl blade inserted into the entry nozzle, as a new method of reducing the deformation of the rising surface and the unevenness of the flow during filling of the up-hill teeming mold. The swirling blade has two features: (1) to generate a swirling flow in the entrance nozzle and (2) to suppress the uneven flow, generated/developed after flowing through the elbow. The effect of the use of a helix shaped swirl blade was studied using both numerical calculations and physical modelling. Water modelling was used to assert the effect of the swirling blade on rectifying of tangential and axial velocities in the filling tube for the up-hill teeming and also to verify the results from the numerical calculations. The effect of swirl in combination with diverged nozzle was also investigated in a similar way, i. e. with water model trials and numerical calculations.</p>

This work serves to present the background, approach, and selected results for the initial master thesis and prototyping phase of Open Space, a joint visualization software development project by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Linköping University (LiU) and the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). The thesis report provides a theoretical introduction to heliophysics, modeling of space weather events, volumetric rendering, and an understanding of how these relate in the bigger scope of Open Space. A set of visualization tools that are currently used at NASA and AMNH are presented and discussed. These tools are used to visualize global heliosphere models, both for scientific studies and for public presentations, and are mainly making use of geometric rendering techniques. The paper will, in detail, describe a new approach to visualize the science models with volumetric rendering to better represent the volumetric structure of the data. Custom processors have been developed for the open source volumetric rendering engine Voreen, to load and visualize science models provided by the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Selected parts of the code are presented by C++ code examples. To best represent models that are defined in non-Cartesian space, a new approach to volumetric rendering is presented and discussed. Compared to the traditional approach of transforming such models to Cartesian space, this new approach performs no such model transformations, and thus minimizes the amount of empty voxels and introduces less interpolation artifacts. Final results are presented as rendered images and are discussed from a scientific visualization perspective, taking into account the physics representation, potential rendering artifacts, and the rendering performance.

Die steigende Bedeutung des Leichtbaus in der modernen Fahrzeugtechnik stellt stetig neue technologische Herausforderungen an die Hersteller. Dabei rückt die Entwicklung neuer energetisch effizienter Herstellungsverfahren sowie geeigneter Werkstoffe immer weiter in den Vordergrund. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Entwicklung eines zukunftsorientierten kombinierten Gieß-Umformverfahrens zur Herstellung hochfester Aluminiumbauteile, z.B. für die Automobilindustrie, vorangetrieben. Die Anwendung aushärtbarer Aluminiumlegierungen, insbesondere mit höheren Siliziumgehalten, wird betrachtet. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt in der Ermittlung und Begründung günstiger Prozessbedingungen für einzelne Prozessschritte von Aluminiumbauteilen (Gießen, Umformen, Warm-, bzw. Kaltauslagern) im Zusammenhang mit dem Siliziumgehalt der Legierung. Die Übertragung der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse auf die Verhältnisse des kombinierten Gieß-Umformverfahrens in einen industrienahen Maß-stab stellte ein weiteres Ziel der Arbeit dar.

The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanical behavior and its relation with processing and microstructure of the silicon carbide particulate (SiCp) reinforced aluminum matrix composite. Aluminum 7075 alloy is chosen as matrix alloy, in which zinc is the main alloying element. Four different additions of SiCp were used and the weight fractions were 10%, 15%, 20% and 30%. Composites were processed by with squeeze casting and the applied pressure during casting was 80 MPa. The mould is specially designed to produce both specimens ready for tensile and three point bending tests. Both as-cast and heat treated aluminum composites were examined and T6 heat treatment was applied. Three point bending tests were performed to reveal the fracture strength of aluminum composites. 10wt% SiCp aluminum composites showed the maximum flexural strength in both as-cast and heat treated composites. The mechanical test results revealed that precipitated phases in heat treated composites, behaved like fine silicon carbide particulates and they acted as barriers to dislocation motion. Maximum flexural strength increased about 40 MPa (10%) in as-cast and 180 MPa (44%) in heat treated composites. Tensile testing was also conducted to verify the results of the three point bending tests. Hardness tests were done to find the effect of silicon carbide addition and to find the peak hardness in heat treatment. For as-cast specimens hardness values increased from 133 to 188 Vickers hardness (10 kg.) with increase in SiCp content from 0 to 30wt% and for heat treatment specimens hardness values increased from 171 to 221 Vickers hardness (10 kg.). The peak hardness values were obtained at 24 hours precipitation heat treatment. SEM studies were carried out to examine the heat treated composites, to take SEM photographs and to obtain a general elemental analysis. Theoretical volume percentage addition of SiCp was checked with Clemex Image Analyzer program. Distribution of SiCp was determined by mettalographic examination. Second phases that were formed during heat treatment was searched by x-ray analysis.

In this study molecular dynamics simulation program in NVT ensemble using Velocity Verlet integration was written in order to investigate the glass forming ability of two metallic systems. The Zn-Mg system, one of the frontiers of simple metal-metal metallic glasses and Fe-B, inquiring attention due to presence of many bulk glass forming alloy systems evolved from this binary with different alloying element additions. In addition to this, atomistic calculations on the basis of ordering were carried out for both Zn-Mg and Fe-B systems. Ordering energy values are calculated using electronic theory of alloys in pseudopotential approximation and elements which increase the ordering energy between atoms were determined. The elements which increase the ordering energy most were selected as candidate elements in order to design bulk amorphous alloy systems. In the experimental branch of the study centrifugal casting experiments were done in order to see the validity of atomistic calculations. Industrial low grade ferroboron was used as the master alloy and pure element additions were performed in order to constitute selected compositions. Fe62B21Mo5W2Zr6 alloy was successfully vitrified in bulk form using nearly conventional centrifugal casting processing. Specimens produced were characterized using SEM, XRD, and DSC in order to detect the amorphous structure and also the crystalline counterpart of the structure when the cooling rate is lower. Sequential peritectic and eutectic reaction pattern was found to be important for metallic glasses which can be vitrified in bulk forms with nearly conventional solidification methods.

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves. 129-134.

Submitted by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-23T14:10:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPICC.pdf: 9243099 bytes, checksum: d5c4984be722eda91236fbec51d566f6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-23T14:10:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPICC.pdf: 9243099 bytes, checksum: d5c4984be722eda91236fbec51d566f6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-23T14:10:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPICC.pdf: 9243099 bytes, checksum: d5c4984be722eda91236fbec51d566f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T14:10:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPICC.pdf: 9243099 bytes, checksum: d5c4984be722eda91236fbec51d566f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / New materials from cellulose have been developed, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). Different morphologies of the cellulose can lead to the formation of films with different thermal, mechanical and optical properties in relation to conventional cellulose films. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different dimensional scales of cellulose, micro and nanometric, on the production of cellulose films from two vegetable species and their thermal, mechanical, morphological and optical properties. Eucalyptus fibers and pineapple leave fiber (curauá) (PALF) were used as cellulosic fibers for this study. The films of eucalyptus and pineapple cellulosic fibers were prepared by filtration and casting, and the CNC and CNF films were obtained by continuous casting. The CNC and CNF films showed mechanical tensile strength in the order of 9 to 35 MPa higher than the films of cellulose fibers, regardless of the origin of the fiber. The continuous casting process produced CNC and CNF films that presented different mechanical resistance in the longitudinal direction of the process with respect to the transverse direction. This behavior may be related to how hydrogen bonds and mechanical anchorages occur between nanofibers. The thermal stability of the nanocellulose films was lower in the order of 20 to 150 ºC than in the films of fibers due to the routes of obtaining the CNC and CNF. Nanofiber films presented lower opacity in the order of 3 to 60% lower than the films of fibers due to the diameter of the nanocelluloses. Curauá fibers had the highest crystallinity index (Ic) reaching 87%. It is concluded that the properties studied were influenced by the type of nanocellulose (CNC or CNF), the origin of the cellulose (eucalyptus or pineapple), and the micro and nanometric scale of the fibers. / Novos materiais a partir da celulose tem sido obtidos, como os nanocristais de celulose (CNC) e as nanofibrilas de celulose (CNF). Diferentes morfologias da celulose podem levar a formação de filmes com propriedades térmicas, mecânicas e ópticas diferentes de filmes de celulose convencional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes morfologias de fibras de celulose, micro e nanométricas, na obtenção de filmes - provenientes de duas espécies vegetais – e em suas propriedades térmicas, mecânicas, ópticas e morfológicas. Utilizou-se como fibras celulósicas para este estudo as fibras de eucalipto e fibras de folhas de abacaxi (curauá) (PALF). Os filmes de fibras celulósicas de eucalipto e de abacaxi foram confeccionados por filtragem e casting, e os filmes de CNC e CNF foram obtidos por continuous casting. Os filmes de CNC e CNF apresentaram resistência mecânica à tração, na ordem de 9 a 35 MPa superior aos filmes de fibras de celulose, independente da origem da fibra. O processamento por continuous casting produziu filmes de CNC e CNF que apresentaram resistência mecânica diferente no sentido longitudinal ao processo com relação ao sentido transversal. Este comportamento pode estar relacionado de que forma ocorrem às ligações de hidrogênio e os emaranhamentos mecânicos entre as nanofibras. A estabilidade térmica dos filmes de nanofibra foi menor na ordem de 20 a 150 ºC do que aos filmes de fibras devido às rotas de obtenção das CNC e CNF. Os filmes de nanofibra apresentaram menor opacidade, na ordem de 3 a 60% inferior, que os filmes de fibras devido ao diâmetro das nanofibras. As fibras de curauá apresentaram o maior índice cristalinidade (Ic) chegando a 87%. Conclui-se que a propriedades estudadas foram influenciadas pelo tipo de nanofibra (CNC ou CNF), pela origem da celulose (eucalipto ou abacaxi), e pela escala micro e nanométrica das fibras.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar qual é o número de camadas de espaçadores de troquéis que apresenta o valor mais próximo da especificação número 8 da ADA (Associação Dentária Americana) para a espessura da camada do cimento de fosfato de zinco, utilizado durante a cimentação de uma coroa metálica total. Foi realizado um estudo experimental “in vitro” com a confecção de 20 coroas totais divididas em quatro grupos: grupo controle (sem a aplicação de espaçadores) e grupos com uma, duas e três camadas de espaçadores para troquéis da marca True Spacer (Talladium do Brasil), mesma fábrica que confecciona a liga metálica utilizada, Tilite®. Para avaliar a espessura do alívio, foi utilizado um filme de silicona de adição determinando o espaço existente entre a parede interna da coroa metálica e o troquel mestre. Após a polimerização do material, as coroas foram removidas do troquel e uma silicona ultraleve de outra coloração foi injetada no interior da coroa com o intuito de garantir a remoção da primeira silicona sem distorção. As amostras de siliconas obtidas foram seccionadas transversalmente para serem escaneadas em alta resolução ao lado de um paquímetro. Posteriormente, as imagens assim obtidas foram levadas ao software Image Tool 3.0 (Department of Dental Science Diagnostic at the University of Texas, Health of Science Center, San Antonio, USA). O procedimento realizado foi a mensuração de pontos para a comparação entre os lados oclusal e a parede axial e apresentou valores médios em micrômetros(μm). Posteriormente, foram submetidos à análise estatística com nível de significância de 5%, através do teste t student, ANOVA e teste de Tukey. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significantes estatisticamente entre as faces oclusais e axiais e, entre os grupos não foram significantes, mas estavam próximos da especificação da ADA, concluindo que a utilização de espaçadores promove alívio suficiente para a cimentação. / The aim of the present study is to evaluate what number of die spacer liners has the value to the specification number 8 of the ADA (American Dental Association) for the thickness of the liner of the zinc phosphate cement utilized during the cementation of a metallic crown. An in vitro experimental study was realized with the confection of 20 total crowns divided in four groups: control group (without layers), and groups with one, two and three layers of True Spacer (Talladium Brazil) die spacers of the same factory of the used metallic league. To evaluate the thickness of the relief was utilized a additional silicona for determinate the space between the internal wall of the metallic crown and the master die. The samples of silicona were cross-sectioned at the middle and took. Subsequently, the images thereby achieved were transferred to the Image Tool 3.0 software (Department of Dental Science Diagnostic at the University of Texas, Health of Science Center, San Antonio, USA).The procedures were the measurement of the points in the oclusal side and axial wall and showed average in micrometers. Therefore, had been submitted to statistics analysis with significant level of 5%, through “t student” test, analysis of variance and Tukey test. The results showed significant statistical differences among occlusal and axial faces and between the groups had not been significant, but they were next to the specification of ADA. Concluding that the use of die spacers promove enough relief for the cementation.