La langue catalane est confrontée, sur son propre territoire, à la concurrence du castillan. Ses défenseurs, tout particulièrement les écrivains, ont longtemps lutté pour préserver une langue écrite à la fois viable et « authentique », c'est-à-dire sans influences du castillan. Mais cette préoccupation d’authenticité s’oppose au principe de vraisemblance dans certains genres où il est nécessaire, ou simplement utile, d’employer la langue parlée informelle. Or celle-ci est de plus en plus parsemée de castillanismes, tant dans le lexique que dans la syntaxe. Nous avons donc cherché, à travers quelques œuvres contemporaines (publiées entre 1979 et 2005), à comprendre comment certains auteurs, qui écrivent du roman « noir », du théâtre ou du roman « réaliste », s’efforcent de résoudre – ou d’assumer – cette contradiction. / The Catalan language has long had to deal with the competing presence of Castilian on its own territory. Defenders of Catalan, writers in particular, have striven to preserve a written language that would be both viable and “authentic”, that is to say free from Castilian influences. However, their concern about authenticity clashes with the constraint of plausibility in certain genres, where the use of informal spoken language is either required or simply useful, just as informal spoken Catalan is being pervaded with more and more lexical or syntactic castilianisms. The purpose of this thesis is to explore, through several contemporary texts published from 1979 to 2005, how writers of crime fiction, playwrights and realist novelists have dealt with this contradiction – either working against it, around it, or with it.

Dentre os meios utilizados para enriquecer os quadros dos paradigmas das flexões verbais nas línguas românicas, destaca-se o emprego de construções de caráter vulgar: as perífrases. Essas formas verbais compostas apresentam, por vezes, divergências relevantes entre as línguas românicas, como a construção ir (presente de indicativo) + infinitivo. Enquanto a língua portuguesa emprega essa perífrase para denotar noção de futuro, a língua catalã, ao contrário, utiliza-a para fazer referência a uma ação pretérita. Tendo em conta as demais línguas românicas, pode-se averiguar que é o catalão que faz uma exceção ao uso de ir+ infinitivo. Apesar de ter seu uso proliferado, o emprego da perífrase catalã não é consenso entre as suas variantes dialetais: enquanto a maior parte privilegia o uso da perífrase, em detrimento da forma simples de pretérito, uma pequena parte dá maior ênfase à forma sintética ou mescla as variantes. Ainda que a questão da coincidência formal da perífrase conduz a uma importante estranheza semântica em relação a outras línguas românicas, o escopo da pesquisa se mantém na comparação entre a língua portuguesa e catalã, colocando em xeque a relação dicotômica norma/ uso. Uma análise sob a perspectiva diacrônica poderia apresentar respostas satisfatórias para se chegar ao entendimento do tratamento e da história dessas perífrases nas duas línguas. / Among the means used to broaden the paradigm of verbal inflections in romance languages, the employment of constructions that are vulgar in character is noteworthy: the periphrases. The compound verb forms present, at times, significant differences between the romance languages, such as the construction ir (indicative present tense) + infinitive. Whereas in Portuguese such a pattern is employed to denote future, Catalan uses it to refer to past actions. All romance languages considered, it can be verified that Catalan is the only language that makes this exceptional use of ir + infinitive. In spite of its widespread use, the employment of the Catalan periphrasis is not a consensus amongst its dialects: while the majority of them make use of the periphrasis instead of the simple past form, a small part of them prefer to use the synthetic form or both interchangeably. Although the matter of the formal coincidence of the periphrasis leads to important semantic awkwardness in relation to the other romance languages, the scope of this work is the comparison between Portuguese and Catalan languages, calling into question the norm/usage dichotomy. An analysis in diachronic perspective could lead to satisfactory understanding of the treatment and history of these periphrases in both languages.

This study focuses on the attitudes toward Catalan and Spanish, the two main languages spoken in Barcelona, on the East coast of Spain, in Southwestern Europe. The aim of this study was to compare those attitudes between two generations of informants. The informants of one generation were born 1984-93 and were thus in their twenties at the time of the investigation, in 2013. The aforementioned generation was labelled with the name "Children", whereas their parents were labelled with the name "Parents". The method applied was direct, where the informants had to answer an online survey, and the number of informants that were studied was 15 for each generation, or 30 in total. The conclusion of the study, derived from the results to the aforementioned survey, is that the generation of the Children have a more positive attitude toward Catalan and more negative toward Spanish than the generation of the Parents.

This thesis analyzes the current state of the language immersion program in Catalonia after its implementation 30 years ago, and after the immigration wave of the last decade. The language immersion is a method of teaching a second language using a language of instruction different than the students’ mother tongue. The Catalan authorities use this as a method for preserving Catalan in the society.The aim of this study is to examine the use of Catalan at school and outside of school by students who have followed the language immersion program. Language attitudes play an important role for the maintenance of a minority language, as Catalan. Therefore, in this study, the informants’ attitudes towards Catalan have also been measured. The method applied is a quantitative method where the informants have answered a written questionnaire. The results show a high level of knowledge of Catalan and its frequent use in the classroom. In contrast, outside of school the Castilian language is more often used. The informants seem to have a positive attitude towards Catalan.The conclusion is that the language immersion works satisfactory in a school context but often fails outside of school.

This Master's thesis focuses on the analysis of the competitiveness of the Spanish economy. It studies how to measure and express competitiveness. It also describes the path of Spain to economic growth through periods of recession and looks into the different Spanish economic sectors and thoroughly examines the economic situation of the various autonomous communities. This thesis also includes a case study of the Catalan separatist movement. The last chapter tries to make an economic outlook.

In this thesis we have attempted to demonstrate that Noucentisme, as defined and propugnated by Eugeni d'Ors in the Glosari 1906-1910 is a continuation of the first Catalan Modernism. This theory has in great part been influenced by research on this subject compiled by the late Eduard Valentf, in his book, KL primer modernising Catalan y_ sus fundamen- tos ideol6gicos. We have, therefore, greatly relied on his generational and theological definition of Catalan Modernism, which we elaborate upon and sum up in the first two chapters. Owing to the extensive nature of Houcentisme, as of any literary movement, we have restricted our research to the work of its originator and theoretician, Eugeni d'Ors. In our thesis we have tried to point out that d'Ors reacted against the "fin de siecle" literary movements, which were a degenerate form of the original Catalan Modernist grouping, represented by L'Avenc.that was dispersed aflter 1893. In order to demonstrate that d'Ors absorbed, reorganized, and modified Catalan literary modernism, we have proceeded by closely examining the greater part of his work and ideology between 1900 and 1910, as well as most posterior writings concerning this period of. his development. In Chapter IV ye have studied his so-called modernist writings produced between 1900 and 1905, and collected in La muerte de Isidre Nonell seguida de otras arbitrariedades,'. From these we have determined the basic "modernist" ideas forwarded by d'Ors during those years. Between Chapter V and Chapter VII we have delineated the aesthetic and political ideology which d'Ors considers to be the basis of Noucentisme, and which was primitively contained in La muerte de Isidre Nonell seguida de otras arbitrariedades. In Chapter Till we have examined the direct relations between d'Ors theories and the modernist writers. The explicit formal relation between Modernism and Noucentisme is briefly discussed in the conclusion. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

This dissertation analyses, through a rhetorical framework and a literary approach, texts written in Catalan and Castilian by four Catalan female writers (Dolors Monserdà, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, Esther Tusquets, Monserrat Roig ), whose works cover from 1900 to the 1980. Utilizing this urban feminine literature, it discusses the historical-geographical vision about the changes in Catalan society during the twentieth century with its consequences for the urban space, especially the space occupied by women. It is also established that Barcelona’s recovery and literary vindication by women has been done through the written text, as literary affirmation and as a matter of conscience in which the city could not be summed up as a backdrop, but rather as an active part of a literary creation, active in the double sense, as a socio-historical space in the novel and as characteristic of their works. The primary purpose of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the use of the city as a setting for the novels determines and characterizes those female writers’ texts. Consequently, these writings are literary material relevant and essential to the understanding of the Barcelonian women’s space. However their use of space is not arbitrary, on the contrary it corresponds to a social order established by the patriarchy where the relation of women to the world is embodied in the intentional and socially restricted space and movements of their bodies. The theoretical perspectives of this study are based on Montserrat Roig’s feminist urban space theories. Her theory advocates the right to individuality, denouncing the patriarchal and hierarchical social system present in gendered space from the outside male world to the domestic feminized space. I also turn to the writings of Maria Aurèlia Capmany, who addresses cultural aspects of women’s roles revealing a purposive controlled patriarchal society according to a historical-geographical analysis. This study of texts permits a new reading of the Catalan capital and demonstrates that Catalan women writers have consciously willed to give birth to a new history of the city: the history of women as protagonist citizens, producers, reproducers, and consumers of the space represented by the Catalan capital

Les possessifs invalident l’opposition traditionnelle entre langues ibéro-romanes occidentales (l’espagnol et le portugais) et orientale (le catalan). Actuellement, en portugais européen et en catalan, en position pré-nominale, les possessifs se construisent majoritairement avec un article (o meu amigo, el meu amic), tandis qu’en espagnol standard, ils s’emploient seuls (mi amigo). Au Moyen-Âge, les possessifs antéposés peuvent se construire avec ou sans article et les deux systèmes alternent dans les différentes aires linguistiques de la Péninsule.Dans ce travail, nous nous proposons d’étudier l’évolution de l’alternance art+pos+N et pos+N en catalan, espagnol et portugais, du 13e au 20e siècle et nous nous demanderons si elles sont motivées par des facteurs morphosyntaxiques, sémantiques ou pragmatiques.Nous inscrivons nos recherches dans le cadre de la méthode idiolectale proposée par Barra Jover (2015), selon laquelle, la variation doit être analysée au sein de productions individuelles considérées séparément et les hypothèses générées doivent être testées sur l’ensemble des données d’un texte, puis de nouveau sur chacun des textes, afin de vérifier leur solidité ou de les falsifier.La portée chronologique du corpus, son extension quantitative, due en particulier au nombre d’occurrences examinées par texte, le dépouillement manuel de chacun d’entre eux, et la comparaison systématique avec d’autres langues, permettent de concilier ampleur de vue et précision d’analyse.Nous espérons que ce travail pourra contribuer à une meilleure compréhension du processus par lequel un phénomène de variation peut conduire, ou non, à la fragmentation linguistique. / Possessives invalidate the opposition between Western (Spanish and Portuguese) and Eastern (Catalan) Ibero-Romance languages. Nowadays, in Catalan and European Portuguese, in the pre-nominal position, possessives are mainly preceded by the article (o meu amigo, el meu amic), while in standard Spanish, they are constructed without an article (mi amigo). In the Middle Ages, possessives may allow the article or not and the two systems alternate in the different linguistic areas of the Peninsula.This thesis sheds light on the evolution of the alternation between [article + possessive + noun] and [possessive + noun] in Catalan, Spanish and European Portuguese from the 13th to the 20th century. More specifically, this work addresses the question of the motivation of the variation by morphosyntactic, semantic or pragmatic factors.This research is carried out using the idiolectal method proposed by Barra Jover (2015), according to which variation must be analysed within productions to be considered separately and the relevant hypotheses must be tested against all the data of a text and each individual text, in order to check their solidity or to falsify them.The large chronological scope of the corpus and the substantial dataset, due in particular to the large number of examples examined per text, together with the detailed manual analysis of each occurrence of the possessive, and a systematic comparison with other languages, allow this thesis to combine precise analysis with a broad overview of the phenomenon.Ultimately, this thesis aims at contributing to a better understanding of the process by which a variation phenomenon may or may not lead to linguistic fragmentation.

The arcsine distribution looks at the fraction of time one player is winning in a fair coin toss game and has been studied for over a hundred years. There has been little further work on how the distribution changes when the coin tosses are not fair or when a player has already won the initial coin tosses or, equivalently, starts with a lead. This thesis will first cover a proof of the arcsine distribution. Then, we explore how the distribution changes when the coin the is unfair. Finally, we will explore the distribution when one person has won the first few flips.

This dissertation explores the interaction of syntax and morphology in the morpholog- ical realization of AGREE-relations. I present two case studies of derivational interactions of AGREE-processes where the morphological realization of the later processes are affected by the earlier ones. The two cases studied differ in the way probes and goals interact. The first part of the dissertation explores restrictions on clitic combinations where two goals vie for the features of one probe. The second part discusses the reverse situation, where two probes are agreeing with the same goal. The first configuration arises in restrictions on clitic combinations where v can AGREE with an indirect object and a direct object one at a time (Anagnostopoulou 2003, 2005b, Béjar and Rezác 2003). These configurations give rise to a form of competition: the sec- ond argument will fail to AGREE in any features that it shares with the first. I show that this form of competition extends from restrictions involving local person arguments, where it has been used so far, to restrictions involving third person and plural, which have so far been treated as morphological. Whereas the restrictions on local person lead to ungrammaticality, those on third person and plural result in impoverished morphological realization. I argue that this difference indicates a different role of AGREE for local person vs. third person and plural. Recent work as shown that local person has special syntactic licensing needs (e.g. Béjar and Rezác 2003, Baker 2008, Preminger 2011b). Third person and plural on the other hand, I argue, are syntactically wellformed on their own, but require AGREE to be visible to lexical insertion at PF. Failure to AGREE will lead to absence of morphological realization or ungrammaticality as a function of the features involved. Once restrictions on third person arguments are treated as syntactic, much of the variation across languages in their morphological realization follows from differences in the PF-inventory. The second situation, two probes AGREEING with the same goal, arises in agreement with objects in Hindi-Urdu. The second part of the dissertation discusses two asymmetries in agreement of T with subjects and objects in conjunction structures. While T-agreement with objects shows sensitivity to linear order (i.a. closest conjunct agreement), T-agreement with subjects does not. I argue that the differences follow from the activity of the goal at the time of agreement. While subjects are syntactically active at the time T probes them, objects are not, because they have already been assigned case by v. As a consequence, the syntactic relation between T and an object cannot value the T's probe in the syntax. Non- syntactic effects like the relevance of linear order affect agreement exactly when valuation cannot be achieved in the syntax. Both case studies lead to the proposal that syntactically wellformed derivations can be ruled out at PF by failure of lexical insertion. This can happen in two ways. The discus- sion of restrictions on clitic combinations will lead to the conclusion that some languages allow the syntax to generate wellformed structures that contain nodes with so few features that PF cannot insert an exponent for them. The discussion of agreement in Hindi-Urdu will lead to the proposal that the grammar can generate feature bundles with inconsistent features that cannot be spelled out in one form. Overall, PF does both less and more than is often assumed. The restrictions on third person and plural discussed in the first part are traditionally considered to be the result of morphological operations that change the feature content of clitics (Bonet 1991, 1993, 1995, Grimshaw 1997, Noyer 1997). The proposal here reduces the role of PF in these restrictions to spelling out syntactic structures that have reduced feature content as the result of syntactic interactions. Similarly, the proposal about Hindi-Urdu tightly delimits the space where non-syntactic effects on agreement arise. At the same time, PF can rule out syntactically wellformed structures, which is not typically assumed to be possible.