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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
471

Model Based Catalyst Control

Irman, Svraka, Linus, Österdahl Wetterhag January 2019 (has links)
A one dimensional discretized model of a two brick three way catalyst (TWC) system was developed and implemented in MATLAB, Simulink and TargetLink in collaboration with Volvo Cars and Linköpings Universitet - ISY. The purpose of this thesis was to increase system understanding and create a model based TWC control for further development at Volvo Cars. A total of 50 states were modelled, including emission concentrations (O2, CO, C3H6, C3H8, H2, NOx, CO2, H2O), temperature and oxygen buffer level (OBL). A model based control structure was implemented in the form of five separate PID-controllers enabling possibilities to control the OBL of each separate slice of each brick individually and through simple reference handling. The control structures includes anti-windup, feedforward control and feedback safety for model reset during sensor indication of leakage. Specific equipment and software used included MATLAB, Simulink, TargetLink, Volvo SULEV30 TWC and testing rigs. Overall increase in system understanding was achieved in comparison with contemporary TWC modelling and control, as well as sufficient system performance in regard to estimate emissions, simulation duration and pedagogical value. Concluding thoughts of the thesis revolve the complexity of the actual TWC modelling, parameter estimation as well as control. The model presented in this thesis has great potential of describing TWC systems but with great effort during parameter estimation. With ECU performance available in temporary vehicle production year 2019, a complex model may be combined with a simple control strategy whilst a simple model may be combined with a complex control strategy.
472

Recuperação de terras raras contidas em catalisadores exauridos utilizados no craqueamento do petróleo (FCC), e em pós-fosfóricos de lâmpadas fluorescentes descartadas / Recovery of rare earth elements from exhausted cracking catalysts (FCC) and from phosphoric powders of fluorescent lamps

Silva, Douglas Luís da 27 April 2017 (has links)
As zeólitas sintéticas contendo terras raras (TR) são os componentes principais de catalisadores FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) empregados no craqueamento do petróleo e a porcentagem de TR nestes catalisadores pode chegar a 5%. As TR são adicionadas às zeólitas tipo Y para melhorar sua estabilidade térmica e hidrotérmica durante o processo de refino do petróleo. A produção brasileira destes catalisadores está em torno de 25 mil toneladas por ano, necessitando, para tanto, de 900 toneladas de óxido de lantânio no mesmo período. Atualmente, a China é responsável por 90% da produção e comercialização mundial das TR. Desde 2010, a China controla os preços das mesmas (ao final de 2011 chegou a elevar o preço do lantânio em mais de 20 vezes), bem como reduziu substancialmente sua cota de exportação. É nesse contexto que surge a necessidade da reciclagem de materiais que possuem TR em sua constituição, como é o caso dos catalisadores FCC provenientes do craqueamento do petróleo. Outra fonte que merece destaque, tendo sido igualmente explorada neste trabalho, é os pós-fosfóricos responsáveis por gerar a luz branca em lâmpadas fluorescentes. Atualmente a Rhodia, do grupo Solvay, já iniciou a recuperação das TR em pós-fosfóricos. As principais TR utilizadas em lâmpadas fluorescentes são La, Ce, Eu, Tb e Y, encontrados nos compostos Y2O3:Eu3+, BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+ e LaPO4:Ce3+,Tb3+. Os elementos Eu, Tb e Y têm alto valor agregado, representando de 5 a 20% em massa dos pós-fosfóricos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia economicamente viável e, sobretudo, com baixa utilização e produção de substâncias perigosas para a separação e recuperação de íons de TR contidos na zeólita tipo Y, componente dos catalisadores FCC desativados, previamente empregados no craqueamento de petróleo, bem como em lâmpadas fluorescentes. Inicialmente, realizou-se a caracterização preliminar dos componentes dos catalisadores FCC desativados. Posteriormente, buscou-se o desenvolvimento de metodologias de separação química para obtenção dos elementos de TR e caracterização dos mesmos por diversas técnicas, tais como espectroscopia de fotoluminescência, fluorescência de Raios-X, titulometria de complexação, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de infravermelho / Synthetic zeolites containing rare earths (RE) are the major components of FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) catalysts used in petroleum cracking, where the percentage of such elements is about 5%. RE ions improve the thermal and hydrothermal stability of zeolites-Y during the petroleum refining process. The Brazilian production of these catalysts is around 25 thousand tons per year, requiring 900 tons of lanthanum oxide in the same period. Currently, China is responsible for 90% of the world production and market of RE. Since 2010, China controls the prices of RE elements and substantially reduced the exportation quota. For instance, by the end of 2011 the price of lanthanum was risen by more than 20 times. In this context, the search for recycling materials that have rare earths in their constitution becomes crucial, as is the case of the FCC catalysts from the cracking of petroleum. Another source that deserves significant attention is the phosphoric powders that generate white light in fluorescent lamps, which were also investigated in this work. Rhodia from the Solvay group has already begun the recovery of rare earths in phosphoric powders. The main RE used in fluorescent lamps are La, Ce, Eu, Tb and Y, which occur as Y2O3: Eu3+, BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+ and LaPO4:Ce3+, Tb3+. Eu, Tb and Y are high-value elements, representing by 5 20% of the total mass of phosphoric powders. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop economically feasible and environmental friendly methodologies for the separation and recovery of RE ions from zeolite-Yin deactivated FCC catalysts and from fluorescent lamp phosphors. To this end, we firstly performed a preliminary characterization of the components of deactivated FCC catalysts. The following steps comprised the development of chemical separation methodologies to obtain rare earth elements and their characterization by several techniques such as photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, complexation titration, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy
473

Cloreto de cobre como novo catalisador na esterificação de ácidos graxos / Copper chloride as catalyst in the esterification of free fatty acids

França, Mírian Cotrim 26 April 2013 (has links)
Para uma produção eficiente e economicamente viável de ésteres é necessária a utilização de catalisadores durante o processo, uma vez que a transesterificação e a esterificação são reações de equilíbrio, sendo necessário deslocar o equilíbrio de reação na direção desejada. Nesse trabalho, ésteres metílicos e etílicos de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa foram produzidos usando cloretos de cobre como catalisadores. Para definir a melhor condição reacional, foram estudadas três diferentes razões em massa de AGLs de dendê/ metanol (ou etanol) / catalisador. Definida a melhor condição reacional, foram produzidos monoésteres metílicos e etílicos a partir de ácidos graxos livres do destilado da soja assim como das borras do refino correspondente do óleo de soja e de dendê. Os ésteres metílicos e etílicos foram caracterizados através das técnicas de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/MS) e ressonância magnética nuclear de prótons (RMN 1H). Observou-se que as reações empregando cloreto de cobre como catalisador reagem preferencialmente com AGLs em relação aos triésteres. Dentre esses ácidos graxos livres, os de cadeia insaturada, são os que reagem mais facilmente com o catalisador. Em relação ao álcool empregado, observou-se que as reações em etanol são mais rápidas que as realizadas em metanol, devido a facilidade de solubilização do catalisador e matéria prima lipídica no etanol. A reação com metanol, por sua vez ocorre de forma mais lenta, devido a solubilidade parcial entre os reagentes no meio e consequentemente, com separação instantânea de duas fases ao término da agitação, facilitando a extração do produto. A ampliação da estequiometria de reação em 160 e 80 vezes, para o catalisador anidro e hidratado, respectivamente, em relação a massa de AGLs de dendê foi obtida com sucesso em ambos os catalisadores, mostrando a viabilidade do emprego do cloreto de cobre como catalisador em escala industrial e a possibilidade de ser estendido a outras matérias primas. Desse modo, a utilização do cloreto de cobre como catalisador na reação de ácidos graxos livres de cadeia longa ou de óleos vegetais se constitui em uma metodologia simples e prática, sendo uma opção viável para a produção de monoalquil esteres de cadeia longa em condições brandas de reação quando comparada aos métodos já estabelecidos e utilizados inclusive em escala industrial. / For an economically feasible and efficient production of esters is necessary to use catalysts in the esterification and transesterification reactions, which are reversible. It is necessary to shift the reaction equilibrium in the desired direction. In this work we developed a novel reaction to produce methyl and ethyl esters of long chain fatty acids using copper chloride as catalysts. To establish optimal reaction conditions, we studied three different mass ratios of FFAs palm (or soybean) / methanol (or ethanol) / catalyst. Employing the best reaction conditions, methyl and ethyl mono-esters were produced from free fatty acid of the soybean oil deodorization distillate (DDOS) as well as the corresponding refined soybean and palm oil. The methyl and ethyl esters were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC / MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). It was observed that reactions using copper chloride as catalyst are faster with free fatty acids than with neutrals refined oils. Among these, free fatty acids of unsaturated chain react faster than the saturated ones. Regarding the alcohol employed, it was observed that the reactions in ethanol are faster than those performed in methanol, due to higher of solubility of the catalyst and feedstock lipid in ethanol. The reaction with methanol, in turn occurs more slowly, due to partial solubility of the reactants in the solvent that results in, instantaneous phases separation. The scale up of reaction at 80 and 160 times for both, anhydrous and hydrated catalyst, was successfully performed showing the feasibility of this novel process use in industrial scale. Thus, the use of copper chloride as the catalyst in the reaction of long chain free fatty acids constitutes a simple and practical methodology, being a feasible option for the production of long chain monoalkyl esters under mild conditions compared to methods already established and also used in industrial scale.
474

Desenvolvimento de catalisadores de Ni/CeO2-ZrO2 com adição de promotores para produção de hidrogênio e/ou gás de síntese a partir da reação de reforma a vapor de álcoois / Development of Ni/CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts with addition of promoters for hydrogen and/or syngas production from steam reforming of alcohols

Maia, Thaísa Aparecida 27 August 2012 (has links)
A crescente busca por fontes alternativas de energia tem despertado o interesse no uso do hidrogênio e do gás de síntese obtidos a partir de fontes renováveis. Dentre essas fontes destacam-se o etanol, produzido no Brasil a partir da cana-de-açúcar e com uma rede de abastecimento já desenvolvida, e o glicerol, obtido como subproduto na produção do biodiesel. Hidrogênio e gás de síntese podem ser obtidos a partir da reação de reforma a vapor de etanol e glicerol (RVE e RVG), levando assim a crescente interesse no desenvolvimento de catalisadores eficientes no processo de produção de H2 e gás de síntese a partir desses álcoois. <br />Na presente tese foram estudados catalisadores de níquel suportados em soluções sólidas de CexZr1-xO2, visando avaliar o desempenho dos mesmos nas reações de RVE e RVG. Os suportes foram preparados através do método Pechini e os catalisadores foram preparados por impregnação e polimerização em única etapa, variando-se o teor metálico em 5, 10 e 15% em massa. Sobre o catalisador com melhor desempenho catalítico foram adicionados, por impregnação, os seguintes metais nobres (promotores): Rh, Ru, Pt e Au (1% em massa). <br />Os suportes e catalisadores foram caracterizados por difração de Raios X (DRX); espectroscopia Raman, redução a temperatura programada com H2 (RTP H2), capacidade de estocagem de oxigênio (OSC); fisissorção de N2 (método B.E.T.); espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com reflectância difusa com CO (DRIFTS - CO), espectrocospia de absorção de Raios X (XAS - XANES RTP-H2), espectroscopia fotoeletrônica de raios X (XPS), espectroscopia dispersiva de Raios X (EDX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). <br />Os ensaios catalíticos foram realizados nas temperaturas de 600 e 700&deg;C para a RVG e a 400, 500 e 600&deg;C para a RVE, utilizando uma razão água:álcool de 3:1. Foram realizados também análises de DRIFTS acoplado a um espectrômetro de massas visando identificar os intermediários formados durante a reação de RVE. A partir dos ensaios catalíticos observou-se que a composição do suporte, o teor metálico e o método de preparação influenciam na seletividade em produtos gasosos devido a mudanças estruturais causadas, principalmente na dispersão da fase ativa sobre o suporte. Além disso, observou-se que a adição de metais nobres favoreceu uma menor deposição de carbono sobre os catalisadores. / The growing interest for alternative energy sources has stimulated the interest in the use of hydrogen and syngas obtained from renewable sources. Among these sources, the use of ethanol produced in Brazil from sugar cane and with a supply network already developed, and glycerol obtained as a byproduct in the biodiesel production have been highlighted in the last years. <br />Hydrogen and syngas can be produced from steam reforming of ethanol and glycerol reactions (SRE and SRG), leading to a growing interest in the development of efficient catalysts for the production of H2 and syngas from these alcohols. <br />In the present thesis, catalysts of nickel supported on CexZr1-xO2 solid solution were studied, with the goal of evaluating the performance of those in the SRE and SRG reactions. The supports were prepared by Pechini method and the catalysts were synthesized by impregnation and polymerization method in one step, with nickel loads of 5 wt.%, 10 wt.% and 15 wt.%. On the catalyst with better catalytic performance, it was impregnated 1wt% of Rh, Ru, Pt or Au as promoter. <br />Supports and catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), oxygen storage capacity (OSC), N2 physisorption (B.E.T. method), Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy with CO (DRIFTS - CO), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES - TPR H2), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). <br />The catalytic tests of SRG were performed at 600 and 700&deg;C and for SRE at the tests were carried out at 400, 500 and 600&deg;C. The feed of water:alcohol was in the molar ratio of 3:1. DRIFTS coupled to a mass spectrometer analyzes was also carried out to identify the intermediates formed during the SRE. From the catalytic tests it was possible to observe that the support composition, metal load and preparation method influenced the selectivity to gaseous products, probably due to structural changes caused, mainly in the dispersion of the active phase on the support. Also, it was observed that the addition of noble metals favored a lower carbon deposition on the catalysts.
475

Síntese de biodiesel por transesterificação pela rota etílica: comparação de desempenho de catalisadores heterogêneos / Biodiesel synthesis by transesterification via ethyl route: a comparison performance of heterogeneous catalysts

Carvalho, Ana Karine Furtado de 16 September 2011 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a síntese do biodiesel por transesterificação etílica de diferentes matérias-primas lipídicas empregando catalisadores heterogêneos (químico e bioquímico). Para cumprir com os objetivos propostos foram selecionadas matérias-primas lipídicas de baixo impacto no setor alimentício, entre as quais destacam-se: óleos vegetais (andiroba, babaçu, macaúba, palma e pinhão manso) e gordura residual (sebo bovino) e catalisadores de comprovada potencialidade como óxido de nióbio impregnado com sódio (químico) e a lipase de Burkholderia cepacia imobilizada em suporte híbrido sílicaalcool polivinílico (bioquímico). O trabalho foi desenvolvido em três etapas. Inicialmente, foram determinadas as propriedades físico-químicas das diferentes matérias-primas lipídicas, algumas ainda pouco exploradas, para verificar se apresentavam potencial para serem utilizadas na reação de transesterificação. Em seguida foram preparados os catalisadores propostos por protocolos já estabelecidos, sendo obtido para o catalisador químico elevado teor de sódio impregnado no óxido de nióbio (25,43 ± 0,29%) e para catalisador bioquímico elevada atividade hidrolítica (1814 ??281 U/g). Na segunda etapa, as reações de transesterificação foram conduzidas em regime de batelada em condições adequadas para cada catalisador em termos de temperatura, tempo e proporção de catalisador. Na terceira etapa, os produtos obtidos foram purificados e quantificados por cromatografia gasosa, RMN 1H, viscosimetria e análise termogravimétrica (TGA). O conjunto de dados obtidos demonstrou que a formação de ésteres etílicos a partir das diferentes matérias-primas é viável para os catalisadores testados. Ambos os catalisadores (químico e bioquímico) atuaram de forma eficiente convertendo os ácidos graxos presentes nas matérias-primas lipídicas nos ésteres etílicos correspondentes e apresentaram elevada estabilidade em bateladas consecutivas, com destaque para o catalisador bioquímico que revelou um tempo de meiavida de 290 h. Entretanto, a qualidade da matéria-prima lipídica interferiu a atuação dos catalisadores de maneira diferenciada. Enquanto, o catalisador químico foi sensível a presença de níveis elevados de acidez, como o constatado no óleo de macaúba, a atuação do catalisador bioquímico sofreu influência da presença de peróxidos indicativo de oxidação apresentada pelo óleo de andiroba. Com exceção dos óleos de macaúba e andiroba que apresentaram qualidade comprometida, todas as matérias-primas lipídicas originaram amostras de biodiesel com características adequadas para serem usadas como combustível, incluindo valores de viscosidade entre 3,9 a 6,0 (cSt) que atendem as especificações estabelecidas na ASTM 6751- 02. Apesar do desempenho similar dos catalisadores testados, a via química foi superior em termos de produtividade em relação à via bioquímica. Entretanto, essa baixa produtividade pode ser incrementada utilizando métodos não convencionais de aquecimento, como por exemplo, irradiação de micro-ondas e ultrassom. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho demonstram ainda que os catalisadores heterogêneos testados possuem potencial para substituir os sistemas homogêneos normalmente empregados na síntese do biodiesel. Essa substituição oferece vantagens, que podem propiciar um aumento considerável nas perspectivas de sustentabilidade sócio-ambiental de todo o processo de produção. / The present work aimed at studying the biodiesel synthesis by transesterification reaction from several lipidic feedstocks via ethyl route employing heterogeneous catalysts (chemical and biochemical). To attain the proposed objectives non-edible feedstock having low impact in the food segment, among which stand out: vegetable oils (andiroba, babassu, macauba, palm and Jatropha curcas) and residual fat (beef tallow) and potential catalysts as niobium oxide impregnated with sodium (chemical) and lipase from Burkholderia cepacia immobilized on silica-polyvinyl alcohol matrix (biochemical) were previously selected. The work was developed in three steps. Initially, the physico-chemical properties of the different lipidic feedstocks were investigated, some of them still little explored, to identify their potential as reactants in the transesterification reactions. Then the proposed catalysts were prepared by protocols already established, being obtained for the chemical catalyst high level of sodium impregnated in the niobium oxide (25.43 ± 0.29%) and for the biochemical catalyst high hydrolytic activity (1,814± 281 U/g). In the second step, the transesterification reactions were carried out in batch reactors under appropriated conditions for each catalyst in terms of temperature, time and catalyst proportion. In the third step, the obtained products were purified and quantified by gas chromatography, 1H NMR spectroscopy, viscosimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dataset obtained demonstrated that the formation of ethyl esters from the different feedstocks was feasible for the tested catalysts. Both catalysts (chemical and biochemical) were efficient in converting all fatty acids present in the lipidic feedstock into the corresponding ethyl esters and showed high stability under consecutive batch runs, with emphasis for the biochemical catalyst with a half-life time of 290 h. However, the poor quality of the feedstocks strong affected the performance of the catalysts in a different way. While the chemical catalyst was sensitive to high acidity levels, as verified in the macauba oil, the biochemical catalyst performance was influenced by the presence of peroxides indicating oxidation as showed in the andiroba oil. Except for these oils, all the other feedstocks originated biodiesel samples with appropriate characteristics to be used as fuel, including viscosity values between 3.9 to 6.0 (cSt) that are in accordance with specifications recommended by ASTM 6751-02. Even though the catalysts showed similar performances, the chemical route gave higher productivity than that attained by biochemical route. However, such lower productivity can be increased using non conventional heating systems as for instance, micro-wave irradiation and ultrasound. The results obtained in this work demonstrated that the selected heterogeneous catalysts possess potential to replace the homogeneous systems usually employed in the biodiesel synthesis. Such replacement offers advantages that can provided a considerable increase in the perspectives to attain an environmental sustainability of process as a whole.
476

Perovskitas preparadas pelo método do citrato como catalisadores para a reação de redução de NO com CO / Perovskites prepared by citrate method like catalysts to NO with CO reduction reaction

Garcia, Janaina de Souza 03 July 2003 (has links)
Um dos maiores problemas que o homem tem encontrado em função de seu desenvolvimento é a poluição. Os principais responsáveis pela poluição atmosférica são os veículos automotores e para minimizar a poluição gerada por estes fez-se necessário o uso de catalisadores. Estes catalisadores, chamados de catalisadores de \"três vias\", atualmente têm como sítios ativos metais nobres, o que eleva muito o seu custo e leva motoristas a dispensarem este equipamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi preparar, caracterizar e estudar materiais tipo perovskitas (La2CuO4, La(2-x)CexCuO4, La2Mo2O9, LaCoO3, LaNiO3, La2CuO4/LaNiO3) como catalisadores para a reação de redução de NO com CO, com a finalidade de encontrar uma alternativa para substituir os metais nobres nos conversores catalíticos comerciais. Os catalisadores foram preparados pelo método do citrato, calcinados em 800 ou 900oC, caracterizados por difração de raios-X, redução a temperatura programada, área específica e análise química, sendo observada a formação de perovskita em todas as caracterizações. Durante os ensaios catalíticos frente a reação de redução de NO com CO, os catalisadores calcinados em 800oC foram mais ativos em relação aos calcinados em 900oC e em relação aos metais componentes da perovskita, quanto mais preenchida a banda de valência do metal na estrutura perovskita, maior a sua atividade. / One of the biggest problems that man has found because of his development is the pollution. The main responsible for atmospheric pollution are the automotive vehicles and to minimize the pollution produced by them it has been necessary to use catalysts. These catalysts, called \"three way catalysts\", actually have noble metals like active sites, what takes up very much their cost and let drivers dispense this equipment. The objective oh this study was to prepare, characterize and study materials of perovskites kind (La2CuO4, La(2-x)CexCuO4, La2Mo2O9, LaCoO3, LaNiO3, La2CuO4/LaNiO3) like catalysts to the reaction of reduction of NO with CO, with the end of find a alternative to substitute the noble metal in the commercial catalytic conversers. The catalysts were prepared by citrate method, calcined at 800 or 900oC, characterized by X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction, specific area and chemical analysis, being observed the formation of perovskite in all characterizations. During the catalytic research to the reaction of NO with CO, the catalysts calcined at 800oC were more active compared to those calcined at 900o and, in relation to the component metal of the perovskite, how more filled the valence band of the metal in the structure of perovskite, better its activity.
477

Development of catalytic asymmetric allylation of dienone

Yao, Li January 2008 (has links)
Thesis advisor: James P. Morken / The catalytic allylation of aldehydes, ketones, and imines is a very useful reaction for the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond in synthetic organic chemistry. There have been several successful reports of catalytic asymmetric reactions that use aldehydes as the substrate. However, there have been very few successful examples with ketones. Herein, a nickel-catalyzed allylation of dienones with the pinacol ester of allylboronic acid is presented. Based on 3,3’-reductive elimination, the relationship between the dienone structure and 1,2- and 1,6-regioselectvity has been studied. The development of a catalyzed asymmetric 1,2 allylation of dienones is also presented. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.
478

Estudo comparativo da oxigenação de hidrocarbonetos com ferroclorinas e ferroporfirinas como catalisadores em meio homogêneo e heterogeneizados / Comparative study of hydrocarbon oxygenation with ironchlorins and ironporphyrins as catalysts in homogeneous and heterogeneizated systems

Minorin, Tatiana Stedile 07 March 2008 (has links)
Neste trabalho, foram estudadas a oxidação do cicloexano e a epoxidação do (Z)- cicloocteno com iodosilbenzeno (PhIO) e H2O2 como oxidantes, comparando as FeIIIclorinas pentafluorossubstituídas com as FeIIIporfirinas, [Fe(TFPCMG)]Cl, [Fe(TFPCMGCH3)]Cl2, [Fe(TFPP)]Cl e [Fe(TF4TMAPP)](CF3SO3)5 como catalisadores em meio homogêneo e suportadas via ligação iônica e/ou covalente em matrizes de sílica quimicamente modificada. No caso do substrato (Z)-cicloocteno, os metalocomplexos utilizados levaram a rendimentos elevados para formação do ciclooctenóxido, tanto em meio homogêneo quanto heterogêneo, quando PhIO foi utilizado como oxidante. A atividade catalítica foi mantida mesmo após três reciclagens sucessivas. Com o H2O2 como oxidante, os rendimentos foram menores exceto com o metanol, quando se observa um aumento nos rendimentos de epoxidação, porque favorece a formação do intermediário ativo FeIIIhidroperóxido. Já os sistemas heterogeneizados apresentam desempenho bastante inferior quando comparado aos catalisadores em solução. Os melhores rendimentos foram observados com DCE um solvente mais viscoso que aumenta o tempo de vida da gaiola do solvente favorecendo o processo biomimético. Os catalisadores imobilizados foram caracterizados por espectroscopias UV-Vis e de RPE. Estas técnicas deram informações do estado de oxidação e de spin do metal, bem como a geometria do macrociclo na superfície da matriz sólida. Os resultados catalíticos puderam ser explicados pela natureza dos grupos funcionais que ligam o metalocomplexo à sílica, bem como, pelas informações fornecidas pela técnica de RPE quanto ao estado de oxidação do ferro e à geometria dos metalocomplexos imobilizados, dando consistência aos mecanismos propostos nos processos de oxidação. / In this work, the cyclohexane oxidation and the (Z)-cyclooctene epoxidation with iodosylbenzene (PhIO) e H2O2 as oxidants were studied. A comparison between fluorinated FeIIIchlorins and FeIIIporphyrins, [Fe(TFPCMG)]Cl, [Fe(TFPCMGCH3)]Cl2, [Fe(TFPP)]Cl, [Fe(TF4TMAPP)](CF3SO3)5 as catalysts was made either in solution or supported in silica matrices via eletrostatic interaction and/or covalent bonds. In the case of (Z)-cyclooctene epoxidation by PhIO, all the studied metallocomplexes achieved high yields for the epoxide production in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. The catalytic activity was maintained even after three successive recyclings. On the other hand, when H2O2 was used as oxidant the yields were lower. Differently, raised yields of epoxidation were observed when using methanol as solvent due to favored formation of the active intermediate FeIIIhydroperoxide. The performance of the heterogeneous systems was significantly lower than that of the catalysts in solution. The best yields were observed with DCE, a viscous solvent that probably raises the shelf life of the solvent cage favoring the biomimetic process. The supported systems were characterized by EPR and UV-Vis spectroscopies. These techniques gave information about the oxidation state and the metal spin, as well as the macrocycle geometry on the solid matrix surface. The catalytic results were explained by the nature of the functional groups that bound the metallocomplex to the silica matrix. In addition, the information obtained by the EPR technique regarding the state of oxidation of iron and the geometry of the supported metallocomplexes gave consistence to the proposed mechanisms in the oxidation processes.
479

Simulation and network analysis of nanoparticles agglomeration and structure formation with application to fuel cell catalyst inks

Movassaghi Jorshari, Razzi 21 May 2019 (has links)
Agglomeration of nanoparticles occurs in a number of colloidal systems related, for example, to material processing and drug delivery. The present work is motivated by the need to improve fundamental understanding of the agglomeration and structure formation processes that occur in catalyst inks used for the fabrication of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs). Particle dynamics simulations are performed to investigate agglomeration under various conditions. The interaction between particles is defined using realistic physical potentials, rather than commonly used potential models, and a novel analysis of the agglomeration and structure formation process is performed using network science concepts. The simulated systems correspond to catalyst inks consisting primarily of carbon nanoparticles in solution. The effect of various conditions such as different force magnitude, shape of the force function, concentration etc. are investigated in terms of network science parameters such as average degree and shortest path. An "agglomeration timescale" and a "restructuring timescale" introduced to interpret the evolution of the agglomeration process suggest that the structure, which has a strong impact on the performance of the eventual catalyst layer, can be controlled by tuning the rate at which particles are added based on the restructuring timescale. / Graduate
480

Low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy

Kulawik, Maria 11 April 2006 (has links)
Die heterogene Katalyse spielt in der industriellen chemischen Synthese sowie in umwelttechnischen Prozessen eine herausragende Rolle. Viele Katalysatoren zeichnen sich durch eine hohe strukturelle Komplexität aus, welche ein detailliertes Verständnis von entscheidenden Parametern sowie zugrunde liegenden Reaktionsmechanismen meist verhindert. Daher ist die Untersuchung von geeigneten Modellsystemen unerlässlich. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein dünner, kristalliner Aluminiumoxid-Film auf NiAl(110) mittels Rastertunnelmikroskopie (STM) und -spektroskopie (STS) bei 5K untersucht. Dieser Film konnte bereits in zahlreichen Studien als Modell für Alumi-niumoxid-Trägermaterialien etabliert werden, obwohl seine atomare Struktur nicht bekannt war. Hier wurden nun atomar aufgelöste STM-Bilder des Films aufgenommen, die sich später verschiedenen Lagen des Films zugeordnen ließen. Ferner konnten Antiphasendomänengrenzen (APDB), d.h. regelmäßig auftretende Liniendefekte des Oxidfilms, mit STM und STS charakterisiert werden. Es gelang somit, deren elektronische und geometrische Struktur zu korrelieren. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde das Adsorptionsverhalten des Aluminiumoxid-Films gegenüber einzelnen Au-Atomen untersucht. Nach der Präparartion waren Au-Monomere, Dimere und kleine Cluster auf der Oberfläche vorhanden, die mit STM und STS untersucht wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das NiAl(110)-Substrat an der Bindung von Au-Atomen auf dem Oxid-Film beteiligt ist, und dass dünne Filme offenbar ein anderes Adsorptionsverhalten aufweisen können als die entsprechenden Bulk-Oxide. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden die Eigenschaften von Metall-Clustern (Ag, Pd) auf dem Aluminiumoxid-Film in Abhängigkeit von ihrer Größe untersucht. Leitfähigkeits-Spektren zeigen eine charakteristische Signatur, die am besten mit einer Coulomb-Blockade erklärt werden kann. Somit reflektieren die Spektren eher Eigenschaften des Tunnelkontakts als intrinsische Cluster-Eigenschaften. / Heterogeneous catalysis plays an important role in industrial synthesis and in environmental chemistry. Due the difficulties related with the investigation of working catalysts, the study of well-defined model systems is very important to gain a fundamental understanding of the principles and reaction mechanisms. Within the scope of this work, a well-ordered, thin alumina film on NiAl(110) has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) at 5K. This film was established as model for bulk alumina supports in previous studies, though its exact structure remained unknown. Here, atomically resolved STM images of the film have been obtained, which could later be assigned to distinct atomic layers. Furthermore, anitiphase domain boundaries (APDB), regularly appearing line defects in the oxide film, were characterized by STM and STS. These studies provide a detailed understanding of how their geometric and electronic structure are related. The second part of this thesis addressed the adsorption behavior of the alumina film toward single Au atoms. The sample preparation yielded Au monomers, dimers and small clusters on the surface, which were investigated with STM and STS. Accordingly, the NiAl(110) substrate participates in the binding of Au atoms, demonstrating that adsorption properties of thin oxide films can deviate significantly from bulk oxides, whereby the metal adatom seems to play an important role. The third part of this work presents size-dependent STM/STS studies on metal clusters (Ag, Pd) deposited onto alumina/NiAl(110). Conductance spectra reveal a distinct signature, which can be explained by a Coulomb blockade effect. Another interpretation based on quantized electronic levels, is also discussed, but cannot account for all experimental findings. Thus, the spectroscopic data reflect most likely no intrinsic properties of the metal clusters but are due to the specific behavior of a double-barrier tunneling junction.

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