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Compostos organolantanídeos têm sido descritos como reagentes e catalisadores em sínteses orgânicas. Muitos dos compostos organolantanídeos contendo o ânion ciclopentadienil como ligante apresentam atividade catalítica principalmente em reações de polimerização de olefinas. Para contribuir para a aplicação de organolantanídeos como catalisadores na polimerização de olefinas, estudou-se a síntese, a caracterização e a atividade catalítica dos compostos organolantanídeos [LnCpA2(PzA)4], Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb , Cp- = ciclopentadienil, A = cloreto (Cl-) ou metanossulfonato (CH3SO3-= MS-) e PzA = pirazinamida. A síntese dos compostos organolantanídeos foi feita em etapas, a partir dos sais de lantanídeos (Cl- ou MS-). Na primeira etapa os compostos de coordenação [LnA3(PzA)4], A= Cl- ou MS-, foram obtidos pela reação de LnCl3 ou Ln(MS)3 hidratados com pirazinamida em metanol. A segunda etapa envolveu a síntese de [LnCpA2(PzA)2], Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb e A = Cl-ou MS- pela reação de [LnA3(PzA)4] e NaCp em tetrahidrofurano, com razão molar apropriada. A análise elementar, a termogravimetria e o espectro na região do infravermelho indicaram que os compostos de coordenação e os compostos organolantanídeos podem ser formulados, respectivamente, como [LnA3(PzA)4] e [LnCpA2(PzA)2], A= Cl- ou MS-. As termogravimetrias e os espectros na região do infravermelho dos compostos organolantanídeos mostraram diferentes tipos de coordenações da pirazinamida aos íons lantanídeos. Para os compostos contendo o ânion metanossulfonato a pirazinamida se coordena através do O do grupo carbonil e para os compostos contendo o ânion cloreto pelo O do grupo carbonil e por um ou ambos N do anel da pirazinamida. Estas duas classes de compostos mostraram atividade catalítica da ordem de 4,0 a 6,4 g mmolLn-1h-1bar-1, na polimerização do etileno (3 bar, 70°C) com a relação Al/Ln = 2000, usando como cocatalisador o metilaluminoxano. O polietileno obtido apresentou baixo grau de cristalinidade (20%). / Organolanthanide compounds have been reported as reagents and catalysts in organic synthesis. Most of the organolanthanide compounds containing the anion cyclopentadienyl as a ligand display catalytic activity mainly in olefin polymerization reactions. In an attempt to contribute to the application of organolanthanides as catalysts for olefin polymerization, we report: the synthesis, the characterization and the catalytic activity of the organolanthanide compounds [LnCpA2(PzA)2], Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Cp- = cyclopentadienyl, A = chloride (Cl-) or methanesulfonate (CH3SO3- = MS-) and PzA = pyrazinamide. The synthesis of the organolanthanides compounds was performed in steps, from lanthanide salts (Cl- or MS-). In the first step the coordination compounds [LnA3(PzA)4], A = Cl- or MS-, were formed by the reaction of hydrated LnCl3 or Ln (MS)3 with pyrazinamide in methanol. The second step involved the synthesis of [LnCpA2(PzA)2], Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb and A = Cl- or MS- by the reaction of [LnA3(PzA)4] and NaCp in tetrahydrofuran, with appropriate molar ratios. Elemental analysis, thermal analysis and infrared spectra of the compounds indicated that the coordinated compounds and the organolanthanide compounds can be formulated, respectively, as [LnA3(PzA)4] and [LnCpA2(PzA)2], A= Cl- or MS-. Thermal analysis and infrared spectra showed different coordination modes of the pyrazinamide to the lanthanide ions in organolathanide compouds. For the methanesulfonate compounds the pyrazinamide is coordinated through the O atom of the carbonyl group and for the chloride compounds by the O atom of the carbonyl group and by one or both N atoms of the pyrazinamide ring. These two classes of compounds showed catalytic activity ca. 4,0 to 6,4 g mmolLn-1h-1bar-1, in ethylene polymerization (3 bar, 70°C) with ratio Al/Ln = 2000, using methylaluminoxane as cocatalyst. The resulting polyethylene presented low crystallinity (20%).

In this work, slurries of powder catalysts are washcoated on 22 mm diameter and 13 mm height cordierite monoliths. CeO2-ZrO2 (CZO) and CeO2-ZrO2- Al2O3 (CZAO) mixed oxides are synthesized by co-precipitation and sol-gel methods respectively, to be used as support materials of Pd and Rh metals. Metal loaded CZO is mixed with gamma phase alumina. Powder catalysts and their slurries are characterized by XRD, BET, ICP-MS and the monolithic catalysts are imaged by SEM. Catalytic activities of monolithic catalysts are tested in dynamic test system which is computerized and basically composed of gas flow control and conditioning units, split furnace, quartz reactor, mass spectrometer and CO analyzer. Gas mixture containing CO, C3H6, C3H8, NO, H2, O2, CO2, SO2, H2O and N2 is used to simulate the exhaust gas of gasoline vehicles. O2 is oscillated at 1 Hz frequency around the stoichiometric condition. Monolithic catalyst in the reactor is heated and cooled between 150 &ordm / C and 600 &ordm / C. Gas composition data from massspectrometer and CO analyzer and temperature data from thermocouple at the monolith entrance, are converted to conversion versus temperature graphs. Results of 26 activity tests are compared. Catalyst containing coimpregnated CZO support material with metals, showed the lowest loss of catalytic performance after exposure to SO2 during activity tests. Catalyst containing separately impregnated CZO support material, showed the highest resistance against thermal aging at 900 &ordm / C and 1000 &ordm / C, and even improved catalytic activity after aging. These catalysts showed higher resistances against the applied procedures than the commercial catalyst.

Οι στερεοί ηλεκτρολύτες μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως ενεργοί καταλυτικοί φορείς για την αντιστρεπτή μεταβολή της ενεργότητας καταλυτικών στρωμάτων (films) μετάλλων και μεταλλικών οξειδίων, κατόπιν πόλωσης του ηλεκτροδίου-καταλύτη και συνακόλουθης άντλησης ειδών-ενισχυτών από ή προς την καταλυτική επιφάνεια. Το φαινόμενο αυτό, το οποίο επιτρέπει τη ρύθμιση της καταλυτικής ενεργότητας in situ, είναι γνωστό στην βιβλιογραφία ως Ηλεκτροχημική Ενίσχυση (Electrochemical Promotion) ή Μη-Φαρανταϊκή Ηλεκτροχημική Τροποποίηση της Καταλυτικής Ενεργότητας (NEMCA effect), καθώς οι επαγόμενες μεταβολές στον καταλυτικό ρυθμό είναι δυνατό να υπερβαίνουν τον αντίστοιχο ρυθμό μεταφοράς ιόντων μέσα από τον στερεό ηλεκτρολύτη κατά αρκετές τάξεις μεγέθους. Στα πλαίσια του πρώτου μέρους της διατριβής αυτής παρουσιάζονται αποτελέσματα που αφορούν στη μελέτη της επίδρασης του φαινομένου της Ηλεκτροχημικής Ενίσχυσης στην αντίδραση οξείδωσης του προπανίου πάνω σε πορώδη καταλυτικά στρώματα Pt και Rh εναποτεθειμένα σε στερεό ηλεκτρολύτη YSZ, αγωγό ιόντων οξυγόνου, καθώς και πάνω σε πορώδες καταλυτικό στρώμα Pt, εναποτεθειμένο σε στερεό ηλεκτρολύτη β²-Al2O3, έναν αγωγό ιόντων Na+. Στην περίπτωση της οξείδωσης του προπανίου πάνω σε καταλυτικά στρώματα Rh/YSZ και Pt/YSZ, πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα στη θερμοκρασιακή περιοχή 425 - 520οC, για υποστοιχειομετρικό λόγο οξυγόνου προς προπάνιο. Επιβολή είτε θετικών είτε αρνητικών ρευμάτων οδήγησε σε μη-φαρανταϊκή αύξηση του καταλυτικού ρυθμού, έως 6 φορές στην περίπτωση του Rh και έως 1350 φορές στην περίπτωση της Pt. Η επαγόμενη μεταβολή του καταλυτικού ρυθμού Δr βρέθηκε μεγαλύτερη από τον αντίστοιχο ηλεκτροχημικό ρυθμό μεταφοράς I/2F ιόντων οξυγόνου κατά 2330 φορές στην περίπτωση του καταλύτη Pt και κατά 830 φορές στην περίπτωση του καταλύτη Rh. Η αύξηση του ρυθμού που παρατηρήθηκε στην περίπτωση καταλύτη Pt είναι από τις υψηλότερες που έχουν αναφερθεί σε μελέτες Ηλεκτροχημικής Ενίσχυσης με χρήση στερεών ηλεκτρολυτών αγωγών ιόντων οξυγόνου. Στην περίπτωση της οξείδωσης του προπανίου πάνω σε καταλυτικό στρώμα Pt/ β²-Al2O3, έγιναν πειράματα στην θερμοκρασιακή περιοχή 320-440 οC και για στοιχειομετρικό λόγο οξυγόνου προς προπάνιο. Το σύστημα παρουσίασε ηλεκτρόφοβη συμπεριφορά, δηλαδή επιβολή αρνητικού δυναμικού και συνακόλουθη προσθήκη νατρίου στην καταλυτική επιφάνεια οδήγησε σε μείωση του ρυθμού παραγωγής CO2. Παρατηρήθηκαν σχετικές μεταβολές του καταλυτικό ρυθμού έως και 60 φορές μεγαλύτερες από την αντίστοιχη μεταβολή της κάλυψης του νατρίου. Επιπλέον, πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα γραμμικής σάρωσης δυναμικών και κυκλικής βολταμμετρίας στη θερμοκρασιακή περιοχή 320 – 480 οC, κάτω από συνθήκες ηλεκτροχημικής ενίσχυσης οξείδωσης του προπανίου, αλλά και κάτω από ατμόσφαιρες Ο2, CO2 και προπανίου σε Ηe όπου και παρατηρήθηκαν περισσότερες της μιας κορυφές. Ο αριθμός, η θέση και το ύψος των κορυφών αυτών, βρέθηκε ότι εξαρτώνται από τη σύσταση της αέριας φάσης, τη θερμοκρασία, το δυναμικό εκκίνησης και την κατάσταση του καταλύτη πριν από τη σάρωση. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι σχηματίζονται περισσότερες της μιας φάσεις νατρίου πάνω στην καταλυτική επιφάνεια Pt κατά την ηλεκτροχημική μεταφορά ιόντων νατρίου προς αυτή. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό συζητούνται οι πιθανές ηλεκτροχημικές αντιδράσεις που περιλαμβάνουν είδη νατρίου και η ταυτότητα των σχηματιζόμενων ειδών νατρίου. Τα αποτελέσματα του πρώτου μέρους της διατριβής εξηγήθηκαν με βάση τις γενικές αρχές του φαινομένου της Ηλεκτροχημικής Ενίσχυσης, λαμβανομένου υπόψη του μηχανισμού της αντίδρασης και της επίδρασης της μεταβολής του δυναμικού και του έργου εξόδου της καταλυτικής επιφάνειας πάνω στην ισχύ των δεσμών χημορόφησης και στην οξειδωτική κατάσταση του καταλύτη. Στο δεύτερο τμήμα της διατριβής εξετάζονται μια σειρά από καθοδικά περοβσκιτικά ηλεκτρόδια με άμεσο στόχο την διερεύνηση της ηλεκτροκαταλυτικής τους ενεργότητας για την αναγωγή του οξυγόνου στο θερμοκρασιακό εύρος 600-850 οC. Δοκιμάστηκαν συνολικά τέσσερα περοβσκιτικά καθοδικά ηλεκτρόδια από τα οποία το ένα ήταν σύνθετο ηλεκτρόδιο (LSM(La0.65Sr0.3MnO3)-ZrO2(Y2O3)) και τα υπόλοιπα τρία L58SCF (La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ), LS2F (La0.9Sr1.1FeO4-δ) και L78SCF (La0.78Sr0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ) μικτής ηλεκτρονιακής-ιοντικής αγωγιμότητας. Προκειμένου να γίνει η σύγκριση της ηλεκτροκαταλυτικής ενεργότητας των καθόδων σε συνθήκες που να προσομοιώνουν τη λειτουργία τους σε κελιά καυσίμου, έγινε σύγκριση σε διαφορετικές θερμοκρασίες των πυκνοτήτων ρεύματος i που αντιστοιχούν στην ίδια υπέρταση, σε ένα εκτεταμένο εύρος καθοδικών υπερτάσεων. Η σειρά ηλεκτροκαταλυτικής ενεργότητας βρέθηκε ότι αυξάνει σύμφωνα με τη σειρά: LS2F/CGO/YSZ£ LSM/LSMSZ/CGO/YSZ<L58SCF/CGO/YSZ<L78SCF/CGO<YSZ. Η σειρά αυτή επιβεβαιώθηκε και από φάσματα σύνθετης αντίστασης σε συνθήκες ανοιχτού κυκλώματος. Στη συνέχεια της διατριβής, έγινε μελέτη της λειτουργίας κυψελίδος καυσίμου L58SCF-CGO (κάθοδος)/CGO/YSZ/Ni (1% at Au)-YSZ (άνοδος) με καύσιμο προπάνιο υπό συνθήκες εσωτερικής αναμόρφωσης του καυσίμου (συντροφοδοσία προπανίου με υδρατμό). Σαν κάθοδος χρησιμοποιήθηκε το σύνθετης αγωγιμότητας ηλεκτρόδιο L58SCF-CGO το οποίο στην παρούσα διατριβή βρέθηκε ότι έχει πολύ καλή ηλεκτροκαταλυτική ενεργότητα για την αναγωγή του οξυγόνου. Ως άνοδος χρησιμοποιήθηκε το state of the art ηλεκτρόδιο Ni-YSZ με προσθήκη μιας μικρής ποσότητας Au (1% at Au), με σκοπό την μείωση της ποσότητας του άνθρακα στην καταλυτική επιφάνεια. Τα πειράματα πραγματοποιήθηκαν στο θερμοκρασιακό εύρος 600-750 οC, στην περιοχή δηλαδή ενδιάμεσων θερμοκρασιών στην οποία εστιάζεται σήμερα το μεγαλύτερο ερευνητικό ενδιαφέρον και σε στοιχειομετρικό λόγο υδρατμού προς προπάνιο, βασισμένο στη συνολική αντίδραση αναμόρφωσης του προπανίου από υδρατμό. Τα κύρια προϊόντα της αντίδρασης αναμόρφωσης ήταν τα H2, CO, CO2 και CH4 με το Η2 και το CO να ευνοούνται ισχυρά με την αύξηση της θερμοκρασίας. Η μέγιστη ισχύς στους 750 οC βρέθηκε ίση με 34.3 mW/cm2 με αντίστοιχη πυκνότητα ρεύματος ίση με i = 100 mA cm-2. Η ισχύς αυτή είναι αρκετά ικανοποιητική δεδομένου του μεγάλου πάχους του στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη (0.5 mm). Το σύστημα επέδειξε εξαιρετική σταθερότητα κατά τη διάρκεια των μετρήσεων κάτι που επιβεβαιώθηκε και μέσα από ένα πείραμα σταθερότητας στους 800 oC διάρκειας 100 ωρών. / The current study consists of two parts. In the first part, the effect of electrochemical promotion (EP) or non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity (NEMCA) was studied, in the catalytic reaction of the total oxidation of propane on Pt and Rh films deposited on Y2O3-stabilized-ZrO2 (or YSZ), an O2- conductor, in the temperature range 420–520 oC. In the case of Pt/YSZ and for oxygen to propane ratios lower than the stoichiometric ratio it was found that the rate of propane oxidation could be reversibly enhanced by application of both positive and negative overpotentials (‘‘inverted volcano’’ behavior), by up to a factor of 1350 and 1130, respectively. The induced rate increase Δr exceeded the corresponding electrochemically controlled rate I/2F of O2- transfer through the solid electrolyte, resulting in absolute values of the apparent faradaic efficiency Λ=Δ r/(I/2F) up to 2330. The Rh/YSZ system exhibited similar EP behavior. Abrupt changes in the oxidation state of the rhodium catalyst, accompanied by changes in the catalytic rate, were observed by changing the O2 to propane ratio and catalyst potential. The highest rate increases, by up to a factor of 6, were observed for positive overpotentials with corresponding absolute values of faradaic efficiency K up to 830. Rate increases by up to a factor of 1.7 were observed for negative overpotentials. The observed EP behavior is explained by taking into account the mechanism of the reaction and the effect of catalyst potential on the binding strength of chemisorbed reactants and intermediates and on the oxidative state of the catalyst surface. The effect of electrochemical promotion (EP) of propane combustion was also studied over a platinum film catalyst deposited on sodium β"-Al2O3, a Na+ conductor, in the temperature range 320–440oC. It was found that electrochemical pumping of sodium to the platinum surface markedly modifies its catalytic properties. For stoichiometric oxygen to propane ratio the system exhibited electrophobic behavior, i.e. addition of sodium resulted in decrease of the CO2 production rate. Relative changes in the catalytic rate by up to 60 times larger than the corresponding change in sodium coverage were measured. The observed behavior is explained by taking into account the reaction mechanism and the effect of the electrochemically controlled sodium coverage on the bonding of coadsorbed reactant species. Linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry were used to investigate the electrochemical processes taking place at the Pt/sodium β"-Al2O3 interface under conditions of electrochemical promotion of propane combustion and in mixtures of O2, CO2 or propane with helium, at temperatures between 320 and 480oC. The number, position and magnitude of the peaks in the obtained voltammograms were found to depend on gas phase composition, temperature, starting potential and pre-scan conditions. The results showed that under conditions of electrochemical promotion of propane combustion more than one sodium phases can be formed on the Pt catalyst surface as a result of electrochemical pumping of sodium ions to it. The possible electrochemical reactions involving sodium species and the identity of the formed sodium phases during electrochemical pumping are discussed on the basis of the results obtained and those of former studies. In the second part of the study, the electrochemical performance of L58SCF (La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ), LS2F (La0.9Sr1.1FeO4-δ), L78SCF (La0.78Sr0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ) and composite LSM (La0.65Sr0.3MnO3)/LSM-YSZ (50%wt-50%wt) cathode electrodes interfaced to a double layer CGO (Ce0.8Gd0.2O2)/YSZ electrolyte was studied using impedance spectroscopy and current-overpotential measurements. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range 600-850oC and, mainly, under flow of 21% O2/He mixture over the perovskite electrodes. The highest electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction was observed for the L78SCF cathode, according to the order: LS2F/CGO/YSZ £LSM/LSMSZ/CGO/YSZ<L58SCF/CGO/YSZ<L78SCF/CGO<YSZ. The composite electrode L58SCF-CGO was used in the last part of this study, combined with a carbon tolerant Au-modified (1% atomic ratio with respect to Ni) Ni-YSZ anode, prepared by combustion synthesis, to study the steam reforming of propane under stoichiometric oxygen to steam ratio. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range 600-750 oC, which is the target range for the successful commercialization of the intermediate temperature fuel cells. The main products of the reforming reaction were H2, CO, CO2 and CH4 with H2, CO to be strongly favored by the temperature increase. The maximum power density was found to be 34.3 mW/cm2 at 750oC with corresponding current density equal to i = 100 mA cm-2. The relatively low values of the current and power densities were mainly due to the large thickness of the electrolyte (0.5 mm). Overall, the system exhibited excellent stability during the experiment, which was confirmed through a 100 h stability test.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Nature through billions of years of trial and error has produced an immeasurable amount of natural systems like plants, birds and animals. The intelligence of nature is hidden in these natural systems and researchers are turning towards “Nature’s intelligence” to find inspiration and advance novelty in the development of nanomaterials. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have unique optical, electronic and physicochemical features which has gained them popularity and widespread exploitation in various applications. The conventional methods used for AuNPs synthesis employs toxic chemicals which makes these NPs unsafe for biomedical applications. Hence, there is a search for new, ‘green’ and more cost effective methods for AuNPs synthesis. Plant extracts are regarded as a highly desirable system for nanoparticle synthesis due to their tremendous capability to produce a wide range of phytochemicals that can act as reducing agents. The main goal of this study was to synthesize AuNPs in a cost effective manner without the use of toxic chemicals in the synthesis process. Avocado seeds which are an agricultural waste by-product were used for the biosynthesis of AuNPs. The study reports on the synthesis optimization, characterization and activities of the biogenic AuNPs. The avocado seed extract mediated - AuNPs (AvoSE-AuNPs) were optimized by varying reaction parameters and characterized by UV-visible, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Zetasizer and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The formation of AvoSE-AuNPs had an absorption maximum at 534 nm. HRTEM and DLS confirmed that the NPs were polydispersed and present in different shapes. The presence of phytochemical constituents on the AvoSE-AuNPs were confirmed by FTIR. Their potential antibacterial activity was tested on bacterial strains known to exhibit resistance to a number of current antibiotics. The catalytic activity of AvoSE-AuNPs was also assessed as a means to contribute to the development of new methods aimed at alleviating organic pollutants such as nitrophenols in the environment. The AvoSE-AuNPs demonstrated excellent catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-NP by NaBH4 as shown by the rapid decrease in the nitrophenolate absorption band at 400 nm and the appearance of new absorption band at 298 nm, revealing the formation of the 4-aminophenol. Furthermore, the rate constants calculated demonstrated that the reaction occurs faster in the presence AvoSEAuNPs. The AvoSE-AuNPs showed low significant cytotoxicity. Cell cycle analysis was conducted to further investigate the apparent exhibited toxicity of the AvoSE-AuNPs. The results showed that in both cell lines treated with AvoSE-AuNPs and AvoSE there was a ii | P a g e disruption in the regulation of cell cycle. Cell cycle analysis helped improve understanding of the low cytotoxicity observed by the MTT assay results. The results presented in this study clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using AvoSE for the synthesis of AuNPs. This study demonstrated that AvoSE mediated AuNPs synthesis is a greener alternative as it abides by the green chemistry principles. Furthermore, the study outcomes contributed to minimizing environmental pollution by finding use for agricultural waste and thus ultimately adding value to the field.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第20482号 / エネ博第351号 / 新制||エネ||70(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 森井 孝, 教授 木下 正弘, 教授 片平 正人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Askackumulering i dieselpartikelfilter är ett välkänt problem som resulterar i ett förhöjt mottryck och påverkad prestanda hos fordonet. Däremot ges sällan uppmärksamhet åt filtrets katalytiska aktivitet och hur det påverkas vid förekomst av avgasföroreningar. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka effekten av aska på filtrets katalytisk aktivitet och dess förmåga att oxidera föroreningar som är skadliga för miljön och människors hälsa. Dessutom utvärderas askbeläggningsmetoden varpå filtren laboratoriskt åldras med olika typer, samt varierande mängder, av aska för att försöka simulera åldring i fält. Filtrens ytegenskaper karakteriserades genom analys med optisk mikroskopi, SEM-EDS och XRF. Den katalytiska aktivitet undersöktes i en SCAT-rigg, varpå oxidationstester av NOx och C3H8 utfördes. Det färska och fältåldrade jämfördes med de laboratorieåldrade filtren som dopats med 22 g/L respektive 47 g/L CaSO4 samt ett filter dopat med 79 g/L aska. Den katalytiska aktiviteten för laboratorieåldrade filtren liknande det färska filtret. Det fältåldrade filtret hade däremot låg katalytisk aktivitet för oxidation av NO och nästan helt deaktiverat för oxidation av C3H8. I det åldrade filtret och det laboratorieaskabelagda filtren visade EDS att elementen Ca och S hade väl matchade deponeringsregioner på filterkanalytan, vilket indikerade förekomst av CaSO4. Den mikroskopiska analysen indikerade också att båda proverna hade homogen fördelning av aska på filterkanalytan. Trots likheten i de fysiokemiska egenskaperna hos filterkanalytan hos det fältåldrade och laboratorieaskbelagda filtren hade de signfikant olika resultat vid test av katalytisk aktivitet. Deaktiveringen av det åldrade filtret kan ha orsakats av andra typer av åldringsmekanismer. Den valda metoden är inte adekvat för att efterlikna åldring i fält. Ytterligare studier krävs för att utvärdera metoden och effekterna av aska på den katalytiska aktiviteten / Accumulation of ash on the Catalytic Diesel Particulate Filter (CDPF) is a well-known problem that results in elevated back pressure and affected vehicle performance. However, attention is seldom paid to the catalytic performance of the filter, and how it is affected by impurities from the exhaust. The objective of this study is to address the effect of ash on the catalytic performance of CDPF to oxidise pollutants that are harmful to the environment and human health. In addition, evaluating the feasibility to laboratory age CDPFs with different loads and compositions using the dip-coating method to simulate field aged filters. The filter characterisation was analysed by Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Electron dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). The catalytic performance was investigated based on NOx and C3H8 oxidation tests in a Synthetic Catalyst Activity Test (SCAT) rig. A fresh and field aged filter was compared with laboratory aged filters prepared with coatings of 22 g/L and 47 g/L CaSO4, and 79 g/L ash , respectively. The catalytic activity to oxidise NO and C3H8 was unaffected by the ash deposits in the laboratory aged filters, showing similar activity as the fresh filter. While the field aged filter had low catalytic performance to convert NO and was almost completely deactivated for the oxidation of C3H8. EDS mapping for the field aged filter and the laboratory ash coated sample showed that the elements Ca and S were present and had well-matched regions of deposit, respectively, indicating that CaSO4 was present. The microscopic analysis also indicated that both samples had a homogeneous distribution of ash on the filter channel surface. Despite the similarity in the physicochemical properties of the filter channel surface(field aged filter and the laboratory ash coated sample) the catalytic activity had significantly different results. This study suggests that the deactivationof the field aged filter might be caused by other types of ageing mechanism. The laboratory ageing by dip-coating is seen as a non-applicable method to simulate field aged filters. Further studies are required to evaluate both the method and the effects of ash on the catalytic activity.

Incorporation of silicon in the ligand backbone would yield electron-rich metal complexes upon coordination to transition metal complexes. The coordination chemistry of semirigid benzyl phosphines bearing a single or multiple phosphorus atoms and varying number of Si−H moieties has gained interest in recent years. This dissertation focuses on synthesizing silyl and germyl transition metal complexes of groups 9 and 10. Chapter II presents the synthesis of a family of four coordinated 14-electron rhodium complexes. The newly synthesized complexes were characterized in solution by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and in the solid-state by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These d6 complexes possess sawhorse geometry around the rhodium metal center. The catalytic activity of the synthesized Rh complexes and the analogous Ir complex towards hydrosilylation/ dehydrogenative silylation of alkenes is presented in this study. Importantly, it was observed that the selectivity of the catalytic reaction can modify the choice of the metal center, rendering hydrosilylation products upon the use of Rh or dehydrogenative silylated product upon the use of Ir. In chapter III, the results of our investigations on the catalytic activity in dehydrogenative silylation of alkenes by Rh2(OAc)4/ PPh3 system are presented. Sacrificial hydrogen acceptor, norbornene, and PPh3 play a key role in specificity favoring the dehydrogenative silylated product. The substrate scope and the possible mechanistic pathways are reviewed. Chapters IV and V present the synthesis of EP3-type (E = Si, Ge) tetradentate ligands. We describe the synthesis via E−H bond activation and characterization of their nickel and cobalt complexes by spectroscopic means. Additionally, the solid-state structures of the complexes were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The catalytic activity of the synthesized nickel hydrides was investigated in the hydroboration of aldehydes by pinacolborane (HBpin). The catalytic activity of the synthesized cobalt(I) complex was studied in the presence of (EtO)3SiH with aldehydes and ketones bearing various functional groups under mild conditions. In Chapter VI, the syntheses of octahedral rhodium and iridium [(Ph2P-o-CH2-C6H4)3E]MClH (M = Rh, Ir: E = Si, Ge) complexes bearing EP3-type tetradentate ligands via EH bond activation are presented. We also describe the synthesis and characterization of platinum complexes supported by EP3-type tetradentate ligands.

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PhD thesis - Faculty of Science / The main aim of this thesis has been to study the way in which Fe(III) and Co(II) incorporation into Si-MCM-41 synthesis gels affects the properties of the unmodified material. Another aim was to investigate the influence of these hetero-atoms on the dispersion and particle size distribution as well as the catalytic activity of supported Au nanoparticles in the CO oxidation reaction. Si-MCM-41 has been successfully synthesized in this work using mixtures containing CTAB as a structure-directing agent (SDA) and water-glass as a SiO2 source. Replacement of water-glass with pre-calcined Si-MCM-41 for SiO2 source in the secondary synthesis step has produced Si-MCM-41 with improved structural properties (XRD, HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy), including restructured and more crystalline pore walls (Raman spectroscopy). The conventional shortcomings of Si-MCM-41 as a support for catalyticallyactive (transition) metal components such as low hydrothermal stability, low PZC, lack of cation exchange capacity and no reducibility have been partially addressed by modification with Fe(III) and Co(II). The premodification was achieved both during framework synthesis and after synthesis by the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method. As opposed to the one-pot synthesis of metal-containing derivatives, the IWI method gave materials with high metal loadings and maximal retention of the properties of pristine Si-MCM-41. On the other hand, metal incorporation during synthesis to a loading of ~8.8 wt% using aqueous solutions of metal precursors showed some collapse of the mesostructure. Consequently methods were sought to incorporate this amount of metal (and up to double, i.e., 16 wt%) with maximal retention of the MCM-41 characteristics. These methods included (i) using Si-MCM-41 as a SiO2 source, (ii) dissolving the metal precursors in an acid solution before inclusion into the synthesis gel, and (iii) using freshly precipitated alkali slurries of the metal precursors. The first method produced a highly ordered 16wt% Fe-MCM-41 material with excellent reducibility (TPR showed three well-resolved peaks) and pore-wall structure (Raman spectroscopy). Like the aqueous route, the acid-mediated metal incorporation route did not produce ordered materials at metal contents of ~16 wt%. The base precipitate route produced highly ordered composite materials up to 16 wt% metal content, with characteristics similar to those of Si-MCM-41 (XRD, BET and HRTEM), although some metal phases were observed as a separate phase on the SiO2 surface. Thus, metal-containing MCM-41 materials could be obtained with conservation of MCM-41 mesoporosity. Raman spectroscopic studies have shown that the effect of transition metal incorporation in MCM-41-type materials is to strengthen the pore walls (shift of Si-O-Si peaks to higher frequencies), while TPR studies revealed that the essentially neutral framework of Si-MCM-41 could be rendered reducible by transition metal incorporation. Gold-containing mesoporous nanocomposites were prepared by both direct synthesis and post-synthetically. Catalysts prepared by direct hydrothermal synthesis were always accompanied by formation of large Au particles because of the need to calcine the materials at 500 oC in order to remove the occluded surfactant template. The presence of transition metal components in Me-MCM-41 (Me = Fe and Co) has been found to play a significant role in the particle size distribution and also the dispersion of Au nanoparticles when these materials were used as supports. In general, a base metal-containing support was found to produce smaller Au nanoparticles than the corresponding siliceous support. It has been proposed that the transition metal components serve as anchoring or nucleation sites for the Au nanoparticles, which are likely to sinter during calcination. The anchoring sites thus retard the surface mobility of Au at calcination temperatures above their TTammann. The use of the Au/Me-MCM-41 materials as catalysts in the CO oxidation reaction has led to the following observations: (i) catalyst on metal-containing supports showed better activity than those on Si-MCM-41, probably due to the induced reducibility in metal-MCM-41, (ii) catalysts prepared by direct synthesis showed inferior activity owing to large Au particles, (iii) increasing Au content improves the catalytic performance, (iv) increasing the Fe content of the support at constant Au improves the catalytic performance, and (v) changing the base metal component of the support from Fe to Co led to a significant improvement in catalytic activity. The similarity of the apparent activation energies (Ea) for the 5 wt% Au-containing 5 wt% Fe- and 5 wt% Co-MCM-41 suggested that the difference in catalytic activity is associated with the number of active sites possessed by each catalyst system. The observed order of catalytic activity of these 5 wt% Au-containing systems in terms of the support type is: Co-MCM-41 > Fe-MCM-41 > Si-MCM-41. This was further supported by the average Au particle size, which, in terms of the support, followed the order Co-MCM-41 < Fe-MCM-41 < Si-MCM-41. Thus, metal-support interactions between Au and MCM-41 have been enhanced by introducing Fe(III) and Co(II), which also induced framework charge, ion exchange capacity (IEC) and reducibility in the neutral siliceous support.