No município de São Paulo, a mortalidade por tuberculose apresentava um acentuado declínio desde 1946 até 1984, porém a partir de 1985 houve uma inversão nessa tendência, a exemplo de outras grandes cidades semelhantes. Considerando que a AIDS poderia estar interferindo no aumento da mortalidade da tuberculose, e também que os indicadores de mortalidade pudessem ter continuidade no uso da Vigilância dessa endemia, decidiu-se por realizar este trabalho, que permitisse verificar se a epidemia por AIDS poderia estar influenciando na magnitude da endemia por tuberculose nesse município. Para tanto, estudou-se a mortalidade POR tuberculose, COM tuberculose por AIDS e demais causas básicas, COM tuberculose por outras causas básicas exceto AIDS, COM tuberculose apenas AIDS ou tuberculose como causa básica, e por AIDS como causa básica e demais causas assoociadas, inclusive a tuberculose. Os resultados mostraram um crescimento na mortalidade por tuberculose, cujo coeficiente 3,67 em 1984, passou para 4,14 em 1985, e em 1994 atingiu o valor de 6,45 óbitos por 100 000 habitantes. A velocidade do incremento verificado nesse período foi de 0,21 óbitos por 100 000 habitantes; a mortalidade com tuberculose por AIDS e demais causas básicas apresentou em 1985 um coeficiente de 5,54, passando o mesmo para 14,47 óbitos por 100 000 habitantes, em 1994, e a velocidade de crescimento dessa mortalidade foi superior ao da mortalidade por tuberculose em cerca de cinco vezes mais; a razão de chance entre a mortalidade com tuberculose e AIDS no período estudado, foi 18,30, sugerindo que as pessoas aidéticas tem uma taxa de mortalidade mais alta do que os não aidéticos. A mortalidade com tuberculose e todas outras causas básicas exceto AIDS não se alterou ano a ano. A mortalidade com tuberculose apenas AIDS como causa básica cresceu numa velocidade anual de 1,0 óbito por 100 000 habitantes, atingindo em 1994 o coeficiente de 12,75 óbitos por 100 000 habitantes, sendo o comportamento dessa mortalidade muito semelhante ao da mortalidade com tuberculose e todas outras causas básicas. O crescimento da mortalidade por AIDS como causa básica aconteceu de maneira transcendente: em 1985 seu coeficiente foi 1,54, passando em 1994 para 30,43 óbitos por 100 000 habitantes, sendo plausível, portanto, a hipótese de que a AIDS esteja contribuindo para o recrudescimento da endemia tuberculosa. Conclui-se que a mortalidade por tuberculose retomou tendência de crescimento a partir de 1985; o aumento dos óbitos com tuberculose foi maior do que o aumento dos óbitos por tuberculose; os óbitos por AIDS apresentaram maior chance de ter tuberculose associada do que os óbitos por outras causas básicas; a maior contribuição da AIDS no obituário com tuberculose se deu na faixa de 20 a 49 anos; a mortalidade com tuberculose poderá ser um valioso instrumento na monitorização da endemia. / In São Paulo city the mortality due to tuberculosis declined markedly from 1946 to 1984 year, but the year after there was an inversion in this mortality trend, as in other large cities analogous. Taking account of that AIDS would be interfering in the increment of the mortality tubercular endemic, and so that the mortality indicators could have continuity for this endemic Surveillance, we decide make this work in order to verify if the AIDS epidemic could be influencing in the magnitude of tuberculosis endemic in this city. In order to this, we analysing the mortality DUE tuberculosis. WITH tuberculosis due AIDS and other basic causes, WITH tuberculosis and other basic causes excepting AIDS, WITH tuberculosis only AIDS basic cause, and due AIDS basic cause. The results showed an increment in the mortality due tuberculosis, whose rate was 3,67 at 1984, changed to 4,14 at 1985, when at 1994 it reached 6,45 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants. The increment velocity verified in this period was 0,21 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants; the mortality with tuberculosis due AIDS besides other basic causes showed at 1985 a rate of 5,54, changing for 14,47 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants at 1994, and the increment velocity of this mortality was higher to the mortality due tuberculosis appoximately five time: the odds ratio between mortality with tuberculosis and AIDS in the period studied was 18,30, suggesting that the aidetics have a higher mortality rate than the no aidetics: the mortality with tuberculosis and other basic causes excepting AIDS don\'t modified year by year. The mortality with tuberculosis and only AIDS as basic causes it incremented in an anual velocity of 1,0 death per 100 000 inhabitants, reached at 1994 a rate of 12,75, and the conduct of this mortality was very accordingly the mortality with tuberculosis and other basic causes. The mortality increasing due AIDS as basic cause occur very quickly: at 1985 its rate was 1,54, reaching at 1994 30,43 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, it being plausible the hypothesis that was contributing for the regrowth of the tuberculous endemic. It follows that the mortality due tuberculosis revovered incremente trend after 1985; the deaths with tuberculosis increased more than the deaths due tuberculosis; the deaths due ADIS presented more chance to have tuberculosis associated than the deaths due other basic causes; the greather AIDS contribuition in the obituary with tuberculosis it happened at 20-49 years; the mortality with tuberculosis will can be a worthy instrument in the endemi monitory.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e caracterizar as causas de morte de aves de rapina de vida livre da região do município de São Paulo e áreas vizinhas. O estudo incluiu 114 aves de rapina, sendo 40 da ordem Falconiformes e 74 da ordem Strigiformes, atendidas pela Divisão de Fauna do município de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, durante o período de outubro de 2002 a maio de 2006. As causas de morte identificadas foram: eutanásia (41,2%); causas não-infecciosas (32,5%); causas infecciosas (19,3%); causas parasitárias (3,5%) e causas indeterminadas (3,5%). As lesões traumáticas osteoarticulares foram o motivo mais freqüente de eutanásia (51,1%), seguindo-se das lesões em tecidos moles (17,0%), lesões isquêmicas das extremidades das asas (17,0%), tricomoníase (10,6%) e causas variadas (4,3%). Os traumas se destacaram como uma importante causa de morte natural ou induzida (eutanásia). Dentre as causas de morte infecciosas, as infecções por protozoários (tricomoníase) (54,5%) foram as mais freqüentes, seguindo-se das infecções bacterianas (40,9%). O presente trabalho permitiu identificar os principais processos que causam a morte de aves de rapina, Falconiformes e Strigiformes na região de São Paulo, fornecendo importantes subsídios para o atendimento clínico e tratamento das condições mais comumente encontradas nessa população. / The goal of this work was to identify and characterize the causes of death of free-living birds of prey from São Paulo city and its surroundings. In the present work 114 raptors were studied, 40 of them belonging to the Falconiformes order and 74 to the Strigiformes order, all admitted at the São Paulo City Fauna Division, Brazil, during the period of October 2002 to May 2006. The causes of death were determined as: euthanasia (41,2%), non-infectious causes (32,5%), infectious causes (19,3%), parasitic diseases (3,5%) and indeterminate (3,5%). Bones and joints lesions were the most frequent cause that lead to euthanasia (51,1%), followed by soft tissue lesions (17%), wing tips ischemic lesions (17%), Trichomoniasis (10,6%) and various causes (4,3%). Trauma outstands as an important cause of natural or induced death, while in the field of infectious diseases trichomoniasis (54,5%) was the most frequent, followed by bacterial infections (40,9%). The present study allowed us to identify the principal processes that cause the death of raptorial birds at São Paulo City. These findings also provided important information for clinical attendance and medical treatment for the most common conditions in this population.

O litoral brasileiro apresenta a ocorrência de cinco das sete espécies de tartarugas marinhas presentes no mundo. A região da costa sudeste brasileira é uma área de alimentação de tartarugas verdes juvenis. Muitas ameaças; a grande maioria delas por ação antrópica estão diminuindo as populações de tartarugas marinhas, mas também causas naturais podem estar envolvidas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever os principais achados necroscópicos e histopatológicos de tartarugas verdes achadas mortas, ou que morreram no centro de reabilitação do Projeto Tamar na cidade de Ubatuba/SP. Como resultados, relações estatísticas foram encontradas entre achados macroscópicos e formas de captura, além de observar grande quantidade de animais acometidos pela presença de parasitas da família Spirorchiidae e suas lesões. Além disso, foi constatada a evidência de resíduos antropogênicos relacionados a presença de fezes compactas associadas a constipações ou obliterações no trato gastrointestinal. Algumas lesões sugestivas de infeções por agentes bacterianos também foram observadas, mas em menor proporção. Foi realizada a dosagem da concentração de cálcio e magnésio no líquido pericárdico, demonstrando maior concentração destes eletrólitos em animais achados mortos - presos em rede de pesca. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo podem representar uma ajuda para o clínico e determinar a presença de possíveis doenças emergentes nestas populações. / Five of the seven sea turtle species in the world gather into Brazilian coastline. The region of the southeast Brazilian coast is a feeding area for young green turtles. There are many threats, the vast majority of them are decreasing populations of sea turtles by anthropic action, but natural causes may also be involved. The present work had as purpose to describe the main necroscopic and histopathological findings in green turtles that were found dead or that were found dead at the rehabilitation center of Tamar Project in Ubatuba City/SP. As results, statistical relationships were found among macroscopic findings and catching methods, beside the observation of high quantity of animals stricken by the presence of Spirorchiidae family parasites and their lesions. In addition, the evidence of anthropogenic residues related to the presence of compact feces associated with constipation or gastrointestinal obliterations was verified. Some lesions suggests infections by bacterial agents were also observed, but in a small proportion. The dosage of calcium and magnesium in the pericardial fluid was determined, evidencing a higher concentration of these electrolytes in animals found dead trapped in fishing net. The results obtained in this study may represent a support for clinicians and it may determine the presence of possible emerging diseases in these populations.

Malignant tumours of the small intestine are rare. Age-standardised incidence in Europe is between 0.5-1.5 per 100 000. As the small intestine represents more than 90 % of the gastrointestinal mucosal surface, it is surprising that it gives rise to less than 2 % of gastrointestinal malignancies. The dominating histological subtypes are carcinoids and adenocarcinomas. We used three population-based registries in Sweden to study survival, second malignant tumours, causes of death, and Crohn’s disease as a risk factor for small intestinal adenocarcinoma and carcinoid. We evaluated tumour site, sex, age, and year of diagnosis as prognostic factors. For adenocarcinomas there was no difference in survival between duodenal and jejunal/ileal tumours. Women with jejunal/ileal adenocarcinomas showed higher probabilities of survival than men, while no such relation was found for duodenal tumours. Old age correlated with poor survival for duodenal tumours, and prognosis has improved in later years. For carcinoids, duodenal tumours had a more favourable prognosis than jejunal/ileal tumours. There was no difference in survival between sexes. Old age correlated with poor survival, and survival has improved in recent years. Female patients with adenocarcinoma had increased risk of acquiring cancer in the genital organs and breasts, and both sexes had increased risks of second tumours in the gastrointestinal tract and skin. Men with carcinoid tumours had increased risk of prostate cancer. Both sexes had increased risk of malignant melanoma and malignancies of endocrine organs. Patients with adenocarcinoma had increased risk of dying from malignant diseases other than the primary small intestinal cancer and from gastrointestinal disease. The cohort with carcinoid had higher than expected risk of dying from malignant disease, gastrointestinal disease, and cardiovascular disease. Patients with Crohn’s disease had increased risk of small intestinal adenocarcinoma and carcinoid, and the risk has increased for patients diagnosed in recent years.

In this dissertation, the occurence of tuberculosis and it's causes are studied with special attention to developments in Sweden. The perspective is a comparative one. Secular trends as well as shortterm fluctuations are analysed. The decrease in the mortality rate in the West that has taken place in recent centuries has primarily been the result of a decrease in infectious diseases. Among the factors which have been cited as having an decisive role are: the decline in the death rate, the role of therapy, genetic changes in man and microorganisms, the immunologic process, and most commonly, the general increase in living standards. Tuberculosis is a social disease that is extremely sensitive to changes in the standard of living. The disease is an infection that is primarely spread directly from human being to human being. The degree of crowding and the standard of housing are therefore important factors when it comes to the spreading of the disease. Usually, steady contact is required in order that the disease should be transmitted. Tuberculosis is also sensitive to nutrition. Persons with good diets are far more resistant to the disease than those suffering from mal­nutrition or those with a poor diet. A protein deficiency is particularly dangerous. A reduc­tion of nutritional intake together with a greater degree of crowding should thus lead to an increase in tuberculosis in societies where the disease is endemic. On the other hand, a decrease in the tuberculosis frequency presupposes better standards of nutrition and housing, at least for the period prior to modern chemotherapy. Where diet and housing operate against each other, the frequency and occurence of tuberculosis functions as measure of the net result. Tuberculosis is a disease that shows clear symptoms in the lethal stage. The disease has been sufficiently widespread to permit statistical analysis even in small areas. This makes it possible to test the applicability of tuberculosis as an indicator of alterations in living standards. However, this presupposes that the effects of biological determinants can be accounted for. These biological determinants consist of both biological elements of the human body and changes in microorganisms. In this disseration, therefore, the following hypotheses are tested: —   that the extent of tuberculosis in a given society is governed by immunological processes resulting in an epidemic wave, —   that variations in the numbers of deaths from tuberculosis are an expression of changes in the standard of living. In addition to these hypotheses, the question is raised as to whether it is possible to measure deaths due to tuberculosis in historical populations with attention to each of the following: (1) changes in age and sex distributions; (2) possible changes in the virulence of the bacillus; and (3) also the results of changes in the degree of competition from other diseases. In the study, statistics for causes of death for counties, towns and parishes in northern Sweden were used together with parochial records and a number of other sources from seven parish districts with differing socio-economic structures. The thesis shows that tuber­culosis was endemic in both Sweden and Finland from about 1750. In Norrland, the disease was one of the most common causes of death. Thus, we can reject the hypothesis that the high tuberculosis frequency in Norrland during the 19th century was a result of a virgin population coming into initial contact with the disease. The regional distribution pattern and the rural/urban differences indicate a close relationship between different living standard factors. In the dissertation it is also shown that the age and sex structure was relatively constant during the period of study. Thus, we can reject the hypothesis of age transition. An age structure with an upper limit in youth is natural for the disease. The high level of tuberculosis in upper age strata during the 18th and early 20th centuries is seen as a residual effect of a higher tuberculosis mortality rate in earlier age cohorts. The major perspective is socio-economic, but the disease's histoire de mentalité has been treated . Popular beliefs concerning the disease and the attitudes formed in literature and in art — the myth-building that took place — is given particular treatment. The aim of this dissertation has been to investigate the relationship between bacilli, "human beings and society over a long period of time, 230 years. / digitalisering@umu

O estudo das causas múltiplas de óbitos permite conhecer a extensão real das estatísticas de mortalidade, minimizando a subestimação dos dados de mortalidade por asma. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a tendência das taxas de mortalidade por asma informada em qualquer linha ou parte do atestado médico da declaração de óbito, no município do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 2000-2009. Os dados foram obtidos no Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade (SIM), no período de 2000 a 2009, nas Declarações de Óbitos (DO) registradas com CID-10 J45 e J46, de residentes do município do Rio de Janeiro, com um ano ou mais de idade. Foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade, nas seguintes faixas etárias: 1-4 anos, 5-34 anos, 35-59 anos, 60 e mais anos, considerando-se asma como causa básica e como causas múltiplas, segundo gênero para cada ano do período. Para análise de dados foi utilizado a técnica de regressão linear. No período de 10 anos a asma foi causa básica em 67,2% dos óbitos que mencionaram asma. A subestimação da mortalidade por asma como causa básica, foi igual a 48,7%. A taxa de mortalidade padronizada por asma como causa básica declinou de 2000 a 2009 de 2,22 para 1,72/100.000 habitantes em 2009, (&#946;= -0.06, p=0.017) e como causas múltiplas passou de 3,45 para 2,82/100.000 habitantes (&#946;= -0.11, p=0.005). A análise segundo gênero evidenciou um declínio mais acentuado entre os homens, cuja taxa de mortalidade por asma como causa básica padronizada passou de 1,58/100.000 em 2000 para 0,59/100.000 em 2009 (&#946;= -0.08, p=0.007); como causa múltipla a taxa diminuiu de 2,49/100.000 em 2000 para 1,11/100.000 em 2009 (&#946;= -0.14, p<0.00001). Entre as mulheres a taxa de mortalidade passou de 2,79/100.000 em 2000 para 2,72/100.000 em 2009 como causa básica e de 4,29/100.000 em 2000 para 4,32/100.000 em 2009. A regressão linear segmentada, realizada em dois períodos, de 2000 a 2004 e 2004 a 2009, não foi estatisticamente significativa (2000 a 2004: &#946;= -0,16, p=0,131 e 2004 a 2009: &#946;= 0,04, p=0,630). Do total de óbitos nos quais a asma foi mencionada como causa múltipla 2,8% ocorreram na idade de 1 a 4 anos e 61% na faixa de 60 anos e mais. Quando a asma foi causa básica, as causas associadas mais frequentes foram as doenças do aparelho respiratório e nos óbitos em que foi classificada como causa associada destacaram-se como causas básicas as doenças do aparelho respiratório e circulatório. A magnitude das taxas de mortalidade por asma foi sempre maior nas mulheres comparado aos homens. A série histórica mostrou tendência ao declínio nas taxas de mortalidade, segundo causas básicas e múltiplas, com declínio entre os homens e estabilidade entre as mulheres. A mortalidade por asma foi subestimada quando considerada apenas como causa básica, o que poderia ser evitado com a utilização da metodologia de causas múltiplas nas estatísticas de mortalidade da asma. / The study of multiple causes of death makes it possible to know the true extent of mortality statistics, minimizing the underestimation of asthma mortality rates. The aim of this study was to assess the trends in asthma mortality rates in the city of Rio de Janeiro between 2000 and 2009. The data were obtained from the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM) and consisted of all deaths among residents of Rio de Janeiro aged one year or older, in which asthma was mentioned (ICD10 codes: J45 and J46) on any line or in any part of the death certificate (DO). Age-standardized death rates were calculated, in the following age-groups: 1-4 years, 5-34 years, 35-59 years, 60 years or older, where asthma was listed as the underlying cause of death and also as an associated cause of death, according to gender, for each year in the period. Linear regression was used for data analysis. In the 10-year period from 2000 to 2009, asthma was listed as the underlying cause on 67.2% of the death certificates on which asthma was mentioned. The underestimation rate of mortality from asthma as the underlying cause of death was 48.7%. The standardized mortality rates from asthma as the underlying cause of death decreased between 2000 and 2009, from 2.22 to 1.72/100.000 residents in 2009 (&#946;= -0.06, p=0.017), whereas the mortality rates considering the multiple causes decreased from 3.45 to 2.82/100.000 residents (&#946;= -0.11, p=0.005). The analysis according to gender revealed a more pronounced decline among men: standardized death rates from asthma (as underlying cause) reduced from 1.58 in 2000 to 0.59/100.000 in 2009 (&#946;= -0.08, p=0.007); the mortality rates considering the multiple causes decreased from 2.49 in 2000 to 1.11/100.000 in 2009 (&#946;= -0.14, p<0.00001). The mortality rates among women decreased from 2.79 in 2000 to 2.72/100.000 in 2009 (mortality from asthma), and from 4.29 in 2000 to 4.32/100.000 in 2009 (mortality with asthma). The segmented linear regression, carried out in two periods (2000 2004 and 2004 2009), was not statistically significant (2000 a 2004: &#946;= -0.16, p=0.131 e 2004 a 2009: &#946;= 0.04, p=0.630). Out of the total number of deaths from multiple causes, 2.8% occurred in the 1-4 years age group and 61% in people aged 60 years or older. When asthma was mentioned as the underlying cause of death, the most frequent associated causes were diseases of the respiratory system. And when asthma was listed as an associated cause, diseases of the respiratory and circulatory systems were found to be the most common underlying causes. Asthma mortality rates have always been higher for women than men. The time series identified a decreasing trend in mortality rates, considering both the underlying and multiple causes of death. The rates decreased among men and remained stable among women. Asthma-related mortality was underestimated when based solely on the underlying cause of death, which could be avoided by means of the multiple causes of death methodology.

The authoress of the diploma thesis aims to determine if it is possible for the public to learn serious information by means of media, i.e. information related to the prevention of health problems, and to monitor the state of medialisation of these problems by setting partial targets. The objective of the diploma thesis is to discover if media address such topics which should be medialised, in the view of statistically most frequent causes of death and the perspective of prevention and protection of the public health. The nature of significant health problems and the prevention of what topics should appear in daily newspapers have been determined in accordance with epidemiologic data and frequency of diseases which have been the most common causes of death in the Czech Republic in the long term, and which are summarized, inter alia, in mortality tables of the Czech Statistical Office. Another partial objective is to establish what types of themes appear most frequently, to determine the differences between the online and printed forms of media, and to discover who the authors engaging in these problems are. Two dailies were selected for our research - MfDnes (with its regional supplement Jižní Čechy) and the regional Českobudějovický deník in the printed form, including their supplements, including some of their thematic web pages. The research has also examined three independent magazines.The present diploma thesis is divided into a theoretical part and a research part. The theoretical part summarizes - based on the study of available literature and secondary data analysis - basic information regarding the problems of health and illness, prevention, media, the most common causes of death in the Czech Republic, briefly characterizing individual diseases and risk factors of their origin, as being familiar with such facts is essential for their prevention.The research part approaches the collection and evaluation of data in a combined manner. First, data were collected and studied by analysing documents. Afterwards, data were evaluated by means of qualitative statistics, whereas the methods of so-called descriptive statistics were utilized. The quantitative content analysis - which is usually used for the research into mass media - was used for analysing articles. The acquired data were tested statistically by bivariate analysis method. Copies of dailies and their magazines from 2010 were found in the Research Library of South Bohemia. News servers and thematic web pages were browsed by means of media archive.Individual objectives of the diploma thesis have been met. The reached conclusion stipulates that on the one hand, media do address the prevention of significant health problems; on the other hand, they fail to interconnect it with concrete diseases to an adequate extent. The medialisation of topics related to neoplasms is insufficient. Moreover, the thesis has discovered that the most common themes that media engage in are related to the problems of nutrition/overweight and slimming, both in the online and printed forms of all media analysed. It has been determined that the representation of article topics differ for individual media analysed. The most frequent authors of such articles are women. In most cases, there are most often two or three authors who participate in the medialisation of prevention of health problems. In the authoress?s view, the present diploma thesis may provide feedback to authors who examine issues of the prevention of health problems. In addition, with its illustrative overview of the most common causes of death in the Czech Republic, the thesis might highlight the necessity of medialisation of prevention of some themes; and, contrariwise, it could pinpoint less important, but frequently medialised themes, which take up too much space in both printed and online media.

O estudo das causas múltiplas de óbitos permite conhecer a extensão real das estatísticas de mortalidade, minimizando a subestimação dos dados de mortalidade por asma. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a tendência das taxas de mortalidade por asma informada em qualquer linha ou parte do atestado médico da declaração de óbito, no município do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 2000-2009. Os dados foram obtidos no Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade (SIM), no período de 2000 a 2009, nas Declarações de Óbitos (DO) registradas com CID-10 J45 e J46, de residentes do município do Rio de Janeiro, com um ano ou mais de idade. Foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade, nas seguintes faixas etárias: 1-4 anos, 5-34 anos, 35-59 anos, 60 e mais anos, considerando-se asma como causa básica e como causas múltiplas, segundo gênero para cada ano do período. Para análise de dados foi utilizado a técnica de regressão linear. No período de 10 anos a asma foi causa básica em 67,2% dos óbitos que mencionaram asma. A subestimação da mortalidade por asma como causa básica, foi igual a 48,7%. A taxa de mortalidade padronizada por asma como causa básica declinou de 2000 a 2009 de 2,22 para 1,72/100.000 habitantes em 2009, (&#946;= -0.06, p=0.017) e como causas múltiplas passou de 3,45 para 2,82/100.000 habitantes (&#946;= -0.11, p=0.005). A análise segundo gênero evidenciou um declínio mais acentuado entre os homens, cuja taxa de mortalidade por asma como causa básica padronizada passou de 1,58/100.000 em 2000 para 0,59/100.000 em 2009 (&#946;= -0.08, p=0.007); como causa múltipla a taxa diminuiu de 2,49/100.000 em 2000 para 1,11/100.000 em 2009 (&#946;= -0.14, p<0.00001). Entre as mulheres a taxa de mortalidade passou de 2,79/100.000 em 2000 para 2,72/100.000 em 2009 como causa básica e de 4,29/100.000 em 2000 para 4,32/100.000 em 2009. A regressão linear segmentada, realizada em dois períodos, de 2000 a 2004 e 2004 a 2009, não foi estatisticamente significativa (2000 a 2004: &#946;= -0,16, p=0,131 e 2004 a 2009: &#946;= 0,04, p=0,630). Do total de óbitos nos quais a asma foi mencionada como causa múltipla 2,8% ocorreram na idade de 1 a 4 anos e 61% na faixa de 60 anos e mais. Quando a asma foi causa básica, as causas associadas mais frequentes foram as doenças do aparelho respiratório e nos óbitos em que foi classificada como causa associada destacaram-se como causas básicas as doenças do aparelho respiratório e circulatório. A magnitude das taxas de mortalidade por asma foi sempre maior nas mulheres comparado aos homens. A série histórica mostrou tendência ao declínio nas taxas de mortalidade, segundo causas básicas e múltiplas, com declínio entre os homens e estabilidade entre as mulheres. A mortalidade por asma foi subestimada quando considerada apenas como causa básica, o que poderia ser evitado com a utilização da metodologia de causas múltiplas nas estatísticas de mortalidade da asma. / The study of multiple causes of death makes it possible to know the true extent of mortality statistics, minimizing the underestimation of asthma mortality rates. The aim of this study was to assess the trends in asthma mortality rates in the city of Rio de Janeiro between 2000 and 2009. The data were obtained from the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM) and consisted of all deaths among residents of Rio de Janeiro aged one year or older, in which asthma was mentioned (ICD10 codes: J45 and J46) on any line or in any part of the death certificate (DO). Age-standardized death rates were calculated, in the following age-groups: 1-4 years, 5-34 years, 35-59 years, 60 years or older, where asthma was listed as the underlying cause of death and also as an associated cause of death, according to gender, for each year in the period. Linear regression was used for data analysis. In the 10-year period from 2000 to 2009, asthma was listed as the underlying cause on 67.2% of the death certificates on which asthma was mentioned. The underestimation rate of mortality from asthma as the underlying cause of death was 48.7%. The standardized mortality rates from asthma as the underlying cause of death decreased between 2000 and 2009, from 2.22 to 1.72/100.000 residents in 2009 (&#946;= -0.06, p=0.017), whereas the mortality rates considering the multiple causes decreased from 3.45 to 2.82/100.000 residents (&#946;= -0.11, p=0.005). The analysis according to gender revealed a more pronounced decline among men: standardized death rates from asthma (as underlying cause) reduced from 1.58 in 2000 to 0.59/100.000 in 2009 (&#946;= -0.08, p=0.007); the mortality rates considering the multiple causes decreased from 2.49 in 2000 to 1.11/100.000 in 2009 (&#946;= -0.14, p<0.00001). The mortality rates among women decreased from 2.79 in 2000 to 2.72/100.000 in 2009 (mortality from asthma), and from 4.29 in 2000 to 4.32/100.000 in 2009 (mortality with asthma). The segmented linear regression, carried out in two periods (2000 2004 and 2004 2009), was not statistically significant (2000 a 2004: &#946;= -0.16, p=0.131 e 2004 a 2009: &#946;= 0.04, p=0.630). Out of the total number of deaths from multiple causes, 2.8% occurred in the 1-4 years age group and 61% in people aged 60 years or older. When asthma was mentioned as the underlying cause of death, the most frequent associated causes were diseases of the respiratory system. And when asthma was listed as an associated cause, diseases of the respiratory and circulatory systems were found to be the most common underlying causes. Asthma mortality rates have always been higher for women than men. The time series identified a decreasing trend in mortality rates, considering both the underlying and multiple causes of death. The rates decreased among men and remained stable among women. Asthma-related mortality was underestimated when based solely on the underlying cause of death, which could be avoided by means of the multiple causes of death methodology.

The purpose of this thesis was to analyse mortality in calf rearing.I found out that the most important causes of the calf mortality are: course of calving, order of calving, seasonal character and climatic conditions.The casualties in calf rearing were about 24 %. Economic loss which was evoked by calf death affected trading income in whole cattle breeding. The main aim of the both farms is to achieve high level in calf rearing which essentially decides about profitability and efficiency of cattle breeding.

No município de São Paulo, a mortalidade por tuberculose apresentava um acentuado declínio desde 1946 até 1984, porém a partir de 1985 houve uma inversão nessa tendência, a exemplo de outras grandes cidades semelhantes. Considerando que a AIDS poderia estar interferindo no aumento da mortalidade da tuberculose, e também que os indicadores de mortalidade pudessem ter continuidade no uso da Vigilância dessa endemia, decidiu-se por realizar este trabalho, que permitisse verificar se a epidemia por AIDS poderia estar influenciando na magnitude da endemia por tuberculose nesse município. Para tanto, estudou-se a mortalidade POR tuberculose, COM tuberculose por AIDS e demais causas básicas, COM tuberculose por outras causas básicas exceto AIDS, COM tuberculose apenas AIDS ou tuberculose como causa básica, e por AIDS como causa básica e demais causas assoociadas, inclusive a tuberculose. Os resultados mostraram um crescimento na mortalidade por tuberculose, cujo coeficiente 3,67 em 1984, passou para 4,14 em 1985, e em 1994 atingiu o valor de 6,45 óbitos por 100 000 habitantes. A velocidade do incremento verificado nesse período foi de 0,21 óbitos por 100 000 habitantes; a mortalidade com tuberculose por AIDS e demais causas básicas apresentou em 1985 um coeficiente de 5,54, passando o mesmo para 14,47 óbitos por 100 000 habitantes, em 1994, e a velocidade de crescimento dessa mortalidade foi superior ao da mortalidade por tuberculose em cerca de cinco vezes mais; a razão de chance entre a mortalidade com tuberculose e AIDS no período estudado, foi 18,30, sugerindo que as pessoas aidéticas tem uma taxa de mortalidade mais alta do que os não aidéticos. A mortalidade com tuberculose e todas outras causas básicas exceto AIDS não se alterou ano a ano. A mortalidade com tuberculose apenas AIDS como causa básica cresceu numa velocidade anual de 1,0 óbito por 100 000 habitantes, atingindo em 1994 o coeficiente de 12,75 óbitos por 100 000 habitantes, sendo o comportamento dessa mortalidade muito semelhante ao da mortalidade com tuberculose e todas outras causas básicas. O crescimento da mortalidade por AIDS como causa básica aconteceu de maneira transcendente: em 1985 seu coeficiente foi 1,54, passando em 1994 para 30,43 óbitos por 100 000 habitantes, sendo plausível, portanto, a hipótese de que a AIDS esteja contribuindo para o recrudescimento da endemia tuberculosa. Conclui-se que a mortalidade por tuberculose retomou tendência de crescimento a partir de 1985; o aumento dos óbitos com tuberculose foi maior do que o aumento dos óbitos por tuberculose; os óbitos por AIDS apresentaram maior chance de ter tuberculose associada do que os óbitos por outras causas básicas; a maior contribuição da AIDS no obituário com tuberculose se deu na faixa de 20 a 49 anos; a mortalidade com tuberculose poderá ser um valioso instrumento na monitorização da endemia. / In São Paulo city the mortality due to tuberculosis declined markedly from 1946 to 1984 year, but the year after there was an inversion in this mortality trend, as in other large cities analogous. Taking account of that AIDS would be interfering in the increment of the mortality tubercular endemic, and so that the mortality indicators could have continuity for this endemic Surveillance, we decide make this work in order to verify if the AIDS epidemic could be influencing in the magnitude of tuberculosis endemic in this city. In order to this, we analysing the mortality DUE tuberculosis. WITH tuberculosis due AIDS and other basic causes, WITH tuberculosis and other basic causes excepting AIDS, WITH tuberculosis only AIDS basic cause, and due AIDS basic cause. The results showed an increment in the mortality due tuberculosis, whose rate was 3,67 at 1984, changed to 4,14 at 1985, when at 1994 it reached 6,45 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants. The increment velocity verified in this period was 0,21 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants; the mortality with tuberculosis due AIDS besides other basic causes showed at 1985 a rate of 5,54, changing for 14,47 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants at 1994, and the increment velocity of this mortality was higher to the mortality due tuberculosis appoximately five time: the odds ratio between mortality with tuberculosis and AIDS in the period studied was 18,30, suggesting that the aidetics have a higher mortality rate than the no aidetics: the mortality with tuberculosis and other basic causes excepting AIDS don\'t modified year by year. The mortality with tuberculosis and only AIDS as basic causes it incremented in an anual velocity of 1,0 death per 100 000 inhabitants, reached at 1994 a rate of 12,75, and the conduct of this mortality was very accordingly the mortality with tuberculosis and other basic causes. The mortality increasing due AIDS as basic cause occur very quickly: at 1985 its rate was 1,54, reaching at 1994 30,43 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, it being plausible the hypothesis that was contributing for the regrowth of the tuberculous endemic. It follows that the mortality due tuberculosis revovered incremente trend after 1985; the deaths with tuberculosis increased more than the deaths due tuberculosis; the deaths due ADIS presented more chance to have tuberculosis associated than the deaths due other basic causes; the greather AIDS contribuition in the obituary with tuberculosis it happened at 20-49 years; the mortality with tuberculosis will can be a worthy instrument in the endemi monitory.