Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive element in the 238U decay series that is found in high concentrations in certain geological formations such as Caves. Exposure to high concentrations of radon has been positively linked to the incidence<br /> of lung cancer. This study used Electret ion chambers and the RAD7 continuous radon monitor to measure radon concentrations in the Cango Caves in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Measurements were taken during summer i.e. February 2004 and March 2005. The results for the radon activity concentrations range from the minimum of<br /> about 800 Bq.m-3 to a maximum of 2600 Bq.m-3. The two techniques give very similar results, though the Electret ion chamber results appear to be consistently higher by a few percent where measurements were taken at the same locations. A<br /> mathematical model has been developed to investigate the radon concentrations in the Cave. Diffusion and ventilation have been considered as mechanisms for explaining the distribution of radon concentrations. The ventilation rate in the Cave has been estimated under certain assumptions, and it is found to be about 7 &times / 10&minus / 6 s&minus / 1 for the Van Zyl hall which is the first large chamber in the Cave. The radon concentration increases as one goes deeper into the Cave, but then becomes fairly constant for the deeper parts. The annual effective dose that the guides are exposed to in the Cave as a result of the radon concentrations, depends strongly on the time that they spend in the Cave and in which, halls they spend most of their time in the Cave. The initial results indicate an annual effective dose of 4-10 mSv, but this needs to be further investigated.

No description available.

My research focuses on reconstructing past climate in southern Arizona using cave deposits called speleothems. However, this necessitates a broader perspective than simply a geochemical time series, and therefore, I also investigate modern cave systems using a combination of modeling and observational datasets. Finally, cave deposits are fundamentally non-renewable resources, and sampling for past climate reconstruction can be destructive, unlike other cave uses. My last investigation is focused on developing possible best practice recommendations for paleoclimate scientists and other cave stakeholders moving forward. We developed two new stalagmite records of past climate variability in southern Arizona over the past 7000 years. Past climate reconstruction from two caves (Cave of the Bells and Fort Huachuca Cave) highlights insolation control of southern Arizona hydroclimate from 7000-2000 years before present. Additionally, comparison between two stalagmites with different seasonal sensitivities uncovers a few eras of multi-decade long droughts in southern Arizona, which align with other regional reconstructions of past climates and elucidate forcings on Southwest paleoclimate as emergent from both external (insolation) and internal climate variability in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins. Although the oxygen isotopic signal of cave calcite in speleothems is complex, agreement with these other records indicates that the speleothem records from these caves primarily record a climate signal.Modeling and monitoring of modern caves both helps us interpret paleoclimate records and enhances our understanding of cave systems in their own right. Modeling of Cave of the Bells dripwaters demonstrates the effect of storage and mixing on the dripwater oxygen isotope signal; non-climate processes can imprint on dripwater variability on multidecadal timescales. Monitoring shows that on very small spatial scales, every cave is different, and even sites within the same cave respond uniquely to surface climate. Most notably, calcite oxygen isotopic composition, used to reconstruct past climate, shows seasonal variability unrelated to dripwater and surface rainfall oxygen isotope variability. Substantial oxygen isotope disequilibrium is identified at numerous caves sites in southern Arizona, and this understanding aligns with a growing number of cave studies that demonstrate the long-held assumption of isotopic equilibrium in cave systems may not always be valid or that the way in which we define isotopic equilibrium insufficiently captures the variety of processes controlling the oxygen isotopic composition of speleothems. Overall, however, monitoring can identify stalagmites that are more sensitive to surface climate and less sensitive to these in-cave processes by identifying sites with dripwater variability responses to surface rainfall variability and sites that precipitate close to oxygen isotopic equilibrium. Finally, a major missing component in speleothem research is the fact that speleothems take thousands and sometimes hundreds of thousands of years to form. They are non-renewable resources on human timescales, and habitat for myriad microbes that have yet to be identified. Removal of speleothems for paleoclimate research is one of the only destructive uses of these deposits. With that in mind, I also analyze current methods of collecting speleothems and develop a framework based on two surveys of scientists and stakeholders to assist scientists and managers when evaluating potential methods of incorporating cave conservation into the speleothem sampling process. Thus, I approach caves from a variety of angles and timescales, from the past through the present to the future, illuminating caves as complex scientific and social systems.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. / The ‘Makapan Mummy’ (A1081), the Makapan Child and human and animal remains with desiccated tissue attached indicate that the environment inside Historic Cave was dry enough to cause mummification. Environmental studies conducted in 1992 and 2011 suggest that dry air in the well-ventilated cave preserved the soft tissue and mummified the corpse. The aim of this study is to examine desiccated tissue sampled from the ‘Makapan Mummy’ (A1081) and from the human remains excavated at Historic Cave using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and light microscopy. The morphological features of the naturally desiccated tissue from Historic Cave were recorded and described using the microscopic analyses and were then compared to normal and mummified human tissue. Mummified tissue is hard and dry and often embedded with dust and debris. In its hard and dry state, mummified tissue needs to be prepared differently to normal human tissue. In this study, various methods used to clean, rehydrate and stain the desiccated tissue were investigated and compared. Through this comparative analysis it was possible to determine the most suitable method for examining desiccated tissue from Historic Cave. In the SEM analysis, epidermal keratinocytes and vellus hairs were observed on the surface of the skin tissue. Histological analyses demonstrated the exclusive preservation of collagen fibres in the muscle tissue, the connective tissue and the skin tissue. This suggests that the collagen fibres play an integral part in preserving the structure of desiccated tissue that is devoid of cellular elements. The results are consistent with the histology of desiccated tissue remains from the Republic of Korea, Egypt and the Americas.

No presente estudo foi realizado monitoramento de radônio em cavernas distribuídas em três parques estaduais de São Paulo. As concentrações de radônio foram determinadas nas cavernas Morro Preto e Santana pertencentes ao Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), na caverna do Diabo pertencente ao Parque Estadual de Jacupiranga (PEJ) e na caverna Colorida localizada no Parque Estadual Intervales (PEI). O monitoramento abrangeu medidas entre Abril de 2009 e Junho de 2010. As concentrações de radônio foram determinadas utilizando a técnica de detecção passiva com detectores de traços nucleares do estado sólido tipo CR-39 e câmaras de difusão NRPB. Os detectores foram expostos em períodos variando desde 30 até 150 dias. As concentrações de radônio variaram de 132 Bq/m3 a 9456 Bq/m3. Os resultados das concentrações de radônio foram analisados juntamente com informações sobre quantidade de chuvas no local monitorado, valores de temperatura interna e externa ao ambiente da caverna Santana e informações da literatura de chuva e temperatura na região para uma possível relação entre as variações nos níveis de radônio e informações climáticas. A determinação de 226Ra em amostras de água coletadas em algumas cavernas e rios da região e de radônio emanado da estalactite coletada na caverna Santana permitiu verificar que o radônio nas cavernas é proveniente das rochas das paredes. A verificação do equilíbrio radioativo entre 222Rn, 218Po e 214Po nos detectores expostos foi prejudicada pelas altas densidades de traços, comprometendo a eficácia da metodologia empregada. A dose efetiva anual foi calculada adotando três valores obtidos da literatura para o fator de equilíbrio. Para o cenário mais realista com fator de equilíbrio igual a 0,5 e considerando 52 semanas de trabalho, a dose efetiva anual foi de 5,1 mSv/a. Para o pior cenário que simula uma situação extrema adotando fator de equilíbrio igual a 1 e 52 semanas de trabalho, a dose efetiva anual é 10,2 mSv/a. Também com informações recebidas de uma empresa de monitoria da região sobre as horas que seus guias turísticos gastam mensalmente no interior das cavernas, foi feita estimativa de dose que resultou em uma dose efetiva anual total de 8,5 mSv/a para fator de equilíbrio 0,5 e, para a pior situação o resultado foi de 17,0 mSv/a para fator de equilíbrio 1. Todas as estimativas de doses mantiveram-se abaixo do limite para dose efetiva anual para exposição ocupacional de 20 mSv/a recomendado pela Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica. / In the present study it was carried out the monitoring of radon in caves distributed among three state parks of Sao Paulo. The radon concentration were determinate in Morro Preto and Santana caves, located at PETAR Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (High Ribeira River Tourist State Park), Diabo cave, situated in PEJ Parque Estadual de Jacupiranga (Jacupiranga State Park) and Colorida cave located in PEI Parque Estadual Intervales (Intervales State Park PEI). The monitoring covered measurements between April 2009 and June 2010. Radon concentrations were carried out by using the technique of passive detection with CR-39 solid state nuclear track detectors and NRPB diffusion chambers. The detectors were exposed in periods ranging from 30 to 150 days. Radon concentrations varied from 132 Bq/m3 to 9456 Bq/m3. The values of radon concentrations were analyzed together with information about rainfall and internal and external temperature values of the Santana cave environment and regional literature values for a possible relationship between radon variations and weather information. Both the determinations of 226Ra in water samples collected in some caves and rivers and radon emanation from a stalactite collected at Santana cave allowed to verify that the radon in the caves comes from the walls rocks. The verification of the radioactive equilibrium between 222Rn, 218Po and 214Po in the exposed detectors was prejudiced by the high tracks densities, committing the methodology effectiveness. The annual effective dose was calculated for three values obtained from the literature for the equilibrium factor. Considering the most realistic scenario, with equilibrium factor of 0.5 and 52 working weeks, the annual effective dose was 5.1 mSv/y. Concerning the worst scenario, which simulates an extreme case, adopting an equilibrium factor equal to 1 and 52 weeks of work per year, the annual effective dose is 10.2 mSv/y. Also with information received from a monitoring company in the region about the hours their touristic guides spent monthly inside the caves, it was estimated the received dose that resulted in a total annual effective dose of 8.5 mSv/y, considering an equilibrium factor 0.5 and, for the worst scenario of an equilibrium factor of 1, the result was 17.0 mSv/y. All estimated doses values are below 20 mSv/y, which is the upper limit of annual effective dose for occupational exposure recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection.

No presente estudo foi realizado monitoramento de radônio em cavernas distribuídas em três parques estaduais de São Paulo. As concentrações de radônio foram determinadas nas cavernas Morro Preto e Santana pertencentes ao Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), na caverna do Diabo pertencente ao Parque Estadual de Jacupiranga (PEJ) e na caverna Colorida localizada no Parque Estadual Intervales (PEI). O monitoramento abrangeu medidas entre Abril de 2009 e Junho de 2010. As concentrações de radônio foram determinadas utilizando a técnica de detecção passiva com detectores de traços nucleares do estado sólido tipo CR-39 e câmaras de difusão NRPB. Os detectores foram expostos em períodos variando desde 30 até 150 dias. As concentrações de radônio variaram de 132 Bq/m3 a 9456 Bq/m3. Os resultados das concentrações de radônio foram analisados juntamente com informações sobre quantidade de chuvas no local monitorado, valores de temperatura interna e externa ao ambiente da caverna Santana e informações da literatura de chuva e temperatura na região para uma possível relação entre as variações nos níveis de radônio e informações climáticas. A determinação de 226Ra em amostras de água coletadas em algumas cavernas e rios da região e de radônio emanado da estalactite coletada na caverna Santana permitiu verificar que o radônio nas cavernas é proveniente das rochas das paredes. A verificação do equilíbrio radioativo entre 222Rn, 218Po e 214Po nos detectores expostos foi prejudicada pelas altas densidades de traços, comprometendo a eficácia da metodologia empregada. A dose efetiva anual foi calculada adotando três valores obtidos da literatura para o fator de equilíbrio. Para o cenário mais realista com fator de equilíbrio igual a 0,5 e considerando 52 semanas de trabalho, a dose efetiva anual foi de 5,1 mSv/a. Para o pior cenário que simula uma situação extrema adotando fator de equilíbrio igual a 1 e 52 semanas de trabalho, a dose efetiva anual é 10,2 mSv/a. Também com informações recebidas de uma empresa de monitoria da região sobre as horas que seus guias turísticos gastam mensalmente no interior das cavernas, foi feita estimativa de dose que resultou em uma dose efetiva anual total de 8,5 mSv/a para fator de equilíbrio 0,5 e, para a pior situação o resultado foi de 17,0 mSv/a para fator de equilíbrio 1. Todas as estimativas de doses mantiveram-se abaixo do limite para dose efetiva anual para exposição ocupacional de 20 mSv/a recomendado pela Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica. / In the present study it was carried out the monitoring of radon in caves distributed among three state parks of Sao Paulo. The radon concentration were determinate in Morro Preto and Santana caves, located at PETAR Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (High Ribeira River Tourist State Park), Diabo cave, situated in PEJ Parque Estadual de Jacupiranga (Jacupiranga State Park) and Colorida cave located in PEI Parque Estadual Intervales (Intervales State Park PEI). The monitoring covered measurements between April 2009 and June 2010. Radon concentrations were carried out by using the technique of passive detection with CR-39 solid state nuclear track detectors and NRPB diffusion chambers. The detectors were exposed in periods ranging from 30 to 150 days. Radon concentrations varied from 132 Bq/m3 to 9456 Bq/m3. The values of radon concentrations were analyzed together with information about rainfall and internal and external temperature values of the Santana cave environment and regional literature values for a possible relationship between radon variations and weather information. Both the determinations of 226Ra in water samples collected in some caves and rivers and radon emanation from a stalactite collected at Santana cave allowed to verify that the radon in the caves comes from the walls rocks. The verification of the radioactive equilibrium between 222Rn, 218Po and 214Po in the exposed detectors was prejudiced by the high tracks densities, committing the methodology effectiveness. The annual effective dose was calculated for three values obtained from the literature for the equilibrium factor. Considering the most realistic scenario, with equilibrium factor of 0.5 and 52 working weeks, the annual effective dose was 5.1 mSv/y. Concerning the worst scenario, which simulates an extreme case, adopting an equilibrium factor equal to 1 and 52 weeks of work per year, the annual effective dose is 10.2 mSv/y. Also with information received from a monitoring company in the region about the hours their touristic guides spent monthly inside the caves, it was estimated the received dose that resulted in a total annual effective dose of 8.5 mSv/y, considering an equilibrium factor 0.5 and, for the worst scenario of an equilibrium factor of 1, the result was 17.0 mSv/y. All estimated doses values are below 20 mSv/y, which is the upper limit of annual effective dose for occupational exposure recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection.

Os roedores Cricetidae (Myomorpha, Muroidea) são representados por cinco subfamílias: Arvicolinae, Cricetinae, Neotominae, Tylomyinae e Sigmodontinae. Os Sigmodontinae, por sua vez, são os representantes sul-americanos com a quase totalidade das espécies pertencentes a esta subfamília. Representa o mais diversificado grupo de mamíferos da América do Sul, o que significa aproximadamente 20% da mastofauna do continente. Algumas contribuições marcaram as pesquisas paleontológicas dos Sigmodontinae sul-americanos, como os registros do naturalista dinamarquês Peter Lund, que coletou grande número de material nas grutas e cavernas de Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais. Todavia, os dados paleontológicos são escassos quando comparados à diversidade atual dos roedores sigmodontíneos. Com relação à região do Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, no estado do Piauí, conhecida pelas descobertas arqueológicas e paleontológicas, numerosos restos de mamíferos de pequeno porte foram recuperados de grutas e abrigos calcários, entre eles os roedores Sigmodontinae, objeto do presente trabalho Os materiais estudados provenientes de três localidades da região (Toca do Gordo do Garrincho, Toca do Barrigudo e Toca do Serrote das Moendas) foram identificados e descritos. São registrados aqui: Bibimys labiosus, Necromys lasiurus, Cerradomys sp., Holochilus sciureus, Pseudoryzomys simplex, Calomys sp. e Wiedomys sp. Aspectos ecológicos e biogeográficos de cada táxon também foram considerados para discutir aspectos paleoambientais da região, destacando-se o primeiro registro de B. labiosus para o Quaternário do nordeste brasileiro, sugerindo uma distribuição paleobiogeográfica diferente da atualmente conhecida para espécie. Assim, contribuímos com novos registros de sigmodontíneos para a Serra da Capivara, ampliando o conhecimento sobre o grupo no Quaternário do nordeste do Brasil e mostrando que os materiais recuperados na região apresentam grande potencial para fornecer esclarecimentos sobre a dinâmica biogeográfica dos Sigmodoninae ao longo do Quaternário. / The Cricetidae rodents (Myomorpha/Muridae) are composed by five groups: Arvicolinae, Cricetinae, Neotominae, Tylomyinae and Sigmodontinae. The Sigmodontinae are the South American representatives with almost all Cricetidae species in this subfamily. They are the most diverse mammalian taxon in South America, which means about 20% of South American mammalian fauna. Some important contributions marked the Sigmodontinae paleontological researches in south American, as the records of the Danish naturalist Peter Lund, who collected numerous materials in Lagoa Santa caves, Minas Gerais. However, the paleontological data are scarce when compared to current sigmodontinae diversity. In relation to the region of Serra da Capivara National Park, State of Piauí, is known by archaeological and paleontological researches, and there many remains of small mammals were recovered from caves and rock shelter, between them the Sigmodontinae rodents are the object of this study. Remains of the Sigmodontinae from three shelters in the region (Toca do Gordo do Garrincho, Toca do Barrigudo e Toca do Serrote das Moendas) that were identified and described. The taxa identified is: Bibimys labiosus, Necromys lasiurus, Cerradomys sp., Holochilus sciureus, Pseudoryzomys simplex, Calomys sp. e Wiedomys sp. Ecological and biogeographical feature from each taxon were evaluated to discuss the feature paleoenvironment from region, with the first quaternary record from B. labiosus in Brazilian northeast, that suggest a different paleobiogeographic range from currently know. Therefore, we contributed through new Sigmodontinae records from Serra da Capivara, expanding the quaternary sigmodontinae knowledge from Brazilian northeast and showing that there are a large potential for clarify the Sigmodontinae biogeographic dynamic.

This thesis presents the results of research conducted at the ancient Maya site of Pacbitun. The site, located in the foothills of the Maya Mountains in the Cayo District of Belize, offered a unique opportunity to investigate the relationship between the site core and various caves located in its 9 km2 periphery. The landscape was a critical component of ancient Maya religion. The earth and all of its topographic features were considered to be alive and, as living beings, to interact in human affairs. Caves were seen as portals to the underworld and homes to deities. Pilgrimages to these sacred places influenced and were influenced by settlement patterns and socio-political relations. Particularly targeted in this study is the causeway system, which connects the site core to a ritually used cave, and is analyzed through the application of predictive modeling. Since analysis of the intermediate area between sites and caves has been rare, this research makes a substantial contribution to our understanding of the ritual landscape.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 401-431). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

The petrologic study of cave sediments is a new field whose history dates back only about 30 years. Most previous work has been done in Europe, with very little in North America. This is the first petrologic study of sediments of Texas caves. Sediments from the 11 Central Texas caves investigated provide information on the diagenetic sequence of authigenic calcite and collophane, and add to the knowledge of the occurrence and distribution of red clays and dolomite silts. The sediments from Fyllan Cave in Travis County place a maximum date of mid-Pleistocene on the existing Colorado River terraces. X-ray analysis of clays in sediments from three caves indicates a decline in kaolinite content, confirming a drying tendency for the last 8000 years. / text