Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e da Informação, 2010. / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-26T13:38:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 O PAPEL DO COMÉRCIO NA PRODUÇÃO DA CENTRALIDADE EM PELOTAS - RS..pdf: 6116278 bytes, checksum: b23afa758b190733f3b4db021e271583 (MD5) / Rejected by Sabrina Andrade(sabrinabeatriz@ibest.com.br), reason: on 2012-07-03T22:00:19Z (GMT) / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-16T11:19:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 O PAPEL DO COMÉRCIO NA PRODUÇÃO DA CENTRALIDADE EM PELOTAS - RS..pdf: 6116278 bytes, checksum: b23afa758b190733f3b4db021e271583 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-07-27T22:15:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 O PAPEL DO COMÉRCIO NA PRODUÇÃO DA CENTRALIDADE EM PELOTAS - RS..pdf: 6116278 bytes, checksum: b23afa758b190733f3b4db021e271583 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-27T22:15:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 O PAPEL DO COMÉRCIO NA PRODUÇÃO DA CENTRALIDADE EM PELOTAS - RS..pdf: 6116278 bytes, checksum: b23afa758b190733f3b4db021e271583 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Esse trabalho propõe explicar o Papel do Comércio, na Produção da Centralidade em Pelotas, para tal hipótese levantada objetiva-se estudar a história da cidade, bem como a produção do meio de vida urbano do centro e sua relação com o comércio. Assim em primeira instancia, estabelece uma contextualização dos estudos sobre o comércio no âmbito da Geografia, passando assim para os fundamentos teóricos metodológicos que envolvem a produção do espaço urbano, conduzindo a analise a cerca do avanço da atividade terciária no século XX, esse ponto destacam-se as mudanças no centro das cidades e o crescimento urbano organizado em função do comércio. No que tange ao objeto de estudo, começamos estudando a produção do espaço urbano, destacam-se então a produção da cidade Política/Comercial com o espaço temporal de 1780 a 1890, depois a produção da Cidade Industrial entre 1890 e 1970 e logo após destaca-se o período que se segue a partir de 1970, com o desenvolvimento varejista produtor da centralidade urbana em Pelotas. Para tal objeto de estudo da hipótese, necessita-se identificar as temporalidades da atualidade fazendo uso do Método Regressivo Progressivo. O trabalho então, tem desfecho com a pesquisa de campo para identificar os principais pontos de destaque no centro e o seu papel na produção da centralidade. / This work proposes to explain the role of Trade in the Production of Centrality in Pelotas, for this raised hypothesis the objective is to study focuses on the history of the city as well as the production of livelihood of the urban center and its relationship to trade. So in the first instance, establishes a context of studies on trade in the scope of the Geography, passing well to the theoretical methodology involving the production of urban space, taking the analysis near to the tertiary industry advances in the twentieth century, in this point is highlighted the changes in inner cities and urban growth as a function of organized trade. In respect to the object of study, we started studying the Production of the Political/ Commercial with the timeline from 1780 to 1890, after the production of the Industrial City between 1890 and 1970 and after stands out the period that follows after 1970, with the retail development producer in the urban centrality of Pelotas. For such an object of study of the hypothesis, you need to identify the temporality of the present using the Regressive and Progressive Method This work then has outcome with field research to identify main points highlighted in the center and its role in the production of centrality.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Pietro Poggi-Corradini / Caterina M. Scoglio / The modulus of a family of walks quantifies the richness of the family by favoring having many short walks over a few longer ones. In this dissertation, we investigate various families of walks to study new measures for quantifying network properties using modulus. The proposed new measures are compared to other known quantities. Our proposed method is based on walks on a network, and therefore will work in great generality. For instance, the networks we consider can be directed, multi-edged, weighted, and even contain disconnected parts. We study the popular centrality measure known in some circles as information centrality, also known as effective conductance centrality. After reinterpreting this measure in terms of modulus of families of walks, we introduce a modification called shell modulus centrality, that relies on the egocentric structure of the graph. Ego networks are networks formed around egos with a specific order of neighborhoods. We then propose efficient analytical and approximate methods for computing these measures on both directed and undirected networks. Finally, we describe a simple method inspired by shell modulus centrality, called general degree, which improves simple degree centrality and could prove to be a useful tool for practitioners in the applied sciences. General degree is useful for detecting the best set of nodes for immunization. We also study the structure of loops in networks using the notion of modulus of loop families. We introduce a new measure of network clustering by quantifying the richness of families of (simple) loops. Modulus tries to minimize the expected overlap among loops by spreading the expected link-usage optimally. We propose weighting networks using these expected link-usages to improve classical community detection algorithms. We show that the proposed method enhances the performance of certain algorithms, such as spectral partitioning and modularity maximization heuristics, on standard benchmarks. Computing loop modulus benefits from efficient algorithms for finding shortest loops, thus we propose a deterministic combinatorial algorithm that finds a shortest cycle in graphs. The proposed algorithm reduces the worst case time complexity of the existing combinatorial algorithms while visiting at most the cycle basis. For most empirical networks with sublinear average degree our algorithm is subcubic.

This study examined the potentially differing emotional consequences of sexual versus non-sexual traumas in both a student and a community residing treatment seeking sample of women. The extent to which a trauma survivor considers the traumatic event central to her identity (CES) was examined as a potential mediator between traumatic events and PTSD. Additionally, the extent to which a women views herself and her body as a sexual object, to be valued based on her appearance and sexual usefulness to others (sexual self-objectification: OBCS), was examined as a potential mediator between traumatic event and event centrality. Study results showed survivors of sexual assault reported greater CES and PTSD symptoms (PCL-S) than non-sexual trauma survivors in the student population. Mediation results showed sexual self-objectification (OBCS-Shame) significantly mediated the relationship between trauma type and CES, and CES significantly mediated the relationship between type of trauma and PTSD symptoms in the student population only. Data from the community sample did not support these conclusions as women from this sample reported higher PCL-S, CES, and OBCS-Shame scores across categories of trauma.

Betrayal trauma theory (BTT) explains the relationship between a victim and perpetrator to be an especially critical factor for predicting adverse trauma outcomes; however, to date, there is no adequate measure to assess this relationship. We aimed to create a measure of reliance, here defined as dependence on another for food, clothing, finances, emotional support, and more. We utilized a new scale, the Reliance on Perpetrator Scale, to measure this construct. 397 participants completed a battery of questionnaires to measure reliance and 4 primary outcomes of interpersonal trauma exposure: PTSD symptoms, depression, event centrality, and dissociation. A series of exploratory principal components factor analyses provided evidence for a 3 factor solution for this scale, though visual examinations of scree plots and a parallel analysis indicated 2 factors. We ultimately chose to retain 2 factors: practical reliance and emotional dependence. We expected and achieved predictive validity such that practical reliance and emotional dependence were both highly positively correlated with all outcomes. We expected and achieved convergent validity such that positive affect and secure attachment were highly positively correlated with emotional dependence as measured by an existing scale. The current study replicated previous findings that high betrayal events—as opposed to low betrayal events—are often accompanied by worse outcomes. The results of a hierarchical regression model found that both subscales of the Reliance on Perpetrator scale predicted significant unique variance in all outcomes. In conclusion, the current study provides the first empirical evidence to support BTT's idea that the victim-perpetrator relationship plays an integral role in outcomes of interpersonal trauma and provides a more comprehensive way to measure this relationship.

Graph queries typically involve retrieving entities with certain properties and connectivity patterns. One popular property is betweenness centrality, which is a quantitative measure of importance used in many applications such as identifying influential users in social networks. Solving graph queries that involve retrieving important entities with user-defined connectivity patterns in large graphs requires efficient com- putation of betweenness centrality and efficient graph query engines. The first part of this thesis studies the betweenness centrality problem, while the second part presents a framework for building efficient graph query engines. Computing betweenness centrality entails computing all-pairs shortest paths; thus, exact computation is costly. The performance of existing approximation algorithms is not well understood due to the lack of an established benchmark. Since graphs in many applications are inherently evolving, several incremental algorithms were proposed. However, they cannot scale to large graphs: they either require excessive memory or perform unnecessary computations rendering them prohibitively slow. Existing graph query engines rely on exhaustive indices for accelerating query evaluation. The time and memory required to build these indices can be prohibitively high for large graphs. This thesis attempts to solve the aforementioned limitations in the graph analytics literature as follows. First, we present a benchmark for evaluating betweenness centrality approximation algorithms. Our benchmark includes ground-truth data for large graphs in addition to a systematic evaluation methodology. This benchmark is the first attempt to standardize evaluating betweenness centrality approximation algorithms and it is currently being used by several research groups working on approximate between- ness in large graphs. Then, we present a linear-space parallel incremental algorithm for updating betweenness centrality in large evolving graphs. Our algorithm uses biconnected components decomposition to localize processing graph updates, and it performs incremental computation even within affected components. Our algorithm is up to an order of magnitude faster than the state-of-the-art parallel incremental algorithm. Finally, we present a framework for building low memory footprint graph query engines. Our framework avoids building exhaustive indices and uses highly optimized matrix algebra operations instead. Our framework loads datasets, and evaluates data-intensive queries up to an order of magnitude faster than existing engines.

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Scholars have consistently showcased the need for more research dedicated to Black adolescents on educational aspirations and depression. Within this population, there is a gap in the literature about how college preparatory students and career and technical education (CTE) students are different and similar on educational aspirations and depression. The National Survey of American Life-Adolescent Supplement (NSAL-A) is a data set that is often used to evaluate the onset of mental health issues in adolescents of African descent. This data set is unique in that it only includes responses from African American and Caribbean Black adolescents. The NSAL- A allows researchers to develop research agendas that cater to Black adolescents. The concepts in this dissertation, educational aspirations and depression, have been separated into two manuscripts to allow for a more thorough analysis. A subset of the NSAL-A (n=491) was used for both manuscripts. The first manuscript uses univariate and bivariate analyses to test the relationship between personal mastery and racial centrality on educational aspirations. The findings from this study revealed that college preparatory students and CTE students had different levels of personal mastery and that personal mastery increased educational aspirations. No significant findings were revealed for the influence of racial centrality on educational aspirations. The second manuscript in this study uses univariate and bivariate analyses to investigate the relationship between discrimination and the John Henryism coping style on depression in college preparatory and CTE students. John Henryism is characterized by having a strong commitment to achieving success while facing social and economic barriers. college preparatory and CTE students were not uniquely different in their levels of perceived discrimination or John Henryism. Discrimination increased depression, and John Henryism reduced depression. The manuscripts developed in this dissertation will help Extension professionals better advocate for Black youth and encourage program evaluators to investigate ethnic differences in health outcomes. This work may also encourage 1890 Land-grant universities in working with primarily Black communities.

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Prior literature suggests that CEOs capitalize on their position within the hierarchy of all business executives, resulting in various – both positive and negative – firm outcomes. Using a novel data set on golf outings to measure the quality of a CEO's informal (vs. formal) network, as measured by the CEO's network centrality, this study examines whether well-connected CEOs generate private gains through insider trades. Results suggest that, among golfing CEOs, CEOs with higher quality informal networks generate significantly higher insider trading profits on sales of their firms' stock, consistent with more famous, powerful, and influential CEOs possessing superior information. The paper continues by delineating a channel through which private information flow to network participants by documenting significantly different golf patterns of CEOs during the two weeks before material firm events become public while showing that CEOs generate noticeably higher insider trading profits from stock trades executed during the two weeks following these golf outings. This study highlights a setting in which shareholders are at risk of wealth transfer and illustrates the potential limitations of regulation concerning insider trading.