Turbochargers play an important role in increasing the energetic efficiency andreducing emissions of modern power-train systems based on downsized recipro-cating internal combustion engines (ICE). The centrifugal compressor in tur-bochargers is limited at off-design operating conditions by the inception of flowinstabilities causing rotating stall and surge. They occur at reduced enginespeeds (low mass flow rates), i.e. typical operating conditions for a betterengine fuel economy, harming ICEs efficiency. Moreover, unwanted unsteadypressure loads within the compressor are induced; thereby lowering the com-pressors operating life-time. Amplified noise and vibration are also generated,resulting in a notable discomfort. The thesis aims for a physics-based understanding of flow instabilities andthe surge inception phenomena using numerical methods. Such knowledge maypermit developing viable surge control technologies that will allow turbocharg-ers to operate safer and more silent over a broader operating range. Therefore,broadband turbulent enabled compressible Large Eddy Simulation (LES) cal-culations have been performed and several flow-driven instabilities have beencaptured under unstable conditions. LES produces large amounts of 3D datawhich has been post-processed using Fourier spectra and Dynamic Mode De-composition (DMD). These techniques are able to quantify modes in the flowfield by extracting large coherent flow structures and characterize their relativecontribution to the total fluctuation energy at associated. Among the mainfindings, a dominant mode was found which describes the filling and emptyingprocess during surge. A narrowband feature at half of the rotating order wasidentified to correspond to co-rotating vortices upstream of the impeller faceas well as elevated velocity magnitude regions propagating tangentially in thediffuser and the volute. Dominant mode shapes were also found at the rotatingorder frequency and its harmonics, which manifest as a spinning mode shapelocalized at the diffuser inlet. From the compressible LES flow solution one can extract the acoustic infor-mation and the noise affiliated with the compressor. This enable through datacorrelation quantifying the flow-acoustics coupling phenomena in the compres-sor. Detailed comparison of flow (pressure, velocity) and aeroacoustics (soundpressure levels) predictions in terms of time-averaged, fluctuating quantities,and spectra is carried out against experimental measurements. / <p>QC 20160406</p>

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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis details the methodology for developing a centrifugal compressor for application in a Micro Gas Turbine (MGT). This research forms part of a larger project, namely project Ballast, initiated by the South African Air Force (SAAF) in conjunction with Armscor. The methodology encompasses the development of a mean-line code that makes use of 1-dimensional theory in order to create an initial centrifugal compressor geometry which includes a rotor as well as radial vaned diffuser. This is followed by a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation process during which the compressor is optimised in order to maximise its performance. Before manufacturing a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is done in order to ensure that the rotor does not fail during testing. The testing of the compressor is done to compare the numerical results with the experimental results and in so doing confirms the design process. A previous student had designed a rotor by making use of a mean-line code as well as a CFD optimisation process. The rotor had a measured total-static pressure ratio of roughly 2.8 at 121 kRPM and a total-total isentropic efficiency of 79.1 % at said rotational speed. The inclusion of a vaned diffuser resulted in a higher total-static pressure ratio and accordingly the compressor designed in this report has a CFD determined total-static pressure ratio of 3.0. The efficiency would however drop and as such a total-total isentropic efficiency of 76.5 % was determined theoretically. The theoretical results correlated well with the experimental results and as such it was concluded that the design methodology developed was sound. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis bespreek die metodologie vir die ontwikkeling van ‘n sentrifugale kompressor vir toepassing in ‘n Mikro-Gasturbine (MGT). Die tesis vorm deel van ‘n groter projek, genaamd die Ballast projek, wat deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag (SALM) daargestel is in samewerking met Krygkor. Die metodologie behels die ontwikkeling van ‘n middel-lyn kode wat gebruik maak van 1-dimensionele teorie om die aanvanklike geometrie van die kompressor te skep. Die geometrie bevat beide die rotor asook die gelemde radiale diffusor. Hierdie proses word gevolg deur ‘n Berekeningsvloeidinamika (BVD) simulasie waartydens die kompressor geoptimeer word om sodoende die verrigting ten volle te verbeter. Voordat vervaardiging plaasvind word ‘n Eindige Element Analise (EEA) toegepas om te verseker dat die rotor nie sal faal tydens toetse nie. Die toetse word gedoen sodat die eksperimentele resultate met die numeriese resultate vergelyk kan word. Sodoende word die proses waardeur die kompressor ontwikkel word bevestig. ‘n Vorige student het ‘n rotor ontwerp deur gebruik te maak van ‘n middel-lyn kode asook ‘n BVD optimerings proses. Die rotor het ‘n gemete totaal-statiese drukverhouding van ongeveer 2.8 teen 121 kRPM gelewer en ‘n totaal-totale isentropiese benutingsgraad van 79.1 % teen dieselfde omwentelingspoed. Met die insluiting van ‘n gelemde radiale diffuser word ‘n hoër totaal-statiese druk verhouding verwag en as sulks lewer die nuut-ontwerpte kompressor soos in die tesis bespreek ‘n teoretiese totaal-statiese drukverhouding van 3.0. Die benutingsgraad sal egter daal en daarvolgens het die nuwe kompressor ‘n totaal-totale isentropiese benutingsgraad van 76.5 % gelewer. Die eksperimentele resultate het goed ooreengestem met die teoretiese resultate en as sulks was dit besluit dat die ontwerps-metodologie goed is.

Šio darbo tikslas – suprojektuoti ir išanalizuoti skysčio lygio valdymo sistemas su PI reguliatoriumi bei neraiškiosios logikos reguliatoriumi, atlikti imitacijas ir palyginti gautus rezultatus. Teorinėje dalyje apžvelgiamos skysčio lygio valdymo sistemos, jų pagrindiniai elementai. Taip pat išnagrinėjami sistemų valdymo ypatumai, naudojant neraiškiosios logikos ir PI reguliatorius. Tiriamojoje dalyje sudaryta: sistemos funkcinė schema, sistemos matematinis ir kompiuterinis modeliai. Atlikus procesų imitaciją nustatyta, kad sistemoje su PI reguliatoriumi pakeitus nuostatą dėl perreguliavimo gaunamos nepageidaujamos slėgio aukščio ir debito vertės. To išvengiama, naudojant neraiškiosios logikos reguliatorių. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados. Darbą sudaro 7 dalys: įvadas, literatūros apie skysčio lygio valdymo sistemas analizė, tyrimo tikslas ir uždaviniai, teorinė dalis, tiriamoji dalis, išvados, literatūra. Darbo apimtis - 71 puslapiai be grafinės dalies, 53 iliustracijos, 6 lentelės, 40 bibliografinių šaltinių ir 4 internetinės prieigos. / The main goal of the thesis is to design and analyze liquid level control systems with a PI controller and a fuzzy logic controller, perform simulations and to compare the results. In the analytical part, liquid level control systems and main elements of liquid level control systems are overviewed. Also system control using PI and Fuzzy logic regulators is overviewed. In research part liquid level control system is projected practically. The research chapter consists of a functional scheme, mathematical and computer models design. The simulation of the system shows that changing the step size in the system with a PI controller results in unwanted total head and flow rate values because of an overshoot. This is avoided in the system with a fuzzy controller. At the end of the thesis there is a conclusions part. The work consists of seven parts: introduction, analysis of liquid level control system literature, main goal of the research, theory part, design part, conclusions, references. Work volume – 71 pages of text without appendixes, 53 illustrations, 6 tables, 40 bibliographical and 4 internet entries.

Escoamentos sobre superfícies côncovas estão sujeitos à instabilidade centrífuga, dando origem a vórtices longitudinais, conhecidos como vórtices de Görtler. Esses vórtices são responsáveis por gerar distorções fortes nos perfis de velocidade. Como os vórtices são contra-rotativos, duas regiões surgem entre os mesmos: uma região de upwash e uma região de downwash. Na região de upwash o fluido próximo à parede é jogado para longe da mesma. Na região de downwash acontece o contrário, o fluido que se desloca a uma velocidade maior é jogado em direção à parede. Os vórtices se amplificam inicialmente de forma linear. À jusante na região não linear de desenvolvimento dos vórtices, a amplitude dos mesmos já é elevada, e há a formação de uma estrutura do tipo cogumelo com a distribuição da componente de velocidade na direção principal do escoamento . Essa nova distribuição de velocidade é tridimensional e difere em muito da camada limite obtida com a solução das equações de Blasius. Levando-se em consideração a camada limite térmica, já foi observado que, na média, há um aumento de transferência de calor na direção da parede. No presente trabalho, é verificado numericamente a transferência de calor na presença de vórtices de Görtler. Para tal, foi desenvolvido e implementado um código de simulação numérica direta espacial (DNS - do inglês Direct Numerical Simulation). Os resultados deste trabalho mostram a intensificação da transferência de calor através dos vórtices de Görtler, tanto no regime não-linear como na instabilidade secundária / Flows over concave surfaces are subject to centrifugal instability. It gives rise to stramwise vortices known as Görtler vortices. These vortices are responsible for generating strong distortions in the velocity profiles. As the vortices are counterrotating, two regions arise between them: a region of uowash and a region of downwash. In the upwash region, the fluid near the wall is convected away from it. In the downwash region the opposite happens, the fluid moving at a faster speed is moved towards the wall. The vortices initially amplify linearly in the downstream. When their amplitude is already high, in the non-linear development region, a mushroom-type structure, with the velocity distribution in the main flow direction, is formed. This new three-dimensional velocity distribution is different from the boundary layer obtained with the solution of Blasius equations. Taking into account a thermal boundary layer, on average, an increase in the heat transfer in the wall direction has been observed. In the present work, it is verified numerically the heat transfer in the presence of Görtler vortices. A simulation code was developed and implemanted usin Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). The results of this work show the intensification of heat transfer through the Görtler vortices both in the non-linear regime and in the secondary instability

Flow machines are very important to industry, being widely used on various processes. Performance improvements are relevant factors and can be achieved by using optimization methods, such as topology optimization. Thus, this work aims to develop a method to design radial flow machine rotors operating on laminar regime, by implementing a topology optimization formulation based on density model. The design of a rotor involves firstly modelling the fluid flow by using the Navier-Stokes equations on a rotating reference frame and using the Finite Element Method for solving the differential equations. To determine the material distribution on the domain, a porous flow model based on the Darcy equation is employed by using an inverse permeability that interpolates between fluid and solid. In the optimization phase, it is defined a multi-objective function that aims to minimize the viscous energy dissipation, vorticity and power. The optimization problem is implemented using the FEniCS environment and the libraries dolfin-adjoint and pyIpopt. The optimized topologies are verified with the ANSYS software. The resulting topologies are post-processed and a CAD model is created. The rotors are manufactured by using a 3D printer, the complete prototype is built by coupling an electric brushless motor and an experimental characterization is performed by measuring fluid flow and pressure head given by the pumps. Experimental and computational results are compared and the improvement is verified. / Máquinas de fluxo são muito importantes para a indústria, sendo utilizadas em diversos processos. Assim, melhorias de desempenho são fatores relevantes e podem ser alcançadas com a utilização de métodos de otimização, como a otimização topológica. Este trabalho visa desenvolver uma metodologia para projetar rotores de máquinas de fluxo radiais que operam em escoamento laminar implementando-se a formulação de otimização topológica baseada no modelo de densidades. O projeto de rotores envolve, primeiramente, a modelagem do escoamento utilizando-se as equações de Navier-Stokes em um referencial rotativo e a utilização do Método de Elementos Finitos para a resolução das equações diferenciais. A distribuição de material no domínio é feita empregando-se um modelo de escoamento em meio poroso baseado nas equações de Darcy, utilizando-se a permeabilidade inversa que interpola o elemento entre sólido e fluido. Na fase de otimização é definida uma função multi-objetivo, que visa minimizar dissipação de energia viscosa, a vorticidade e a potência. O problema de otimização é implementado utilizando-se o ambiente FEniCS para a resolução do sistema de elementos finitos e as bibliotecas dolfin-adjoint e pyIpopt para o algorithmo de otimização. As topologias otimizadas são verificadas com o software ANSYS. As topologias resultantes são pós-processadas para a criação de um modelo CAD dos rotores. Os rotores são construídos utilizando-se a impressão 3D, o protótipo completo é montado acoplando-se um motor elétrico sem escovas e a caracterização experimental é feita medindo-se a vazão e o ganho de pressão dados pelas bombas. Por fim, os resultados experimentais e computacionais são comparados e uma melhoria de desempenho é observada.

A análise de tensões em impelidores de ventiladores centrífugos pelo método dos elementos finitos revela que seus componentes são altamente solicitados e sujeitos a campos de tensões complexos. Tradicionalmente, o projeto estrutural de impelidores centrífugos é realizado a partir do cálculo das tensões estáticas provenientes da força centrífuga, e o comportamento dinâmico do impelidor é frequentemente verificado através de estudos de vibrações livres frente ao conhecimento das fontes de excitação. Por tal abordagem não é realizada qualquer avaliação quanto aos níveis de tensões dinâmicas nos componentes do impelidor. Neste trabalho, contudo, a determinação das tensões dinâmicas é apresentada como uma importante ferramenta para avaliar a integridade estrutural de um impelidor centrífugo durante a sua operação. Para tanto, cálculos de resposta são realizados no rotor e, isoladamente, no impelidor de um ventilador centrífugo, conduzindo a uma nova metodologia para a análise estrutural destes equipamentos através do método dos elementos finitos. / Stress analysis of centrifugal fan impellers through the finite element method reveals that its components are highly stressed and subjected to complex stress fields. Traditionally, the mechanical design of centrifugal impellers is performed from the study of the static stress levels due to the centrifugal force. The impeller dynamic behavior is evaluated through free vibration analysis and also with the knowledge of the main excitation sources. This approach does not consider any assessment on the dynamic response of the impeller components. In this work, however, the dynamic stress determination is presented as an important tool in order to evaluate the structural integrity of centrifugal fan impellers during its operation. For this purpose, frequency response analysis is performed on the rotor and, separately, on the centrifugal fan impeller, leading to a new methodology for structural analysis of these equipment through the finite element method.

La chromatographie bidimensionnelle préparative suscite de plus en plus d'intérêt dans l'élucidation d'échantillons complexes car elle permet de collecter un grand nombre de molécules à haute pureté et quantitée récupérée. Bien que la chromatographie liquide (LC) soit souvent choisie en deuxième dimension, la chromatographie de partage centrifuge (CPC) à de multiples avantages qui en font une technique de choix pour la première dimension. Dans le but de purifier plusieurs molécules d’intérêt dans les matrices végétales, le couplage «comprehensive» CPCxLC représente une technique à fort potentiel. Après avoir expliqué son intérêt et les enjeux liés à la séparation préparative en mode «comprehensive», le développement d’une telle séparation est étudiée selon trois axes. Tout d’abord, une purification de deux molécules d’intérêt dans la plante Edelweiss est réalisée à l’échelle industrielle grâce à la réalisation de cartographies 2D au laboratoire. Cette application permet de montrer l’intérêt du couplage et de mettre en évidence les verrous liés aux conditions de transfert total des fractions en deuxième dimension. Dans une deuxième partie, la séparation CPCxLC en mode « comprehensive » est développée avec le transfert total de l’échantillon en deuxième dimension pour la purification de cinq composés cibles présents dans la plante Edelweiss. Les points clés de la séparation CPCxLC, à savoir le temps d’échantillonnage et le transfert en deuxième dimension, sont étudiés au regard du couplage LCxLC afin de garantir une qualité de séparation permettant la récupération totale des composés. Enfin, la troisième partie consiste à la mise en place d’une méthodologie de sélection des systèmes CPCxLC basée sur l’évaluation quantitative du potentiel des systèmes bidimensionnels à apporter de la distance entre les pics. Cette procédure de sélection est développée sur l’échantillon Cyclopia genistoides avec l’objectif d’isoler huit composés cibles / Preparative two-dimensional chromatography is gaining interest in the elucidation of complex samples as it allows the collection of a large number of molecules with high recovered purity and quantity. While the second dimension is often selected to be liquid chromatography (LC), centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) is a technique with multiple advantages representing a suitable first dimension. In order to purify several molecules of interest in plant matrices, the comprehensive CPCxLC represents a technique with high potential. After explaining its interest and the issues related to the preparative separation in comprehensive mode, the development of such a separation is studied according to three axes. Firstly, a purification of two targeted molecules in Edelweiss plant is carried out at industrial scale thanks to the realization of 2D-contour plot. This application allows to expose the interest of the separation and to highlight the locks related to the conditions of total transfer of the fractions in second dimension. In a second part, the comprehensive CPCxLC separation is developed with the total transfer of the sample in second dimension applied to the purification of five target compounds from Edelweiss plant. The key points of the CPCxLC separation, namely the sampling time and the second dimension transfer, are studied with regard to the LCxLC separation in order to ensure a separation quality allowing the total recovery of the compounds. Finally, the third part consists in the implementation of a CPCxLC system selection methodology based on the quantitative evaluation of the potential of two-dimensional systems to generate distance between peaks. This selection procedure is developed on the sample Cyclopia genistoides with the objective of isolating eight target compounds