Introduction: Pulmonary Surfactant reduces surface tension in the terminal airways thus facilitating breathing and contributes to host''s innate immunity. Surfactant Proteins (SP) A, B, C and D were recently identified as inherent proteins of the CNS. Aim of the study was to investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) SP levels in hydrocephalus patients compared to normal subjects. Patients and methods: CSF SP A-D levels were quantified using commercially available ELISA kits in 126 patients (0±84 years, mean 39 years). 60 patients without CNS pathologies served as a control group. Hydrocephalus patients were separated in aqueductal stenosis (AQS, n = 24), acute hydrocephalus without aqueductal stenosis (acute HC w/o AQS, n = 16) and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH, n = 20). Furthermore, six patients with pseudotumor cerebri were investigated. Results: SP AÐD are present under physiological conditions in human CSF. SP-A is elevated in diseases accompanied by ventricular enlargement (AQS, acute HC w/o AQS) in a significant manner (0.67, 1.21 vs 0.38 ng/ml in control, p<0.001). SP-C is also elevated in hydrocephalic conditions (AQS, acute HC w/o AQS; 0.87, 1.71 vs. 0.48 ng/ml in controls, p<0.001) and in Pseudotumor cerebri (1.26 vs. 0.48 ng/ml in controls, p<0.01). SP-B and SP-D did not show significant alterations. Conclusion: The present study confirms the presence of SPs in human CSF. There are significant changes of SP-A and SP-C levels in diseases affecting brain water circulation and elevation of intracranial pressure. Cause of the alterations, underlying regulatory mechanisms, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic consequences of cerebral SP''s requires further thorough investigations.

La détection des stimuli sensoriels est assurée par des cellules réceptrices spécialisées souvent grâce à des protrusions membranaires apicales telles que les microvillosités. La forme finale des extensions apicales microvilliées conditionne de nombreuses propriétés de la transduction sensorielle mais leur formation reste méconnue. Quels sont les facteurs moléculaires responsables de l’initiation et de l’élongation des filaments d’actine chez les cellules sensorielles microvilliées (CSMs) ? Peut-on décrire des éléments clés de la morphogenèse en commun ? Quel est le rôle structurel des microvillosités dans la fonction sensorielle ?J’ai étudié deux types sensoriels microvilliés : les neurones contactant le liquide cérébrospinal (NcLCS) et les cellules sensorielles des neuromastes (CSn). Mon projet visait à investiguer les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à la morphogenèse des CSMs par l’étude des NcLCS. J’ai décrit les étapes critiques menant à la formation de l’extension apicale des NcLCS auxquelles j’ai pu associer des candidats potentiels grâce l’analyse transcriptomique des NcLCS. J’ai démontré le rôle critique de l’interaction entre Espin et Myo3b dans l’élongation de l’extension apicale des NcLCS et j’ai établi un lien direct entre structure et fonction en montrant que le raccourcissement de l’extension apicale aboutissait à la réduction de la réponse sensorielle.Mon travail a permis d’apporter des éléments de réponse quant à la formation de l’organe sensoriel des NcLCS. L’analyse transcriptomique des CSn a par ailleurs révélé des facteurs de morphogenèse communs avec les NcLCS, suggérant que toutes les CSMs partagent des propriétés de différenciation conservées. / Sensory systems use specialized receptor cells, many of which detect sensory cues through specialized apical membrane protrusions, such as microvilli. The final shape of the microvilliated apical extension requires specific molecular machinery and determines many of the properties of sensory transduction. The establishment of this structure remains however elusive. What molecular factors orchestrate the initiation and elongation of actin filaments in microvilliated sensory cells (MSCs)? Can we find key elements of morphogenesis common to MSCs? What is the precise role of microvilli structure in sensory function? I investigated two sensory cell types harboring microvilli: spinal cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) and neuromast hair cells (nHCs). The primary goal was to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying morphogenesis of MSCs by focusing on CSF-cNs. I was able to describe critical steps leading to the development of CSF-cN apical extension. My participation to the transcriptome analysis of CSF-cNs revealed candidate molecular factors associated with each of these steps. I demonstrated the importance of the interaction between Espin and Myo3b to ensure the proper lengthening of CSF-cN apical extension. In this system, I established a direct link between morphology and function by showing that shorter apical extensions lead to reduced sensory response. Altogether, my work shed light on the formation of CSF-cN sensory organelle and its functional role. In parallel, the establishment of the nHC transcriptome dataset revealed similar morphogenetic factors with CSF-cNs, supporting the idea that all MSCs share conserved features for their differentiation.

yes / Purpose To characterize the intracranial volumetric changes that influence the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulse in the Aqueduct of Sylvius (AoS). Materials and methods Neck MRI data were acquired from 12 healthy adults (8 female and 4 males; mean age = 30.9 years), using a 1.5 T scanner. The intracranial arterial, venous and CSF volumes changes, together with the aqueductal CSF (aCSF) volume, were estimated from flow rate data acquired at C2/C3 level and in the AoS. The correlations and temporal relationships among these volumes were computed. Results The aCSF volumetric changes were strongly correlated (r = 0.967, p < 0.001) with the changes in intracranial venous volume, whose peak occurred 7.0% of cardiac cycle (p = 0.023) before peak aCSF volume, but less correlated with the intracranial arterial and CSF volume changes (r = −0.664 and 0.676 respectively, p < 0.001). The intracranial CSF volume change was correlated with the intracranial venous volume change (r = 0.820, p < 0.001), whose peak occurred slightly before (4.2% of CC, p = 0.059). Conclusion The aCSF pulse is strongly correlated with intracranial venous volume, with expansion of the cortical veins occurring prior to aCSF flow towards the third ventricle. Both caudal-cranial aCSF flow and venous blood retention occur when arterial blood volume is at a minimum.

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease (NDD) affecting approximately 1 - 2% of the population older than 65 and it is characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms such as rest tremors, stooping posture, and rigidity. The neuromolecular basis of PD is quite complex and that is why there is a need for in vitro systems that can be utilized for studies of PD and NDDs in general. Human-derived cell lines are a good candidate for in vitro systems since they are easy to manipulate and are a less costly alternative to post-mortem human tissue sections or animal models. In this study, I optimize the Lund human mesencephalic (LUHMES) cell line differentiation protocol by determining that the optimal seeding density of cells is 37 500 cells/ml and that the differentiation media can contain quadruple the recommended concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride. Additionally, I use the differentiated LUHMES cells to conduct an exploratory study by treating the cells with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from PD patients and CSF from healthy individuals to investigate the neuromodulatory effects of the CSF on the neuronal cell culture. Cell viability assay showed neurotoxicity 24 hours post-treatment for the control CSF and 48 hours post-treatment for both control and PD CSF. Immunohistochemistry showed differential expression of proteins of interest that reflect hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies are needed to reach conclusive results.

Thesis (MScMedSc (Pathology. Medical Microbiology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and Cryptococcus neoformans are the most common causes of chronic meningitis in South Africa. Conventional microbiology has limited utility in diagnosing these pathogens due to the paucibacillary nature of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the diagnostic delay associated with culturing methods. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of an in-house polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the detection of the etiological agent of chronic meningitis. METHODS CSF samples (where volume exceeded 5ml) were submitted to the Medical Microbiology diagnostic laboratory of the Tygerberg Hospital from patients with suspected tuberculosis meningitis (TBM). Following routine bacteriology, the sample was used to inoculate two mycobacterial growth indicator tubes (MGIT A and B) and subsequently incubated in the BACTEC 960 automated system. MGIT A followed standard operating procedures and the time to culture positivity was noted. Weekly aliquots (up to 6 weeks) were removed from MGIT B. These samples were boiled to inactivate the bacteria and then the DNA was extracted using the Promega Wizard SV Genomic DNA kit. The DNA was then speciated by PCR and high-resolution melting analysis (HRM) by using primers specific to either the RD9 region of MTB complex or primers specific to the partial internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), 5.8S rRNA gene and partial ITS2 sequence of C. neoformans. RESULTS Routine CSF microscopy indicated that 14 of the 78 patients (17.9%) had typical CSF findings of TBM (lymphocytes predominant, increased protein levels and decreased glucose levels). IV Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stains were positive for 12 (15.4%) samples, and MTB was cultured from 19 samples (24.4%). Our optimized PCR and HRM method was able to detect M. tuberculosis in 17 of the 19 culture positive specimens with a sensitivity of 89.5% and a specificity of 62.7%. The sensitivity of this method was higher than that of direct microscopy. In all of the PCR positive samples, the time to detection, compared to culture, could be shortened by 1 to 2 weeks. Only one sample was positive for Cryptococcus culture and another sample was positive with a Cryptococcus latex test. PCR for Cryptococcus was positive in 2 cases (n=78), sensitivities and specificities could not be reported due to the low number of positive cases. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that a short culture period and the use of commercial DNA extraction kit on CSF samples increases the sensitivity of molecular tests to diagnose tuberculosis. Furthermore, the molecular techniques could significantly reduce the time to positivity of results, when compared to culture. Due to the low occurrence of Cryptococcus in the samples included in our study, we could not comment on the diagnostic utility of PCR in the diagnosis of Cryptococcal meningitis, when compared to the conventional methods. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: INLEIDING Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) en Cryptococcus neoformans is die mees algemeenste oorsake van kroniese meningitis in Suid-Afrika. Routine mikroskopie dra beperkte waarde in die diagnose van hierdie patogene as gevolg van die klein hoeveelhede organismes wat in die SSV (serobrospinale vog) voorkom en die lang tyd wat dit benodig om hierdie organisms te kweek. Hierdie studie beoog om die diagnostiese waarde van ‘n polymerase ketting reaksie (PKR) metode wat intern ontwerp is te evalueer vir die identifikasie van patogene verantwoordelik vir kroniese meningitis. METODES SSV monsters (waarvan die volume 5ml oorskry) en waar daar ‘n kliniese vermoede van tuberkulose meningitis (TBM) was, is na die diagnostiese Mediese Mikrobiologie laboratorium van Tygerberg hospitaal gestuur vir roetine bakteriologiese ontleding. Die oorblywende monsters is gebruik om twee mikobakteriële groei-indikasiebuise (MGIT A en B) te innokuleer en hulle is geïnkubeer in ‘n BACTEC 960 geautomatiseerde sisteem. MGIT A is volgens roetine diagnostiese metodes geanaliseer en die tyd tot ‘n positiewe resultaat is aangeteken Weeklikse monsters (tot en met week 6) is uit MGIT B verwyder en die monsters is gekook om sodoende die bakterië te inaktiveer. Die Promega Wizard SV Genomiese DNS ekstraksiemetode is gebruik om die DNS te versuiwer. Spesiëring van die DNS is deur middel van ‘n intern ontwerpte PKR en hoëresolusiesmeltingsmetode (HRS) gedoen met inleiers wat spesifiek is tot die RD9 gedeelte van die MTB kompleks en inleiers spesifiek tot die gedeeltelike interne getranskribeerde spasieerder 1 (ITS1), 5.8S rRNS geen en die gedeeltelike ITS2 DNS volgorde van C. neoformans. VI RESULTATE Roetine SSV mikroskopie het aangedui dat 14 uit 78 (17.9%) pasiënte tipiese SSV bevindings van TBM (oorwegend limfosiete, verhoogde proteïene en verlaagde glukose) gehad het. Ziehl- Neelsen (ZN) kleurings was positief vir 12 (15.4%) monsters, en MTB is gekweek in 19 (24.4%) van hierdie monsters. Ons geoptimaliseerde PKR en HRS metode het daarin geslaag om M. tuberculosis in 17 van die 19 kultuurpositiewe monsters aan te toon met ‘n sensitiviteit van 89.5% en ‘n spesifisitiet van 62.7%. Die sensitiwiteit van die direkte PKR was hoër in vergelyking met mikroskopie. In al die PKR positiewe monsters was die tyd tot aantoning, in vergelyking met kultuur, verkort met 1 tot 2 weke. Slegs een monster het C. neoformans gekweek en ‘n ander monster was positief met die kriptokokkale latekstoets. PKR vir C. neoformans was positief in 2 gevalle (n=78). Die sensitiwiteit en spesifisiteit van die C. neoformans PKR kon nie bepaal word nie weens te min gevalle. GEVOLGTREKKINGS Ons het aangetoon dat ‘n verkorte inkubasieperiode en die gebruik van ‘n kommersiële DNS ekstraksiemetode op SSV monsters die sensitiwiteit van die molekulêre tegniek vir die diagnose van tuberkulose verhoog en dat hierdie metode die tyd na positiwiteit aansienlik verkort in vergelyking met kultuur. Weens die lae getalle van kriptokokkale meningitis in ons studie kon ons nie kommentaar lewer op die akkuraatheid van PKR in die diagnose van kriptokokkale meningitis, in vergelyking met meer konvensionele metodes, nie.

ZIEL Als Ursache für die sporadische Creutzfeldt-Jakob Krankheit wird eine spontane Konfigurationsänderung des Prionproteins diskutiert. Die Annahme der Beeinflussung fehlgefaltete Proteinketten, welche bei neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen wie der Alzheimer Demenz oder Parkinson vorliegen, auf die Entwicklung einer zweiten Proteinfehlfaltung stellen eine mögliche Verbindung zwischen dem Auftreten neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen und Prionerkrankungen her. Das Ziel dieser retrospektiven Untersuchung ist es, die klinischen und diagnostischen Eigenschaften von sCJD-Patienten mit Morbus Parkinson oder Demenz in der Familienanamnese zu analysieren um die Diagnostik verbessern zu können. METHODEN Für die vorliegende Arbeit wurde ein Kollektiv aus 133 Patienten mit sicherer oder wahrscheinliche sCJD mit bekannter Ausprägung am Codon-129 rekrutiert. Bei den Geschwistern, den Eltern oder den Großeltern mütterlicher- oder väterlicherseits lag ein Parkinsonsyndrom oder eine dementielle Erkrankung vor. Gegenüber gestellt wurde diesem eine Kontrollgruppe nach Zuordnung nach Geschlecht, Alter (+/- 5 Jahre) sowie PRnP-Codon 129-Genotyp. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt auf der klinischen Symptomatik, den Liquorparametern und den Ergebnissen aus bildgebenden Verfahren wie Elektroenzephalographie, zerebraler Computertomographie und Magnetresonanztomographie. ERGEBNISSE Erstes neurologisches Symptom waren zerebelläre Störungen (Ataxie), psychiatrische und visuelle Störungen, während eine dementielle Entwicklung erst im Verlauf hinzutrat. Beim Fortschreiten der Erkrankung wurden Pyramidenbahnzeichen häufiger und extrapyramidale Störungen deutlich seltener diagnostiziert. Insgesamt fiel vom klinischen Erscheinungsbild häufiger die Gruppe FA-Parkinson auf (beispielsweise häufiges Vorkommen von Antriebsstörungen), während FA-Demenz meist der Kontrollgruppe glich. Mit dem Nachweis von PSWC im EEG in 53 % bei FA-Demenz und 61 % bei FA-Parkinson übertrifft die Sensitivität der EEG-Untersuchung nicht die für die sCJD geltende von 64 % (Steinhoff et al. 2004). Mit einem Nachweis der Proteine 14-3-3 im Liquor in 96 % (FA-Demenz) und 100 % (FA-Parkinson) ergibt sich eine ebenso hohe Sensitivität wie für die sCJD bereits postuliert (94 %, Zerr et al. 2000a). Auch die Sensitivität der NSE ist bei den Patienten dieser Arbeit sehr hoch, während der Liquormarker S100b-Protein bei FA-Parkinson-Patienten deutlich seltener den cut-off-Wert erreicht. Ein CJD-typischer MRT-Befund (hyperintense Basalganglien oder kortikale Signalsteigerung) wurde nur in 52 % bei FA-Demenz und bei 49 % bei FA-Parkinson festgestellt. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG Schließlich lässt sich festhalten, dass bei diesen Patienten nicht vorwiegend eine Demenz wegweisend zur Diagnose ist, sondern auf das Vorliegen zerebellärer oder psychiatrischer Symptome geachtet werden muss. In der Diagnostik kommt dem EEG mit einer hohen Sensitivität eine große Bedeutung zu, während die MRTUntersuchung weniger wegweisend ist. Bei Morbus Parkinson in der Familie unterstützt die Liquoruntersuchung die Diagnostik nicht so stark, während gerade pathologische Werte des Tau-Proteins und des Amyloid-ß 1-42 bei Patienten mit Demenz in der Familie auf eine sCJD hindeuten.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills a system of cavities at the centre of the brain, known as ventricles, and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and the spinal cord. In addition, CSF is in free communication with the interstitial fluid of the brain tissue. Disturbances in CSF dynamics can lead to diseases that cause severe brain damage or even death. So-called infusion tests are frequently performed in the diagnosis of such diseases. In this type of test, changes in average CSF pressure are related to changes in CSF volume through infusion of known volumes of additional fluid. Traditionally, infusion tests are analysed with single compartment models, which treat all CSF as part of one compartment and balance fluid inflow, outflow and storage through a single ordinary differential equation. Poroelastic models of the brain, on the other hand, have been used to simulate spatial changes with disease, particularly of the ventricle size, on larger time scales of days, weeks or months. Wirth and Sobey (2008) developed a two-fluid poroelastic model of the brain in which CSF pressure pulsations are linked to arterial blood pressure pulsations. In this thesis, this model is developed further and simulation results are compared to clinical data. At first, the functional form of the compliance, which governs the storage of CSF in single compartment models, is examined by comparison of two different compliance models with clinical data. The derivations of a single-fluid and a two-fluid poroelastic model of the brain in spherical symmetry are laid out in detail and some of the parameters are related to the compliance functions considered earlier. The finite element implementation of the two-fluid model is described and finally simulation results of the average CSF pressure response and the pressure pulsations are compared to clinical data.

Affinity-based proteomics offers opportunities for the discovery and validation of disease-associated proteins in human body fluids. This thesis describes the use of antibody-based immunoassays for multiplexed analysis of proteins in human plasma, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This high-throughput method was applied with the objective to identify proteins associated to clinical variables. The main work in this thesis was conducted within the diseases of multiple sclerosis and malignant melanoma, as well as mammographic density, a risk factor for breast cancer. The suspension bead array (SBA) technology has been the main method for the work presented in this thesis (Paper I-IV). SBA assays and other affinity proteomic technologies were introduced for protein profiling of sample material obtained from clinical collaborators and biobanks. Perspectives on the validation of antibody selectivity by means of e.g. immuno-capture mass spectrometry are also provided. Paper I describes the development and application of a protocol for multiplexed pro- tein profiling of CSF. The analysis of 340 CSF samples from patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological disease revealed proteins with potential association to disease progression (GAP43) and inflammation (SERPINA3). Paper II continued on this work with an extended investigation of more than 1,000 clinical samples and included both plasma and CSF collected from the same patients. Comparison of disease subtypes and controls revealed five plasma proteins of potential diagnostic relevance, such as IRF8 and GAP43. The previously reported associations for GAP43 and SERPINA3 in CSF was confirmed. Subsequent immunohistochemical analysis of post-mortem brain tissue revealed differential protein expression in disease affected areas. In Paper III, 150 serum samples from patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma were analyzed. Protein profiles from antibody bead arrays suggested three proteins (RGN, MTHFD1L, STX7) of differential abundance between patients with no disease recurrence and low tumor thickness (T-stage 1 and 2) compared to patients with high tumor thickness (T-stage 3 and 4) and disease recurrence. We observed MTHFD1L expression in tissue of a majority of patients, while expression of STX7 in melanoma tissue had been reported previously. Paper IV describes the analysis of protein in plasma in relation to mammographic breast density (MD), one of the strongest risk factors for the development of breast cancers. More than 1,300 women without prior history of breast cancer were screened. Linear associations to MD in two independent sample sets were found for 11 proteins, which are expressed in the breast and involved in tissue homeostasis, DNA repair, cancer development and/or progression in MD. In conclusion, this thesis describes the use of multiplexed antibody bead arrays for protein profiling of serum, plasma and CSF, and it shortlists disease associated proteins for further validation studies. / <p>QC 20170302</p>

Cette thèse retrace le développement du vaccin antiméningococcique A par l’Institut Mérieux de Lyon entre 1963 et 1975. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons la maladie et la menace de santé publique qu’elle représente spécifiquement en Afrique subsaharienne, nécessitant le développement d’un vaccin défendu par le médecin militaire français Lapeyssonnie. Nous retraçons l'histoire de la collaboration entre l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé, l'Institut Rockefeller, le Centre International de Référence pour les Méningocoques (Pharo) et l'Institut Mérieux qui commercialisera avec succès un vaccin. Nous concluons avec le programme massif de vaccination mené au Brésil en 1974-75 dans le cadre duquel 80 millions de personnes ont été vaccinées contre la méningite pour tenter d’arrêter une épidémie mortelle de la maladie.Nous analysons cette histoire avec le concept de ‘doable problems’ développé par Joan Fujimura. Cette approche nous permet d'échapper à une simple ‘narration du progrès’ de la découverte d'un vaccin. Au lieu de cela, l'analyse en termes de niveaux d'organisation du travail et les concepts clefs d'articulation et d'alignement mettent en évidence un certain nombre d'aspects intéressants, notamment l'importance de la collaboration entre groupes et individus, ainsi que des hypothèses implicites sur la validité des différentes approches de la production vaccinale. Cette approche analytique nous permet de mettre en évidence des aspects sociaux pour compléter l’histoire technique du développement et de l’utilisation du vaccin au cours de cette période / This thesis recounts the development of a meningococcal A vaccine by the Lyon-based company Institut Mérieux between 1963 and 1975. First, we present the disease and the public health threat it posed specifically in sub-Saharan Africa giving rise to an effort to develop a vaccine championed by the French military doctor Lapeyssonnie. We trace the history of the collaboration between the World Health Organisation, the Rockefeller Institute, the International Reference Center for the Meningococcus (Pharo) and the Institut Mérieux, the company that would successfully bring a vaccine to market. We conclude with the massive vaccination programme carried out in Brazil in 1974-75 in which 80 million people were vaccinated against meningitis in an attempt to stop a deadly epidemic of the disease. We analyse this history in terms of the concept of ‘doable problems’ developed by Joan Fujimura. This approach allows us to escape the simple ‘progressive’ narrative of the discovery of a vaccine. Instead, the analysis in terms of levels of work organization and the key concepts of articulation and alignment bring to light a number of interesting aspects, notably the importance of collaboration between groups and individuals as well as implicit assumptions concerning the validity of the different approaches to vaccine production. This analytical approach allows us to bring social aspects to the fore to complement the technical history of the development and use of the vaccine in this period

Plus de 50 % des handicaps neurodéveloppementaux sont dus à une exposition périnatale à des stress toxiques ou oxydants. Comprendre comment le cerveau est protégé au cours du développement périnatal et pourquoi ses mécanismes de défense sont dépassés lorsque l’enfant est soumis à un stress important est donc crucial. La barrière sang – liquide céphalorachidien (LCR), localisée au niveau des plexus choroïdes, présente une capacité de détoxification élevée et pourrait donc avoir un rôle prépondérant dans la protection du cerveau au stade périnatal. Nous avons étudié la capacité de plusieurs enzymes choroïdiennes à protéger l'environnement liquidien cérébral pendant la période postnatale chez le rat, et évalué si leurs activités pouvaient être induites par la voie du nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Le facteur Nrf2 peut en effet moduler l’expression de différents gènes codant pour des enzymes de détoxification. Nous avons montré que les glutathion transférases (Gst) et les glutathion peroxydases (Gpx), intervenant respectivement dans l’inactivation des molécules toxiques et dans la régulation du stress oxydant, présentaient des activités choroïdiennes élevées pendant la période postnatale, et avons caractérisé fonctionnellement leur capacités de neuroprotection. Le traitement des ratons avec du diméthylfumarate (DMF), inducteur de la voie Nrf2, induit la migration nucléaire de Nrf2, augmente l’activité choroïdienne Gst, et réduit de 40 % le passage cérébral de toxiques substrats des Gst. Ces données montrent la capacité neuroprotectrice précoce des plexus choroïdes, et indique qu’elle peut être induite pharmacologiquement / More than 50 % of intellectual or sensory-motor deficits in children are due to perinatal exposure to oxidative stress or toxicants. Understanding brain protection mechanisms during development is crucial to design therapeutic strategies to address these disabilitating disorders. The choroid plexuses, forming an interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), have a high detoxifying capacity, suggesting their involvement in neuroprotection. The nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway can modulate the expression of several genes encoding for antioxidant proteins and detoxifying enzymes. We studied the ability of several choroidal enzyme families to protect the brain fluid environment during the postnatal period in rat and explored whether this protection can be enhanced by Nrf2 pathway. We focused on glutathione transferases (Gsts), which conjugate toxic compounds to glutathione, and glutathione peroxidases (Gpxs), which detoxify reactive oxygen species. Gst and Gpx specific activities were high during the postnatal period in choroid plexuses compared to the cerebral cortex, and their neuroprotective functions were efficient. The Nrf2 factor is expressed in choroid plexuses during the perinatal period. Treatment of rat pups with Nrf2 activator dimethylfumarate induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and increased Gst activities in choroid plexus tissues. The dimethylfumarate treatment resulted in a large decrease of the blood-to-CSF permeability of a prototypical Gst substrate. These data substantiate the early neuroprotective functions of choroid plexuses, which can be enhanced upon treatment with clinically used pharmacological compounds