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The threat of government and corporate surveillance around the world, as well as the publicity surrounding major cybersecurity attacks, have increased interest in secure and private end-to-end communications. In response to this demand, numerous secure messaging applications have been developed in recent years. These applications have been welcomed and publically used not just by political activists and journalists but by everyday users as well. Most of these popular secure messaging applications are usable because they hide many of the details of how encryption is provided. The strength of the security properties of these applications relies on the authentication ceremony, wherein users validate the keys being used for encryption that is exchanged through the service providers. The validation process typically involves verifying the fingerprints of encryption keys to protect the communication from being intercepted.In this dissertation, we explore how to help users enhance the privacy of their communica- tions, with a particular focus on secure messaging applications. First, we explore whether secure messaging applications are meeting the security and privacy needs of their users, especially in countries that practice censorship and restrict civil liberties, including blocking access to social media and communication applications. Second, we studied existing popular secure messaging applications to explore how users interact with these applications and how well they are using the authentication ceremony during lab studies. Third, we applied design principles to improve the interfaces for the authentication ceremony, and also to help users find and perform the authentication ceremony faster. Forth, we applied the lessons from our interviews with participants in our user studies to help users comprehend the importance of authentication. As part of the effort, we developed an authentication ceremony using social media accounts to map key fingerprints to social features, pushing the ceremony to a more natural domain for users. We modified the Signal secure messaging application to include this social authentication ceremony and used a user study to compare this method to other common methods. We found that social authentication has some promising features, but that social media companies are too distrusted by users. Based on our results, we make several recommendations to improve the use of security and privacy features in secure messaging applications and outline areas for future work.

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The Haida language, Xaad Kil is dangerously close to extinction and in need of heroic action. The purpose of this study is to find out what ancient traditions and beliefs we could incorporate into our language revitalization efforts. Drawing on archival literature and community knowledge, I found almost 100 traditional ways to support Xaad Kil revitalization. There are four main chapters: Haida foods, Haida medicines, Haida rituals and ceremonies and Haida supernatural beings that could contribute to Xaad Kil revitalization. The food chapter features two-dozen traditional foods from salmon to berries that support a healthy lifestyle for Haida language speakers and that could strengthen our connections to the supernatural world. The Haida medicine chapter features two dozen traditional medicines from single-delight to salt water that could heal, strengthen and purify the Haida language learner. The ritual and ceremony chapter features over two-dozen rituals from devil’s club rituals to labret piercing ceremonies that could strengthen Haidas and our language learning. The supernatural being chapter features twenty-three supernatural beings including Greatest Crab and Lady Luck that could bring a language learner wealth, knowledge, luck and strength. This study suggests that a Xaad kil learner and the Xaad kil language need to be pure, protected, connected, lucky, strong, healthy, respected, loved and wise. The path to these qualities is within the traditions and beliefs featured in this research. This study is significant because it shows that the language revitalization answers are within and all around us. / Graduate / 0290 / 0326 / lucybell@uvic.ca

This inter-disciplinary thesis addresses the long term continuity and change found in representations of Scottish royal authority through state ceremonial bridging the gap between medieval and early modern across four centuries. Royal ceremony in Scotland has received very haphazard research to date, with few attempts to draw comparisons that explore how these crucial moments for the representation of royal authority developed over the course of a number of centuries. Three key royal ceremonies – inaugurations/coronations, funerals and weddings (with consort coronations) – form the core of this study of the Scottish monarchy from c.1214 to c.1603, and were chosen due to their integral position in the reign of each monarch. The issues of succession and security of hereditary monarchy dictate that the ceremonies of death and accession are inescapably intertwined, and funerals and coronations have been studied in unison together for other European comparators. However, the frequency of minor accessions, early and violent deaths, absentee kingship and political upheaval in Scotland across the time period determined from an early stage that weddings – often the first occasion for Scottish monarchs to project their personal adult authority and the point at which Scotland had the widest European audience for their display – were essential to forming a rounded view of developments. By offering a detailed analysis of these ceremonial developments across time, this study will provide the framework from which further research into royal ceremony and its place as essential platform for the dissemination of royal power can be undertaken. The thesis focuses upon key questions to illuminate the developments of these ceremonies as both reflectors of a distinct Scottish royal identity and representative of their integration within a broader European language of ceremony. How did these ceremonies reflect the ideals of Scottish kingship? How were they shaped to function within the parameters of Scottish governance and traditions? How was the Scottish crown influenced by other monarchies and the papacy? How did it hope to be perceived by the wider European community and how was royal power exercised over its subjects in this transitional period of Scottish history? The focus upon Scotland’s visual forays on the international stage and varied relations with European actors has required a continual comparison with other European countries across this time period, with particular attention being paid to England, France, Ireland and the Low Countries. Within the context of a highly public and interactive era of display and posturing by great leaders across Europe, crucial points this thesis engages with include: what made the Scottish ceremonies unique? And how can this further our understanding of that which lay beneath such representations of royal authority?

Le présent mémoire cherche à comprendre la nature des rapports entre la ville de Paris et le roi Charles IX grâce à l’étude de l’entrée royale de ce dernier dans la capitale en 1571. Pour l’historien, l’étude des grands rituels monarchiques permet de saisir les mécanismes symboliques de communication qui créent en quelque sorte le pouvoir royal. L’entrée royale, rituel codifié durant lequel une ville accueille son souverain, permet d’observer la nature des rapports entre le pouvoir monarchique et le pouvoir urbain. Généralement perçue comme un moment consensuel, l’entrée royale peut aussi servir de cadre pour les édiles urbains afin d’exprimer leurs désaccords à l’égard des politiques du roi. La confrontation entre la relation officielle de l’entrée et les archives municipales met au jour une série de ratés nous permettant de déconstruire l’image de concorde longtemps associée à l’entrée de 1571. Loin d’être un portrait élogieux du roi Charles IX, le programme de l’entrée parisienne de 1571 célèbre plutôt Catherine de Médicis et le duc Henri d’Anjou. En cela, les édiles parisiens expriment leurs critiques face à un pouvoir monarchique dont l’inaction durant les guerres de religion illustre la trop grande faiblesse. / This dissertation seeks to understand the nature of the relationship between the city of Paris and king Charles IX through the study of his royal entry in 1571. For historians, the study of the major monarchical rituals captures the mechanisms of symbolic communication that create the royal power. The royal entry, a codified ritual during which a city host his sovereign, shows the nature of the power dynamic between the monarchy and the urban centre. Generally seen as a consensual moment, the royal entry can also serve as a framework for the urban councillors to express their disagreement with the king’s policies. The comparison between the official relation of the entry and the municipal archives reveals a set of blunders that allows us to deconstruct the consistent image of concord long been associated with the 1571 entry. Far from being a glorious portrait of king Charles IX, the entry program rather celebrate Catherine de Medici and Duke Henry of Anjou. The Parisian councillors express therefore their critics against a monarchy whose inaction during the religious wars illustrates his weakness.

This thesis investigates the ceremonial and artistic strategies of the British monarchy in the years following the Glorious Revolution. By adopting a range of methodologies used in the study of visual culture, the thesis considers royal ceremonies as channels for conveying political messages non-verbally. These could affect attitudes to the monarchy, and inform artistic output. By paying particular attention to the way royal participants performed ceremonially in relation to the various formal and informal architectural settings for the court, the thesis highlights the process of seeing as a communicative act. Being alert to the impact of royal ceremonial and artistic activities on contemporary audiences, the thesis also considers the dissemination of royal imagery in England by commercial means. The thesis surveys paintings, prints and medals produced in England, and places the intended audiences at the centre of the analysis. It also pays keen attention to the impact of war on royal image making, and highlights the political context of continental Europe, especially in relation to William’s role as Stadholder-King but also the exiled Stuart court at St Germain near Paris. The evidence presented here supports a number of conclusions. Firstly, war had a profound impact on all aspects of royal image making. Secondly, royal behaviour and involvement in ceremony were vital elements in the visual presentation of monarchy. Kings and queens were of paramount importance, but their consorts were highly significant. Art was also taken seriously by the monarchy and the Crown tightened controls on royal image making during the period in question. The thesis also concludes that the nationalities of the incumbent monarchs and their consorts, along with their previous experiences and personalities, influenced their individual approach to visual representation. These approaches could shift depending on political circumstances and the personal inclinations of the person concerned.

The intention of the Diploma thesis Rites of passage as a theme in the history textbooks is analyze the history textbooks of upper primary school in terms of rites of passage. This practical part is preceded by general introduction to the issue of rituals and rites of passage. The following is a discussion of selected rites of passage, which are weddings and funerals. Selected rites of passage determine the direction which is going analysis itself textbooks. In general I am interested in themes of weddings, funerals and all other facts that are associated with the issue in analyzing textbooks. Then I find out, how and what extent selected rites of passage are presented to pupils. So that pupils gain the most information from the particular way in view of the rites of passage, I deal also possibilities to enrich a certain representation of ritual. The conclusion summarizes the main reasons for the changes of rites of passage that appear in the history books for upper primary school. KEYWORDS ritual, rite of passage, textbook, funeral, grave, burial ground, wedding, wedding ceremony

Cette approche de recherche sur Fernando Arrabal et le théâtre panique pointe une période circonscrite à l’œuvre théâtrale du dramaturge dite « panique ».L’objet de cette thèse cherche donc à essayer de comprendre la théorie panique (la mémoire, le hasard et la confusion) ainsi qu’une thématisation sur les différents modèles artistiques de ses pièces paniques et l’influence arrabalienne dans le devenir scénique d’aujourd’hui. L’étude part d’une nouvelle esthétique théâtrale baroque allant du texte à la scène ainsi que de la stratégie utilisée par l’écrivain dramaturge dans ces pièces appelée la cérémonie panique.La problématique centrale est celle de la perception esthétique et cathartique qui plonge le spectateur vers la confusion de la scène et de la vie. Le panique suivant la théorie artauldienne fusionne la réalité et le cauchemar. L’individu est confronté au chaos de la vie jusqu’à la fin tragique de la mort.La dramaturgie arrabalienne mène l’écrivain sur un double questionnement, celui de la quête de la gloire, de l’identité avec la réalité à travers la connaissance de soi et du monde mais aussi aux peurs que cela provoque. La représentation de ce théâtre plonge le spectateur dans un véritable choc émotionnel. Le théâtre panique de Fernando Arrabal est un théâtre universel, mais aussi un théâtre de l’extrême, qui va à l’encontre de la vérité, de la liberté et de la panique. Une panique individuelle et collective qui à travers un théâtre total fait éclater la raison et les carcans sociétaux cherchant un monde meilleur. L’écrivain est d’autant plus d’actualité que la triste réalité nous confronte au théâtre panique. / This approach to the research on Fernando Arrabal and the panic theater points out to a specific and limited time of the playwright’s theatrical work called "panic".The aim of this thesis is therefore to try to understand the panic theory (memory, chance and confusion) as well as a thematization on the different artistic models of these panic plays and the Arrabalian influence on the scenic future of today. The study begins with a new baroque theatrical aesthetics ranging from text to scene and from the strategy used by the playwright in these panic plays called the panic ceremony.The central problem is that of the aesthetic and cathartic perception that plunges the viewer into the confusion of the scene and of life. The panic following the Artauldian theory merges reality and nightmare. The individual is confronted with the chaos of life until the tragic end of death.The Arrabalian dramaturgy leads the writer on a double questioning, that of the quest for glory, of identity with reality through the knowledge of the self and of the world, but also that of the fears it fathers. The representation of this theatre plunges the viewer into a real emotional shock. The panic theater of Fernando Arrabal is not only a universal theatre, but also a theatre of the extreme, which goes against the truth, freedom and panic. An individual and collective panic which, through a complete theater, is breaking out reason and social contraints, and also looking for a better world. The writer is all the more topical as the sad reality confronts us with panic theater.