La thèse met en évidence, dans le cas de la France, une forme de régulation composite des risques sanitaires et environnementaux liés aux usages des pesticides par les jardiniers amateurs, qui comporte trois principales dimensions. (1) Intimement articulée aux mécanismes de marché, cette forme de régulation impute l’essentiel de la responsabilité à l’utilisateur considéré en tant que consommateur à responsabiliser, alors que les autorités publiques considèrent les firmes de pesticides comme des opérateurs économiques dont les avantages compétitifs sont à valoriser, veillant donc à respecter la dynamique de l’offre et de la demande tout en se chargeant d’encadrer ce marché par l’homologation des produits. (2) Elle épouse les principes de la société singulariste où l’individu serait la référence centrale de la dynamique des sociétés contemporaines et le régulateur des problèmes collectifs par ses choix de consommation et ses prises de positions individuelles. (3) Elle s’opère dans un contexte où l’État a per¬du sa centralité sous la double influence de l’européanisation et de la décentralisation et où les modes de régulations politiques sont caractérisés par des formes moins dirigistes de gouvernement pouvant être définies comme des « politiques sans politique ». La régulation composite des pesticides domestiques est porteuse d’un postulat implicite qui impute la responsabilité des risques aux usagers et qui, si elle laisse ouverte la voie à une po¬ten-tielle réduction de l’usage des produits, tend à limiter leur exclusion et réduit les possibilités d’une transition vers un jardinage sans pesticides. / In 2008, the amount of pesticides used by amateur gardeners in the approximately fifteen million private gardens which exist in France and which represent a total area of a million hectares, rose to 3500 tons. Within the framework of a highly growing social awareness regarding health and environment problems and whilst the cut back on the use of pesticides in agriculture represents one of the main political objectives in the field of environmental protection, and Europe defines its chemical substances control policies (REACH), a study on the use of pesticides in gardening practices represents a good observation point to understand representations, dispositions and social practices linked to the use of pesticides in private gardens, to question the announced “greening” of life styles, to appreciate the capacity of the commercial production-distribution chain to manage such problems, and finally to evaluate the impact and direction of public policies to prevent health and environment risks.The results of the thesis are supported by sociological investigations carried out with amateur gardeners, by means of questionnaires (N=900) and interviews (N=24), with producers and distributors of phytosanitary products and with the press specialized in gardening (N=17) in France. The analysis of the pesticides code of management applied since 2003 in Quebec and which constitutes a regulation which prohibits the use and sale of a series of pesticides recognized as the most hazardous health-wise in municipal and private gardens, represents a counterpoint of the French situation.In the case of France, the thesis underlines a sort of composite regulation regarding the sanitary and environmental risks linked to the use of pesticides by amateur gardeners, involving three dimensions. (1) Intimately linked to the marketing mechanisms, this type of regulation attributes the core of the responsibility to the user, considered as the consumer to be blamed, while public authorities consider the firms which produce the pesticides as economic operators whose competitive advantages must be considered, seeking to respect the dynamics of offer and demand as well as controlling this market based on product certification. (2) It adopts the principles of the one-man society where the individual would be the main reference of the dynamics of contemporary societies and the regulator of collective problems based on his consumer choices and his individual position-taking. (3) It is located in a context where the State has lost its central position under the double influence of “Europeanization” and “decentralization” and where the types of political regulations are characterized by less interventionist forms of government, which can be defined as “politics without politics”. The composite regulation of domestic pesticides has an implicit postulate which attributes the responsibility of the risks involved to the users and which , in case of leaving an open door to the potential reduction of the use of products, tends to limit their exclusion as well as the possibilities of a transition towards pesticide free gardening.

Implementation of the Third energy package into the legal order of the Czech Republic Summary This thesis discusses the implementation issue of the Third energy package, also known as the Third liberalization package, into the Czech national law. It consists of three regulations and two directives of the European Union, which determines the energy politics both on the European level and on the level of the member states. The first part of this thesis describes the ancestors of the Third energy package and their accomplishments or failures together with reasons for creating the next generations of liberalizing legislation. The author describes the liberalization in the form of the legal, functional and accounting unbundling separately for electricity and gas industry at the European level, and then the implementation at the level of the Czech legislation. In the next chapter it is further explained, what were the European legislator's incentives for creating the Third energy package, and what new institutes it stipulates. It is herein described that the European Union came with three different unbundling versions of the transmission system operators (TSO) - Ownership unbundling (OU), Independent system operator (ISO) and the Independent transmission operator (ITO). Requirements of all of the three variations...

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Health Sciences in Emergency Medical Care, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Purpose Emergency care education and training in South Africa is experiencing an important transformation period, involving migration from short course based training to a newly proposed, formalised, three-tier qualification system, aligned with the Higher Education Sub-framework. Many existing and experienced holders of short course emergency care certificates face the challenge of gaining access to formal emergency care programmes without meeting the minimum entry requirements. Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) will therefore become one of the key strategies for planned migration of short course graduates into professional learning programmes. However, the research reports on RPL practice in the field of emergency care are scarce. Hence, valuable lessons about RPL in emergency care programmes are missed. The purpose of this study is to explore the efficacy of RPL practice within the National Certificate: Emergency Care (NCEC) Programme in the Western Cape, through the experience of ambulance emergency assistants, who applied for RPL on the Programme and the paramedic educators involved in the facilitation and RPL assessment on the NCEC Programme. Methodology The design of this descriptive exploratory study was qualitative, and was set in the interpretative paradigm using a case study mode of inquiry. The qualitative data was collected through semi-structured focus groups, individual interviews, and document analysis. The participants were from Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT), Department of Emergency Medical Sciences, and the Western Cape Government College of Emergency Care (WCCEC). Collected data was interpreted by means of thematic analysis, set against the context of the study objectives and the theoretical framework. Finding The study revealed three main themes related to RPL efficacy in the NCEC Programme. These included the need for RPL training for educators involved in RPL, lack of support and guidance for RPL assessors and participants, and the need for careful selection of RPL assessment methods. The document analysis highlighted the gap between a comprehensive and sound RPL policy document and the practical implementation of these policies. Conclusion and Recommendations The emergency care field requires greater awareness and information on RPL processes, principles, assessments, and requirements. The higher education institutions, as the sole providers of the newly proposed formal emergency care programmes need to consider building capacity for RPL by means of training and dedicating academic staff to RPL, and developing comprehensive RPL policies, in collaboration with relevant stakeholders in the field. RPL assessment methods need to be more diverse and tailored to the individual RPL claimants. Further research on RPL will ensure a fair, social inclusive and redressing process during the planned migration of emergency care education and training. / M

[pt] O objetivo da dissertação é contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento científico sobre os impactos da certificação de produtos por organismos acreditados em setores industriais selecionados no Brasil, mediante um estudo de casos múltiplos. No contexto institucional no qual a pesquisa se insere, considera-se que um sistema concebido para acreditar serviços de avaliação de conformidade dos Organismos de Avaliação de Conformidade (OAC) deve oferecer confiança aos consumidores e às autoridades reguladoras. A metodologia adotada compreende: (i) pesquisa bibliográfica e documental sobre acreditação, avaliação da conformidade e certificação de produtos; (ii) proposição de um modelo conceitual analítico que integre esses temas, na perspectiva de avaliação dos impactos da certificação de produtos por organismos acreditados em empresas de setores selecionados; (iii) planejamento e condução de entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto a gestores de organismos de certificação de produtos (OCP) e empresas selecionadas; (iv) elaboração de estudo de casos múltiplos; e (v) formulação de recomendações para as entidades envolvidas e interessadas na pesquisa. Destacam-se como resultados um modelo conceitual para avaliação dos impactos da certificação de produtos por organismos acreditados e um conjunto consistente de impulsionadores-chave e indicadores operacionais para medição dos impactos da certificação de produtos por organismos acreditados. / [en] The objective of this dissertation is to contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge about the impacts of product certification by accredited organisms in selected industrial sectors, through a multiple case study in Brazil. In the institutional context in which this research is situated, it is assumed that accreditation plays a crucial role in achieving confidence and trust between suppliers and consumers, as well as regulatory authorities. The research methodology encompasses: (i) bibliographical and documental review on accreditation, conformity assessment and product certification; (ii) design of a conceptual model that integrates the referred themes, within the perspective of future application in companies from selected industrial sectors in Brazil; (iii) design, conduction, and scoring of semi-structured interviews with managers of selected accredited organisms and companies; (iv) development of a multiple case study focusing on these selected companies; and (v) formulation of suggestions for future research and application in other sectors in Brazil. The main results can be summarized as follows: a conceptual model for evaluating the impacts of product certification by accredited organisms; and a consistent set of key drivers and operational indicators for measuring the impacts of product certification by accredited organisms.

Background: South Korea is one of the countries currently enforcing more strict emission standards for heavy-duty vehicles, as a result of the global push to restrict pollution. In addition, there has been recent scandals involving several well-established automotive companies manipulating emissions tests and not fulfilling regulations. This has resulted in the government increasing the pressure for companies to apply the correct certifications even further. For companies to sell vehicles on the South Korean market, the vehicles must be certified and approved by the government, known as homologation. This process partly involves self-certification, meaning that companies are responsible for applying the correct certification themselves. It is therefore of great importance to have structured and clear processes to mitigate risks of error-making, in order to avoid financial and legal repercussions. Purpose: The study aims to identify and analyze the risks in error-making. Therefore, the purpose is to understand and propose improvement actions to the current homologation processes at Scania Korea Group. Method: The thesis utilized a case study strategy with a descriptive approach to illustrate the process. An exploratory approach was used in combination to identify risks and provide improvement actions. Qualitative data in conjunction with theory around business process improvement were utilized to fulfill the purpose. Firstly, interviews and focus groups were conducted to map the process. Thereafter, a failure mode and effect criticality analysis(FMECA) was used to analyze the process. Lastly, improvement actions were decided based on best practices and benchmarking. Findings and recommendations: The homologation process contain many high severity risks such as certifying the incorrect truck specifications or not complying with regulations, due to not updating the certifications when product changes occur. Furthermore, government approvals incorporate a substantial part of the process lead-time. As such, it is concluded that quality is of utmost importance, both to decrease lead-time and minimize risks with detrimental consequences. The analysis showed evidence of lacking controls/gates in the process, which enables errors and incorrect applications to move through. Improvements regarding increased project structure, planning and communication within SKG were suggested. Further improvement points were an increased number of controls and more clear delegation of responsibility. Recommendations for future studies: We propose to further investigate the root-causes of the inherent risks in the process. Future studies should also look to gather additional data from other heavy-duty automotive companies in South Korea, since it could provide deeper and more generalizable results. Lastly, we recommend future research to utilize a quantitative research approach, providing more statistical evidence.

As relações de gênero, construídas e enraizadas na sociedade, mantêm o trabalho e expressão da mulher na invisibilidade, subordinada ao trabalho doméstico restrito à esfera privada. Este estudo tem como foco uma Organização de Controle Social (OCS) formada majoritariamente por mulheres que atuam na produção e comercialização de alimentos orgânicos na modalidade dos circuitos curtos, através de uma cooperativa administrada de forma democrática, no assentamento Milton Santos. Este assentamento foi construído como um Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (PDS), conforme as normas do INCRA, e também uma Comuna da Terra, tal como concebido pelo MST. Esta concepção se funda na perspectiva de produção orgânica e de proximidade do assentamento com os grandes centros urbanos consumidores. Ao realizar a pesquisa qualitativa, com observação participante e entrevista semiestruturada com as mulheres desta OCS e com mulheres que não atuam nesse grupo, foi possível examinar em detalhes o dispositivo da OCS, como instrumento de apoio à agricultura agroecológica. Com efeito, as mulheres consideradas neste estudo protagonizam as atividades de comercialização em torno da OCS em questão, com vistas à sua autonomia financeira e à construção de espaço de falas igualitários na esfera pública. A comercialização em circuito curto possibilita maior proximidade entre produtoras e consumidores. A partir destas ações em torno da comercialização, as mulheres consideradas carregam para a esfera pública suas aspirações, para além da esfera privada. / The gender relations, built and rooted in society, keep women\'s work and expression in invisibility, subordinate to domestic work restricted to the private sphere. This study focuses on a Organização de Controle Social (OCS) made up mainly of women who work in the production and marketing of organic food in the short circuit, through a democratically managed cooperative in the Milton Santos settlement. This settlement was built as Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (PDS) according to INCRA, and also an Comuna da Terra as conceived by the MST. This conception is based on the perspective of organic production and the proximity of the settlement with the large consuming urban centers. When conducting the qualitative research, with participant observation and semi-structured interview with the women of this OCS and with women who do not work in this group, it was possible to examine in detail the device of the OCS, as an instrument to support agroecological agriculture. In fact, the women considered in this study as leading role in the commercialization activities around the OCS in question, with a view to their financial autonomy and the construction of egalitarian speech space in the public sphere. Short-circuit marketing enables greater proximity between producers and consumers. From these actions around commercialization, the women considered carry their aspirations to the public sphere, beyond the private sphere.

No description available.

En viktig målsättning i den svenska skogspolitiken är att skogsbruket ska bedrivas på ett hållbart sätt och i Skogsvårdslagen är produktionsmålen och miljömålen jämställda. Skogsägare kan utöver detta åta sig att certifiera sin fastighet, antingen genom FSC eller PEFC. Certifiering är ett marknadsdrivet, frivilligt åtagande och handlar om att ta ett större ansvar för miljö och natur än vad Skogsvårdslagen kräver.  Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra förekomst av naturvärden på certifierade fastigheter och icke-certifierade fastigheter genom fältinventering av utvalda kriterier. Kriterierna valdes utifrån mätbara och synliga indikatorer på naturvärden och utifrån faktorer som speglar variationsrikedom, hänsyn, kontinuitet, flora-och faunaobjekt och återväxt. I denna studie har vi arbetat fram en funktionell inventeringsmall i syfte att kartlägga naturvärden på fastighetsnivå.  En slutsats från inventeringen var att naturens egna förutsättningar är en viktig faktor för förekomsten av naturvärden i högre grad än om fastigheten är certifierad eller inte.

O dendezeiro (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) é uma planta originaria da África, pertencente à família Arecaceae e gênero Elaeis. A Indonésia e a Malásia são os maiores produtores, responsáveis por 90% da produção, enquanto o Brasil representa apenas 0,5 %. Entretanto, esses países esgotaram sua áreas de plantio e não podem mais avançar por força de comitês internacionais de sustentabilidade que não permitem o plantio em áreas nativas. E nesse contexto, que o estado do Pará surge em potencial para assumir a produção mundial, principalmente depois do zoneamento ecológico e econômico do dendê no Brasil, proibindo os plantios em áreas nativas o que permite que a atividade cresça sem provocar o desmatamento de áreas nativas. Atualmente, os principais compradores de óleo de palma do mundo são certificados pela Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) que é a instituição sem fins lucrativos que normatiza os critérios e indicadores para uma produção de óleo de palma sustentáveis sobre o ponto de vista econômico, social e ambiental. Dessa forma o objetivo da tese foi compreender melhor os atuais cenários da dendeicultura na região, possíveis entraves, empecilhos e pontos de melhoria nas empresas de óleo de palma no Pará por meio de um estudo detalhado sobre foco da sustentabilidade da agroindústria de palma no seu tripé, econômico, social e ambiental. Na sustentabilidade econômica foram avaliados os principais tributos incidentes sobre a cadeia agroindustrial de palma e sua influencia sobre os custos de produção. Na questão ambiental, foi realizado uma analise sobre o ciclo de vida (ACV), identificando os principais emissores de CO2 na cadeia agroindustrial de palma desde o viveiro ate a extração de óleo na Industria.Ainda na questão ambiental, foram avaliados os recursos genéticos dos principais plantios e indicação de variedades resistentes a doenças da região. E por ultimo na sustentabilidade social foram avaliados o programa de agricultura familiar de palma na região. E por ultimo, todas essas informações foram confrontadas com os indicadores de sustentabilidade da RSPO para avaliar a realidade dos plantios frente ao principal comitê mundial de certificação de óleo de palma no mundo. Os encargos trabalhistas e com insumos são os principais fatores onerantes sobre os custos de produção, sendo a participação da agricultura familiar ainda bastante pequena, estruturada em contratos de 25 anos com as empresas na região. A utilização do diesel e de fertilizantes são os maiores responsáveis por emissão de CO2 e são utilizadas 10 variedades de dendê distribuídas em cinco pólos centrais de produção no estado do Pará. A gestão do uso da Água e destinação final dos efluentes são os maiores entraves dentro das não conformidades dos critérios da RSPO. / The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.), originally from Africa, belongs to the family Arecaceae and genus Elaeis. Indonesia and Malaysia are the largest producers, accounting for 90% of the world production, while Brazil accounts for only 0.5%. However, those countries have used up their planting areas and are no longer able to expand them, under the guidelines of international committees for sustainability that do not allow the planting of native areas. In this context, the state of Pará Brazil becomes a potential to take over the world production, especially after the ecological and economic zoning of oil palm in Brazil, forbidding the cropping of native areas, which allows the activity to grow without causing deforestation of native forests. Currently, the main buyers of palm oil in the world are certified by the Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), a nonprofit institution that regulates the criteria and indicators for the sustainable production of palm oil under the economic, social and environmental perspectives. Thus, the aim of this research was to better understand the current scenarios of oil palm in the region, possible barriers, obstacles and areas for improvement in palm oil companies in Pará through a detailed study on the sustainability of the industry of palm oil under the economic, social and environmental aspects. In the economic aspect, we assessed taxes on the main agro-industrial chain of palm and their influence on production costs. In terms of environmental issues, an analysis was conducted on the life cycle assessment (LCA), identifying the major CO2 releasers in the agribusiness chain from the palm nursery until the extraction of oil in the industry. We also assessed the genetic resources of the main crops and indications of disease-resistant varieties of the region. Finally, we analyzed the social sustainability of the palm oil family farming program in the region. The data were analyzed in accordance to the RSPO sustainability guidelines to assess the compliance of the actual conditions to the certifications established by the main committee for palm oil plantations worldwide. Labor costs and inputs are the major considerable factors on production costs, with the participation of family farming still quite small, structured in 25-year contracts with companies in the region. The use of diesel and fertilizers account for most CO2 emissions and 10 varieties of palm oil trees are used in five production regions in the state of Pará. Water use management and disposal of effluents are the major nonconformities to the RSPO guidelines.

Os diferentes programas e sistemas de gestão de qualidade, como o QUALIHAB, o PBQP-H e a ISO série 9000, vêm sendo disseminados no mercado da construção civil como meio das empresas obterem qualidade nos empreendimentos. Contudo, a implantação dos programas e sistemas de gestão não conseguiu dar garantias à qualidade dos empreendimentos, principalmente quando há superposição dos sistemas de gestão dos participantes envolvidos. Como forma de transpor estes obstáculos, buscou-se caracterizar e analisar, criticamente, a implementação de sistemas de gestão de qualidade com o intuito de obter subsídios à elaboração de planos de qualidade aplicáveis ao modo específico da construção civil. O desenvolvimento do trabalho foi feito a partir da revisão bibliográfica e estudos de caso realizados em empreendimentos de construção civil, privados e públicos, envolvendo empresas construtoras, empresas gerenciadoras, uma empresa de consultoria e profissionais autônomos na área de qualidade. O trabalho propõe diretrizes para a elaboração de planos de qualidade em empreendimentos da construção civil, principalmente no que se refere à evolução dos sistemas de gestão da qualidade, que passariam a ser aplicados ao empreendimento e não à estrutura interna das organizações. / The programs and systems of quality management, such as the QUALIHAB, PBQPH, and ISO 9000 series, have been spread through the Brazilian civil construction market so that building companies can achieve building-projects quality. However, the implementation of management systems has not guaranteed quality in construction projects mainly when there is a superposition of stakeholders management systems. This research critically characterizes and analyses the implementation of quality management systems in order to subsidize the development of quality plans applied to construction projects. In the development of this work, a bibliographical review was conducted and case studies were carried out on private and public construction projects involving construction companies, management companies, a consultancy enterprise and quality management professionals. This work proposes guidelines to develop quality plans in construction projects, mainly concerning the evolution of quality management systems that would be applied to projects and not to companies.