The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the creation of a cervical cancer health prevention infographic, geared toward African American women ages 30 to 65, to be potentially used to raise health literacy and influence positive behaviors towards practicing prevention measures—ultimately preventing unnecessary deaths. This dissertation also produced a cervical cancer health prevention infographic prototype for African American Women ages 30 to 65 to be further tested and implemented within future health communication campaigns. Cervical Cancer is both preventable and treatable (if diagnosed during early stages); therefore the amount of individuals dying from the cancer should be minimal. Still, African American Women in this study’s target health population are dying from Cervical Cancer the most. Existing research highlights that social determinants of health (like income, education and literacy) play varying roles as barriers to prevention (Baldwin, 1996; J. L. Davis et al., 2013; Egbert & Parrott, 2001; Ford et al., 2013; McKinnon, Harper, & Moore, 2011; Sung, Alema-Mensah, & Blumenthal, 2002; Williams & Templin, 2013). . This dissertation specifically focuses on targeting the potential to increase health literacy on Cervical Cancer to potentially positively influence prevention uptake. Drawing upon fields like health communication, visual communication and social science research, this research endeavor presents an interdisciplinary approach to potentially solving health communication issue within an at-risk population. The theoretical framework in guiding infographic production for this dissertation was the Health Belief Model, which is widely used in health communication research to assess failure of prevention uptake (du Pré, 2014; Glanz et al., 2005; Maibach & Parrott, 1995; Rosenstock, 2000). The Health Belief Model in conjunction with existing literature regarding health literacy, cultural stigma and relevance in communication campaigns geared toward African American Women ages 30 to 65, infographic content was created and presented to study participants via six interactive focus groups. The focus group methodology of qualitative research allowed for 17 study participants to confidentially engage in dialogue with peers concerning the issue at hand while also helping to create the content hierarchy, enhance and suggest visuals, colors and themes of the proposed infographic. Iterative data analysis approaches allow for constant assessment of study outcomes and themes. This study produces theoretical, practical and methodological implications for future research on the lacking area of scholarly literature. Findings from this dissertation suggest a need to (1) test the proposed infographic for potential national health campaign usage, (2) a need for more long-term collaborative community efforts for continual population access in research on Cervical Cancer prevention, and (3) future assessment of a newer form of focus group research that focuses on incorporation smaller participant groups for increased hands-on interactivity.

The aim of this thesis was to track the impact of selected herpesviruses, polyomaviruses, Chlamydia trachomatis and methylation of tumor supressor genes at the development and progression of high grade- lesion in HPV - positive patients by means of molecular-genetic techniques. Confirmation of these markers presence in women with severe lesions of cervix would help to raise necessary specificity of molecular genetics HPV testing and recommend it as a primary screening test for cervical carcinoma prevention. HPV testing could thus replace currently prevailing cytology which has relatively low sensitivity and therefore the number of false negative results. The analyzed samples consisted of cytological cervical smears of 51 HPV positive women, with histologically confirmed presence of severe lesions, collected in liquid medium. Samplings from 51 women without infection were used as a control. The possible effect on disease progress was confirmed only in the case of gene promoters' methylation whose presence was detected in up to 26 patients. It is, however, very unlikely that cancer would develop in all these women. This marker could thus help to stratify patients at risk but only to some extent. Although the individual effect of remaining markers has not been established in the carcinogenesis of cervical...

Title Cervicogenic headache Objectives The aim of this master thesis is to present a comprehensive overview of the topic of cervicogenic headache. It focuses on the prevalence of this disease in the general population and on the cervical spine segment where the dysfunction in patients with cervical headache occurs the most frequently. It also focuses on the link between suboccipital muscles, cervical dura mater spinalis and headache on the effectiveness of different therapies for this diagnosis. Method The thesis is conceived as a scientific literature research. In order to obtain sources professional database such as Pubmed, PEDro, Medline, HighWire, Science direct were used. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and an analytical part. There have been 4 questions and 4 hypotheses set for the purposes of work the thesis. Results Based on the analysis of available studies, the thesis confirmed that the incidence of cervicogenic headache in the general population is not negligible. It has also been proved that the diagnosis is quite frequent in patients suffering from headache, which may represent up to 35 % of patients. The results of available studies indicate that the dysfunction of the cervical spine causes 15-20 % of cervicogenic headaches. In most of the cases, it is the influence of the...

Cette thèse a comme objectif l’étude des processus de plasticité du réseau bulbo-spinal respiratoire après une lésion spinale cervicale unilatérale en C2, qui induit une interruption de la majorité des fibres respiratoires. Cette étude est réalisée par une approche de traçage de voies, couplée à une approche immunohistochimique, biochimique et électrophysiologique.La lésion latérale chronique induit dans la région sus-lésionnelle C1/C2 une diminution du nombre de fibres bulbo-spinales marquées et de la surface de la substance blanche. Nous observons cependant une augmentation du nombre de fibres repoussant dans la substance grise, y compris de terminaisons axonales, ainsi qu’une augmentation du nombre de neurones respiratoires se projetant vers les noyaux phréniques en C3/C4. Suite à la lésion, une sous-population de neurones respiratoires axotomisés exprime des marqueurs de réponse post-lésionnelle.Ces processus de plasticité pourraient contribuer à la récupération fonctionnelle. / The aim of this thesis was to study the anatomical and cellular plasticity processes of bulbospinal respiratory pathways after a unilateral cervical spinal injury C2, which leads to an interruption of the respiratory fibers. This study used an approach of anterograde and retrograde labeling, coupled with immunohistochemical, biochemical and electrophysiological methods.The chronic lateral lesion induced in sus-lesional area C1/C2 a decreased of number of bulbospinal fibers and a decreased white matter, but an increased number fibers sprouting in the gray matter, including axon terminals, and an increased number of respiratory neurons projecting to the phrenic nuclei in C3/C4. Following the lesion, a sub-population of axotomized respiratory neurons express markers of cell body post-lesion response. These processes of plasticity could contribute to functional recovery.

Title Cervicogenic headache Objectives It focuses on the prevalence of this disease in the general population and on the cervical spine segment where the dysfunction in patients with cervical headache occurs the most frequently. It also focuses on the effectiveness of manipulative therapies for this diagnosis. Method The thesis is conceived as a scientific literature research. In order to obtain sources professio- nal database such as Pubmed, PEDro, Medline, HighWire, Science direct were used. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and an analytical part. There have been 3 research questions set for the purposes of the thesis. Results Based on the analysis of available studies, the thesis confirmed that the incidence of cervico- genic headache in the general population is not negligible. It has been proved that the diagno- sis is quite frequent in patients suffering from headache, which may represent up to 35 % of patients. The results of available studies indicate that the dysfunction of the cervical spine causes 15-20 % of cervicogenic headaches. In most of the cases, it is the influence of the C1- C2, which is in more than 60 % of the cases. On the other hand, the influence of the AO joint is not very frequent. It only occurs in approximately 7 % of the cases. Due to the fact that the...

M.Tech. / Purpose: This randomised, controlled, comparative pilot study was undertaken in order to investigate the effectiveness of the chiropractic manipulation alone, the chiropractic manipulation followed by heat therapy or the chiropractic manipulation followed by cryotherapy in the treatment of cervical facet syndrome. It was hypothesised that all three treatment protocols would be effective, but that applying chiropractic manipulation followed by heat therapy would be the most effective protocol in the treatment of cervical facet syndrome. Method: Forty-five participants were recruited by means of advertisements posted around the University of Johannesburg Doornfontein campus and surrounding businesses. Only those participants who conformed to the inclusion criteria were accepted to form a part of the study. The forty-five participants were randomly placed into three groups of fifteen each. Procedure: Group 1 received chiropractic manipulation only as their treatment protocol. Group 2 received chiropractic manipulation followed by heat therapy as their treatment protocol and group 3 received chiropractic manipulation followed by cryotherapy as their treatment protocol. Each participant received six treatments over a two week period and attended a follow-up consultation in the third week. The follow-up consultation was used to assess the lasting effects of the treatment protocol. Results: The objective data in the form of cervical range of motion was obtained by means of the Cervical Range of Motion instrument. The subjective data was collected by means of the Vernon-Mior Neck Pain and Disability Index and the Numerical Pain Rating Scale. At the end of the trial, statistical analysis was performed to determine whether one treatment protocol was more effective compared to the other treatment protocols. The results indicated that group 2 (Chiropractic manipulation followed by heat therapy) proved to be the most effective treatment protocol. Although the other treatment protocol as well as the control group showed good objective results. Subjective results showed that although all three groups showed statistically significant results, group 2 showed the best results. Thus it is noted that in order to achieve a potentially lasting increase in range of motion and a decrease in pain and disability, the treatment protocol used for group 2 should be the treatment of choice. Conclusion: Trends indicate the most effective treatment protocol in the treatment of cervical facet syndrome is when chiropractic manipulation is followed by heat therapy. The advantage of this combination is that each treatment modality is used to its full potential, thereby providing the patient with the best results in terms of lasting benefits.

O câncer de colo do útero é a segunda principal causa de morte em mulheres por câncer, sendo causado principalmente pela infecção persistente por HPV. A principal forma atual de prevenção desse câncer é a realização de exames citológicos periódicos e a vacinação profilática disponibilizada recentemente pelo Ministério da Saúde. Entretanto, tais ações visam a prevenção da infecção por HPV ou a detecção de lesões, pois não há um tratamento específico contra infecções e lesões já estabelecidas. Dentre as proteínas expressas por HPV, L2 está presente no capsídeo viral e é bem conservada entre diversos tipos de HPV, enquanto E6 é uma proteína oncogênica capaz de induzir a transformação maligna das células. Este estudo visa o desenvolvimento de uma vacina profilática e terapêutica capaz de proteger contra a infecção por diversos tipos virais, assim como combater as células já modificadas por qualquer tipo de HPV. Assim, foi construído um vetor vacinal contendo peptídeos selecionados das proteínas L2 e E6 de HPV16 testadas em modelo murino, para avaliar sua eficiência como vacina de DNA ministrada antes ou após desafio com células tumorais. Os ensaios em modelo animal demonstraram que a vacina foi capaz de induzir a produção de anticorpos específicos anti-L2 e anti-E6, assim como induzir a produção de citocinas TNF e impedir o desenvolvimento tumoral de células HPV-positivas. Portanto, foi possível concluir que o vetor construído foi capaz de induzir uma resposta imune humoral e celular em camundongos, capaz de prevenir contra o HPV, assim como tratar os cânceres a ele associados. / Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cause of death in women due to cancer, mainly caused by persistent HPV infection. The primary prevention method of this cancer is through periodic cytological exams and prophylactic vaccination which has been recently made available by the Ministry of Health. However, such actions aim towards prevention of HPV infection or the detection of lesions, since there is no specific treatment against pre-existing infections and injuries. Among the proteins expressed by HPV, L2 is present in the viral capsid and is well conserved among several types of HPV, whereas E6 is an oncogenic protein, capable of inducing malignant mutations in cells. This study aims towards the development of a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine, capable of protecting against infections caused by several viral types, as well as combating cells which have already been modified by any type of HPV. Thus, a vaccine vector, containing peptides selected from HPV16s L2 and E6 proteins, tested in the murine model, was constructed in order to evaluate its efficiency as a DNA vaccine, to be administered either before or after challenging with tumour cells. The animal model assays demonstrated that the vaccine was able to induce the production of anti-L2 and anti-E6 specific antibodies, as well as TNF cytokines, and to prevent tumour development in HPV-positive cells. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that the designed vector was indeed able to induce humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, capable of preventing against HPV, as well as of treating cancers associated with it.

O desenvolvimento do câncer cervical está associado à infecção por alguns tipos de Papilomavírus Humano (HPV). Entre os mecanismos de carcinogênese associados ao HPV incluem-se alterações em moléculas que modulam a manutenção de componentes da matriz extracelular (MEC), como as metaloproteinases de matriz (MMP) e alguns de seus reguladores. A proteína RECK (reversion inducing cysteine rich protein with kazal motifs) apresenta função essencial na remodelação tecidual e na angiogênese fisiológica ou tumoral, através da regulação pós-transcricional da atividade de MMP-2, MMP-9 e MMP-14 (MT1-MMP). Resultados publicados previamente por nosso grupo apontam para a correlação entre a expressão da oncoproteína E7 de HPV16, a alta expressão e atividade de MMP-9 e a baixa expressão de seus reguladores, TIMP-2 e RECK. A expressão de RECK também é baixa em lesões do colo uterino de alto grau e em amostras de câncer cervical, quando comparadas a amostras de pacientes com cervicite. O presente estudo visa determinar o papel de RECK no processo de tumorigênese mediado por HPV. Para isto, estabelecemos linhagens derivadas de tumor de colo de útero (SiHa, SW756 e C33A) que superexpressam RECK a partir de transdução com lentivírus. Os efeitos da superexpressão de RECK sobre o potencial tumorigênico de SiHa, SW756 e C33A foram avaliados em modelos de estudo in vivo e in vitro. De maneira geral, a superexpressão de RECK foi associada com a capacidade reduzida de invasão em câmara de Matrigel® e de formação de colônia independente de ancoragem. Ainda, camundongos nude inoculados s.c. com células tumorais superexpressando RECK apresentaram atraso no estabelecimento e crescimento tumoral e sobrevida global estendida quando comparados aos controles. Ambos tumores derivados de SiHa RECK e SW756 RECK apresentaram redução na frequência de células tumorais e endoteliais, ao passo que mostrarm aumento no infiltrado inflamatório. Esta observação foi acompanhada de redução na população de neutrófilos e potenciais células mieloderivadas supressoras em tumores de ambas as linhagens. Em tempo, analisamos séries de dados de expressão de CIN e carcinomas cervicais do banco de dados GEO e verificamos que a hipermetilação do gene RECK e a inibição da expressão de mRNA de RECK são eventos precoces no desenvolvimento do câncer de colo de útero. Avaliamos que a baixa expressão de RECK foi associada a progressão de lesões CIN3+ e ao aumento de metástases em linfonodo pélvico em pacientes com câncer de colo de útero. Ademais, notamos que o tratamento com quimio radioterapia levou ao aumento dos níveis de mRNA de RECK em um outro grupo de pacientes com câncer de colo de útero. Concluímos que a superexpressão de RECK (i) reduz o potencial tumorigênico de linhagens celulares derivadas de colo de útero independente do status de infecção por HPV e que (ii) o seu efeito sobre as populações intratumorais se mostrou específico para as linhagens infectadas por HPV. Estes resultados apontam para uma possível interação entre as alterações no microambiente tumoral associadas ao HPV e a função de RECK. Finalmente, a regulação negativa da expressão de RECK é um evento precoce na história natural do câncer cervical. / Persistent infection with high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types is the main etiologic factor for the development of cervical cancer. The HPV carcinogenic mechanisms include alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) components, as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and its regulators. The Reversion-inducing Cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) plays a central role on tissue remodeling, tumor angiogenesis and exert inhibitory effects on the transcription, synthesis, activation and activity of MMP-2, MMP-9 e MMP-14 (MT1-MMP). As previously published by our group, it has been observed a correlation between the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein expression, the up-regulation of MMP-9 and the down-regulation of its inhibitors, RECK and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP-2). Also, RECK expression was downregulated in cervical intraepithelial neoplasias grades 2 and 3 (CIN2/3) and invasive carcinoma samples levels when compared with clinical samples of pacients diagnosed with cervicitis. The present study aims to determine the role of RECK in HPV mediated tumorigenesis. In order to do so, we generated cervical tumors derived cell lines (SiHa, SW756 e C33A) superexpressing RECK by lentiviral transduction followed by FACS. We assessed the effects of RECK superexpression in the tumorigenic potential of SiHa, SW756 e C33A using both in vitro and in vivo protocols. Overall, RECK superexpression is associated with reduced chamber invasion and reduced anchorage independent colony formation. Moreover, nude mice injected s.c. with RECK superexpressing tumor cells presented (i) delayed tumor establishment and (ii) increased overall survival, when compared with controls. Both SiHa and SW756 superexpressing RECK presented decreased frequency of tumor and endothelial cells, whilst showed increase in inflammatory infiltrate population. This observation was followed by a decrease in potential myeloid derived suppressor cell and neutrophil populations in both SiHa RECK and SW756 RECK tumors. Additionally, we observed hipermethylation and premature and consistent downregulation of RECK mRNA expression in CIN and cervical cancer expression datasets from GEO database. We observed that reduced RECK expression was associated with CIN3+ progression and increased pelvic lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer patients. Furthermore, we found that chemo radiotherapy treatment led to increased levels of mRNA in another set of cervical cancer patients. We conclude that RECK superexpression reduces the tumorigenic potential of cervical cancer derived cell lines regardless of HPV infection status. However, we found that the effect of RECK over the intratumoral cells populations is specific to HPV infected tumor cell lines. These results points to a possible interaction between HPV associated tumor microenvironment alterations and RECK. Finally, RECK downregulation is an early event in the natural history of cervical cancer.

O Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) é uma prevalente infecção do mundo atual, sendo o comportamento sexual um fator determinante para a o acometimento da infecção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o HPV em diferentes sítios de infecção, buscando um maior entendimento do seu mecanismo de disseminação. Foram analisadas amostras das mucosas cervical, oral e do sangue de 50 pacientes do sexo feminino. Foram identificados o HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-31 e HPV-33. Nenhuma paciente foi negativa para os quatro tipos nos três sítios. O HPV-16 foi o mais detectado e o mais prevalente nos três sítios, simultaneamente, 32 pacientes apresentaram esse perfil. Todos os tipos virais presentes no sangue, também estavam presentes na mucosa cervical, na mucosa oral ou em ambas. Foram identificados seis achados citológicos, sugestivos da infecção pelo HPV. Foi realizada a detecção dos transcritos virais de E6, E6/E7 e L1 nos três sítios. Os resultados do nosso trabalho demonstram a alta prevalência do HPV, a atividade viral nos três sítios analisados e a provável disseminação do vírus. / Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most prevalent infections of the current world, with sexual behavior being one determining fator of infection. The objective of this study was to study HPV in different sites of infection, seeking a better understanding of its mechanism and spreading. Cervical, oral and blood mucosa samples from 50 female patients were analyzed. HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-31 and HPV-33 were identified. No patient was negative in the four types at all three sites. HPV-16 was the most detected and the most prevalent in the three sites, simultaneously, 32 patients presented this profile. All viral types present in the blood were also present in the cervical mucosa, oral mucosa, or both. Six cytological findings were identified, suggestive of infection by HPV. Detection of viral transcripts of E6, E6 / E7 and L1 was performed at the three sites. The results of our study demonstrate the high prevalence of HPV, viral activity in the three sites analyzed and the probable virus spreading.

A proposta deste trabalho foi analisar qualitativa e semiquantitativamente, em M.E.V. - Técnica Convencional, por Retroespalhamento de Elétrons (BSE) e por Espectroscopia de Dispersão de Raios-X (E.D.S.) - a microestrutura dentinária de dentes em diferentes condições clínicas. Formaram-se 7 grupos, com 5 dentes cada grupo: I- inclusos jovens (IJ); II- hígidos jovens (HJ); III- hígidos adultos (HA); IV- com lesão cariosa oclusal (LCO); V- com lesão cariosa cervical (LCC); VI- com exposição radicular (ER) e VII- com lesão cervical não cariosa (LCNC). Após as extrações, os dentes foram imediatamente fixados em Karnovsky. As porções radiculares e o esmalte coronário foram seccionados, preservando-se o terço cervical dos dentes. Os espécimes dentários foram divididos em duas metades, ambas contendo as superfícies vestibulares quanto as linguais, totalizando 70 espécimes. Cuidado especial foi tomado nos grupos com LCO, LCC e LCNC, garantindo que as lesões fizessem parte de suas duas secções. A análise morfológica foi realizada sobre área de dentina fraturada, em três regiões: próximo à superfície externa, no terço médio e próximo à polpa. Os espécimes foram desidratados em concentração ascendente de etanol e secados em ponto crítico. Metade dos espécimes foi metalizada com ouro, para análise em M.E.V., e a metade homóloga com carbono, para observação em E.D.S. e BSE. Os grupos IJ e HJ não mostraram alterações morfológicas, tanto na lingual quanto na vestibular. As dentinas peritubular e intertubular e os prolongamentos odontoblásticos (POs) estavam evidentes por toda a extensão dentinária, assim como fibrilas de colágeno margeando toda a superfície interna dos túbulos dentinários (TDs), muitas vezes lembrando a lâmina limitans (LL). Os grupos LCC e LCO mostraram grande quantidade de cristais e estruturas tubuliformes (ETfs) na dentina abaixo das lesões, além das demais estruturas vistas no grupos anteriores. A face lingual das LCCs mostrou-se ausência de estruturas intratubulares (EITs). O grupo ER não apresentou EITs. Entretanto, nesse mesmo grupo, os TDs próximos à superfície mostraram-se mais atrésicos quando comparados aos grupos IJ e HJ e a LL era visível por toda a extensão dentinária. Os grupos HA e LCNC mostraram-se muito semelhantes entre si, com cristais obstruindo parcial ou totalmente os TDs. Próximo à região pulpar, os TDs mostravam cristais ao redor dos POs. O grupo LCNC, particularmente, apresentou ETfs com características distintas dos grupos LCC e LCO, pois estas apresentaram-se nos três terços dentinários em menor quantidade. As imagens em BSE mostraram a DI menos mineralizada que a DP, e cristais e as ETfs com características reflexivas semelhantes à DP, identificando-se como es-truturas mineralizadas. No grupo LCNC, notou-se POs e as membranas, ambos com certa reflexão, revestindo os TDs, sugerindo um processo de mineralização. A análise estatística, após obtenção dos valores semiquantitativos em E.D.S., mostrou que todos os grupos continham, na dentina e nas EITs, Ca, P, Mg e S, com exceção da dentina peritubular do grupo LCC que não detectou Mg em sua composição. As estruturas que mostraram maior concentração de Mg foram as ETfs do grupo LCNC. Não houve diferença estatística na razão Ca/P entre as dentinas e EITs / The purpose of this study was to analyze, qualitatively and semiquantitavely, with SEM, BSE and EDS, the dentin microstructure in teeth with different clinical conditions. The teeth were divided in 7 groups (n=5 each one): I- Young non erupted teeth (YNET), II- Young sound teeth (YST), III- Old sound teeth (OST), IV- Occlusal carious lesion (OCL), V- Cervical carious lesion (CCL), VI- Root exposure (RE) and VII- Non carious cervical lesion (NCCL). After extraction the teeth were immediately fixed in Karnovsky. Crows and root were cut off in such a way to preserve the cervical third for the purposes of this investigation. The cervical specimens were fractured in two halves, both containing the lingual and buccal cervical surfaces, totaling 70 specimens. Special care was taken with OCL, CCL and NCCL groups during the fracture to ensure that both fragments enclosed part of their respective lesions. The morphological analysis was performed on the fractured dentin surfaces of both fragments, in three regions: near the external surface, on the middle third and near the pulp chamber. The specimens were dehydrated in ascending series of ethanol concentrations and critical point dried. Half of the specimens were gold sputtered for SEM analysis and the homologous half carbon coated for BSE and EDS observation. The YNET and YST groups showed no morphological changes in both buccal and lingual surfaces. The PD and ID and the OPs were evident throughout the dentin extension. The collagen fibrils were observed layering the walls of dentin tubules in their entire length, resembling the LL. The CCL and OCL groups showed a great amount of Crs and TSs, together with the other same features seen in the previous groups. The lingual surface of the CCL was distinct from the buccal surface and the OPs were limited to the third near the pulp on both surfaces. The RE group did not reveal intratubular structures (ITS). However, on the same group, the diameter of the dentin tubules near the surface was smaller compared to YNET and YST groups and the LL was visible throughout the dentin extension. The OST and NCCL groups were very similar, with Crs partially or totally obstructing the DTs. Near the pulp, the DTs showed Crs around the OPs. The TSs seen in NCCL group were distinct from that of CCL and OCL groups, because these structures were presented in all dentin extension and in a smaller number. The BSE images showed that the intertubular dentin is less mineralized than peritubular dentin. However, TSs and Crs showed the same reflective characteristics of the PD, looking like mineralized structures. In NCCL group, the OPs and the membranes-like structure surrounding the tubules presented some reflection, suggesting a mineralization process of these structures. Statistical analysis after EDS data showed that dentin surface and TSs of all groups contained Ca, P, Mg and S, except the PD of the CCL group, where the Mg was not detected. The tubular structures presented in the NCCL group showed increasing in Mg concentration. There was no statistical difference in the Ca/P ratio between the dentin and the TSs from all groups.