Thesis (MSc.(Anatomy)--Faculty of Health Sciences)-University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-80).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-106).

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaf 87.

Bakgrund Humant papillomvirus (HPV) orsakar vårtor och är en vanligt förekommande könssjukdom världen över. Vaccination mot de vanligaste HPV-typerna som kan orsaka kondylom och leda till cancer ingår sedan 2012 i det allmänna vaccinationsprogrammet för flickor och unga kvinnor. Tidigare forskning visar att unga kvinnor trots låg kunskap om viruset, har en positiv inställning till vaccination. Syfte Att undersöka unga vaccinerade kvinnors kunskap om HPV samt deras kunskap om och inställning till HPV-vaccination. Metod En kvalitativ explorativ studie. The Health Belief Model användes som teoretisk modell. Individuella intervjuer med åtta unga kvinnor som vaccinerats mot HPV. Data analyserades med innehållsanalys. Resultat Totalt genomfördes åtta intervjuer med unga kvinnor födda 1993-1998. Tre kategorier skapades: 1) Bristande kunskap om HPV 2) Tillförlitligt skydd mot cancer samt 3) Vaccinet är tillgängligt. Kunskapen om HPV och HPV-vaccin var låg hos de unga kvinnorna. Den främsta anledningen till att de valde att vaccinera sig var rädsla för cancer, andras inflytande till vaccinering, främst från mödrar, en tilltro till hälso- och sjukvården och till vaccinet samt att vaccinet är tillgängligt. Slutsats Det är tydligt att kunskapen om HPV och vaccinet är låg bland de deltagande unga kvinnorna. Inför framtiden behövs anpassad information till unga kvinnor om viruset och vaccinet för att tillgodose behovet av information. Det är viktigt att unga kvinnor som vaccineras mot HPV har kunskap om vaccinet för att veta hur de skyddar sig mot HPV och att de även ska förstå vikten av att gå på gynekologisk cellprovskontroll som en del av prevention av HPV. / Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) cause warts and is a common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Vaccination against the most common HPV types that can cause genital warts and cancer is implemented in the national vaccination programme for girls and young women since 2012. Previous research shows that young women, despite low knowledge about the virus, are in favour of the vaccine. Objective To explore young vaccinated women’s knowledge about HPV and knowledge and attitudes towards HPV-vaccination. Method An qualitative explorative study. The Health Belief Model was the  theoretical framework. Individual interviews were conducted with young women vaccinated against HPV. Data were analyzed with content analyses. Results In total eight interviews were undertaken with young women born in 1993-1998. Three categories were revealed through the interviews: 1) Lack of knowledge about HPV 2) Reliable protection against cancer and 3) The vaccine is available. The young women had low knowledge about HPV and HPV vaccine. The main reasons for vaccination were; fear of cancer, influence from others, especially the mothers, trust in the healthcare and the vaccine and the vaccine is available. Conclusion The knowledge of HPV and the vaccine was low among the included women. In the future the iformation about the virus and the vaccine needs to be adapted to the young women to provide the need of information. It is important that young women who are vaccinated against HPV have knowledge about the vaccine to be able to protect themselves against HPV and that they are aware of the importance of attending future cervical cancer screening controls as a part of the prevention against HPV.

Thesis (MScEng (Industrial Engineering))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / In the context of intervertebral disc replacement and customized implants, human simulation studies are of great importance. Simulation models need input data. This study investigated different in vivo motion capturing methods to capture spinal kinematics that will serve as input for simulation models. Available scanning and motion capturing techniques for capturing cervical kinematics range from simple clinical methods, to expensive specialized equipment and software. With a variety of technologies comes a variety of applications. In this study the focus is on capturing the kinematics of the cervical spine. An important distinction was made between two types of motion capturing technologies: external motion capturing and internal imaging technologies. The available external motion capturing technologies pose many advantages in terms of cost, safety, simplicity, portability and producing accurate three dimensional position and orientation. However, the ability for external motion capturing technologies to give accurate information on the movements at each vertebral level is doubted by critics reasoning that the true vertebral motion is concealed by the skin and soft tissue. Although it would be ideal to use external motion capturing systems, one needs to be confident that these surface markers or sensors truly reflect the vertebral motion at each vertebral level. An empirical study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between motion captured on the skin surface and motion of the vertebrae. Twenty-one subjects received low dosage X-rays, while radio opaque markers were attached to the skin at each respective vertebral level. The motion of external markers and that of the vertebrae could be seen simultaneously on one medium. In the empirical study, two outputs were achieved. Firstly, intervertebral kinematic data, for use in further simulation studies was obtained. Secondly, the relationship between surface markers and vertebrae in different motion instances was investigated. Distance and angle parameters were constructed for vertebral prediction from skin surface markers. The causes of variation in these parameters were identified by investigating the correlations of these parameters with anthropometrical variables. Strong correlations of the parameters were observed in flexion, but in extension, especially full extension, the correlations were poor to insignificant. It was concluded that in neutral, half flexion and full flexion it is possible to predict the vertebral position from surface markers by using the parameters and anthropometrical variables. In half extension this prediction would be less accurate and in full extension alternative methods should be investigated for external motion capturing.

Esta investigação teve como proposta a análise das ações de educação permanente desenvolvidas no âmbito do Programa de Prevenção e Detecção Precoce do Câncer do Colo de Útero pelo Ministério da Saúde e pelo Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) e objetivou discutir a viabilidade da introdução da modalidade de Educação à Distância (EAD) nas políticas de capacitação para a atenção do Câncer de colo de útero no Brasil. A base metodológica deste estudo incluiu a pesquisa documental das politicas e diretrizes publicadas pelos órgãos em comento, a análise de dados disponíveis no Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES), os dados relativos à praticas de capacitação para os profissionais que atuam na detecção precoce do câncer pelo Ministério da Saúde e pelo INCA, as práticas de educação à distância na área da saúde e entrevistas com gestores dos dois órgãos citados. As fontes, a coleta, a elaboração e a análise dos dados, foram realizadas considerando as informações e publicações mais recentes, disponíveis até dezembro de 2013. Questionou-se a necessidade de capacitação dos profissionais para atender às necessidades e requisitos das políticas de atenção oncológica de colo de útero no país, se as estratégias de educação continuada para os profissionais que atuam nas diferentes atividades envolvidas neste atendimento são suficientes, como tem sido realizada a capacitação para as diversas regiões do país e que modelo de EAD seria adequado para a educação permanente destes profissionais. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa revelaram a fragmentação e falta de coordenação nas ações de educação permanente para o Programa de Detecção Precoce do Câncer de Colo de Útero ao passo que demonstrou que existem recursos e estruturas disponíveis para implantação de um modelo de EAD que atenda com plenitude esta política pública, sendo necessário a reorganização destes recursos / This research aimed to the analysis of permanent education actions developed within the scope of the Program for Prevention and Early Detection of the Cervical Cancer by the Ministério da Saúde (Ministry of Health) and the Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA - National Cancer Institute) and aimed to discuss the feasibility of introducing Distance Education (EAD) modality in the policies of professional training for Cervical Cancer Care in Brazil. The methodological basis of this study included the documentary research of policies and guidelines published by the mentioned organizations, the analysis of available data in the National Registry of Health Establishments (CNES), data concerning to the practices of professional training that perform in the early detection of cancer by the Ministry of Health and by the INCA, the practices of distance education in the health area and interviews with managers of both organizations mentioned above. The sources, the collection, compilation and analysis of data were performed considering the latest information and publications available until December 2013. It was questioned the need for professional training to meet the needs and requirements of the oncological cervical cancer care policies in the country, if the strategies for continuing education for professionals who work in different activities involved in this care are enough, how the training for the country's various regions has been done and if the Distance Education (EAD) modality could be suitable for these professionals permanent education. The obtained results in this research revealed the fragmentation and lack of coordination on permanent education actions for the Program for the Early Detection of Cervical Cancer, since it demonstrated that there are available resources and structures to implement an EAD model that meets with fullness this public policy, so the reorganization of these resources is necessary

A menopausa é conseqüência da falência ovariana, caracterizada pela queda na produção de estrógenos, podendo causar na mulher vários sintomas e condições patológicas como vaginite atrófica, osteoporose e doençsa cardiovasculares. A terapia estroprogestiva é largamente prescrita na pós-menopausa, no entanto existem freqüentes efeitos colaterais e contra-indicações, inclusive possibilidade de aumento do câncer de mama. Devido a toda esta polêmica as terapias alternativas para combaterem os sintomas da menopausa estão largamente sendo exploradas, neste contexto cita-se os fitohormônios. A isoflavona é um deles obtido de várias plantas e mais usualmente da soja, que possui na sua molécula uma estrutura fenólica que se liga aos receptores de estrogênio e exerce um efeito estrogênico. Neste estudo enfocando a isoflavona, extraída da soja Glycine max, para o tratamento dos sintomas da menopausa, avaliou-se o efeito desse composto sobre a maturação do epitélio cérvico-vaginal e microbiota vaginal. Para isto propô-se um estudo randomizado, duplo cego, placebo controlado do qual participaram 49 voluntárias. Um grupo de 23 mulheres recebeu 1 cápsula/dia de 40 mg de caseína de leite, constituindo o grupo placebo e o outro grupo de 26 mulheres tratadas com 1 cápsula/dia de 40 mg de isoflavona. Amostras de urina e secreção vaginal para colpocitograma, colpocitograma com coleta úmida, bacterioscopia foram colhidas antes do início e ao término do tratamento. Foram determinados índice de maturação (I.M.) e valor de maturação (V.M.) pela técnica da citologia hormonal. O estudo da microbiota foi avaliado por exame direto a fresco e bacterioscopia de Gram. As mulheres participantes do estudo forneceram dados através de entrevistas mensais, antes do início e após o término do estudo, respondendo a questionários sobre queixas, sintomas, história da vida sexual, percepção da menopausa, estado de saúde e questões sócio demográficas. A avaliação destes dados aparece no índice de Kuppermann, nas maiores queixas e melhoras mais evidentes das mulheres tratadas com isoflavona. A avaliação do I.M. resultou no grupo tratado com isoflavona em redução significativa das células parabasais (P=0,003) no colpocitograma tradicional, em aumento significativo das células superficiais cianofílicas (P=0,006) e tendência de aumento das células superficiais eosinofílicas (P=0,18). No colpocitograma obtido por coleta úmida houve diminuição significativa das células parabasais (P=0,004), aumento significativo na porcentagem de células superficiais cianofílicas (P=0,008) e tendência de aumento das células superficiais eosinofílicas (P=0,18). No urocitograma houve redução significativa de células parabasais (P=0,008), aumento significativo na porcentagem de células superficiais cianofílicas (P=0,013) e aumento das células superficiais eosinofílicas (P=0,002). No grupo placebo não se observou variação significativa nos índices acima mencionados. O V.M. no grupo tratado com isoflavona apresentou aumento significativo (P=0,007) no colpocitograma tradicional, colpocitograma, obtido por coleta úmida (P=0,004); e no urocitograma (P=0,0008). No grupo placebo houve diminuição significativa (P=0,02) para este índice. Após o tratamento pela isoflavona houve aumento significativo de bacilos de Döederlein (P=0,005), diminuição significativa de 19,3% nos casos de vaginose bacteriana (índice de Nugent) e diminuição de outros agentes microbiológicos patogênicos. Houve diminuição dos sintomas da menopausa após o tratamento com isoflavona, também se observou diminuição das queixas após o tratamento com placebo. / The lack of estrogens characterizes postmenopausal condition and is associated with pathological conditions and symptoms, including atrophic vaginites, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Hormone replacement therapy is recommended for postmenopausal women but there are contraindications and side effects. There are many alternative therapy researches in order to alleviate these symptoms. Soy isoflavone has hormonal effects in postmenopausal women, by binding a common phenolic structure to estrogens receptors. The aim of this study focusing isoflavone, extracted from soy beans Glycine max, was to evaluate the effects of isofavone on vaginal cytology, vaginal maturation index (M.I.), maturation value (M.V.), vaginal microbiota and menopausal symptoms. This study involved 49 postmenopausal women, a randomized double blind placebo controlled. The first group of 23 women was treated with 40 mg/day capsule of placebo (caseyne) and the second group of 26 women was treated with 40 mg/day capsule of isoflavone. Urine and vaginal samples for 3 slides: colpocytogram, wet sample colpocytogram, Gram-stained smears was taken at baseline and after treatment in order to determine M.I., M.V., vaginal microbiological findings and colpocytologic findings. Study participants answered an in-person interview with questions in order to determine menopausal symptoms, complains, menopause perception, sexual life, general health to determine, for instance the Kuppermann menopausal index (KMI) at baseline, every month and after six-months of treatment. The M.I. from traditional colpocytogram reduced significantly the parabasal cells (P=0,003), increased significantly the percentage of Superficial Cianophilic cells (P=0,006), there was a tendence of increasing the Superficial Eosinofilic cells (P=0,18). From wet sample colpocytogram, similar results were obtained: reduced significantly the parabasal cells (P=0,004), increased significantly the percentage of Superficial Cianophilic cells (P=0,008) there was a tendence of increasing the Superficial Eosinofilic cells (P=0,18).. In urocytogram, the results obtained were: reduced significantly the parabasal cells (P=0,008), increased significantly the percentage of Superficial Cianophilic cells (P=0,013), increase of Superficial Eosinofilic cells (P=0,002). For placebo group there were no significative changes. The Maturation Value, M.V. increased significtively (P=0,007) in traditional colpocytogram; in wet sample colpocytogram (P=0,004) and in urocytogram (P=0,0008), comparing with placebo was observed significant decrease (P=0,02) for M.V. After treatment with isoflavone there was significative increase of Döederlein bacillus (P=0,005), decrease of 19,3% in cases of bacterial vaginosis (Nugent score) and decrease of others pathogenic microbial agents. The symptoms decreased significatively in woman treated with placebo and decreased significatively in women treated with isoflavone.

Orientador: Hamilton da Rosa Pereira / Resumo: Este trabalho experimental propõe uma nova e eficiente técnica para in-trodução de parafuso no processo articular cervical, com menor risco. Utilizando um novo dispositivo e determinando o comprimento efetivo médio do parafuso. Foram usadas cinco colunas cervicais de esqueleto humano de C3 a C7, num total de 25 vértebras e 50 perfurações. Foram selecionados dois grupos de vértebras: um de C3 a C6, outro de C7. No primeiro grupo, o ponto inicial do parafuso situou-se a 2 mm. mediais e caudais do ponto central do processo articular, dirigindo-se a ponta do parafuso a 21,5º no sentido cranial. No outro grupo, o ponto inicial foi localizado a 2mm. da linha média vertical, logo abaixo da superfície articular superior, dirigindo-se a ponta do parafuso a 16,5º no sentido caudal. Em ambos os grupos, o parafuso foi desviado lateralmente a 42,5º. Concluímos que a nossa técnica é eficiente e segura porque: 1) utiliza um dispositivo que mede o ângulo de introdução do parafuso, bloqueando-o após a ultrapassagem da cortical anterior, introduzindo somente o comprimento ideal para cada processo articular, diminuindo o risco de lesão; 2) não causa lesão da artéria vertebral e da raiz nervosa; 3) apresenta baixa incidência de violação da superfície articular, 7,5% nas vértebras C3 a C6 e 0% nas C7; 4) apresenta um comprimento efetivo do parafuso de 10,7 mm. para ambos os grupos vertebrais oferecendo boa fixação óssea e boa margem de segurança, em relação às estruturas anatômicas importantes. / Abstract: This experimental paper presents a new and efficient technique to insert a screw in the cervical lateral mass with the less risk of damaging the vertebral artery, the nerve root and the articular facet. This procedure is carried out by using a new device which measures the screw insertion angle and lock the screw after it goes through the posterior cortical area. This paper also aims at determining the effective screw length to be used in this technique. Five human lower cervical spines from C3 to C7 - were used. Two holes were made in both sides of these 25 vertebrae. Therefore 50 holes were made. Two vertebrae groups were selected: C3-C6 and C7. In the C3-C6 group the start point of the screw was placed in a medial and caudal position 2mm. in relation to the central point of the articular prossece; the screw tip was directed to the half of the lateral vertebral line at a 21,5° angle in the cranial direction; for the C7 vertebrae the screw initial point was placed at a 2 mm. medial position in the vertical mean line just below the upper articular level; the screw tip was directed to the half of the lateral vertebral line at a 16,5° angle in the caudal direction. In both vertebral groups the screw was laterally deviated at a 42,5° angle. The conclusion is that this new technique is efficient and safe because: 1) it utilizes a new device to guide and measure the screw insertion and lock the screw after it goes through the posterior cortical area; the in-sertion is thus adequate for each specific lateral mass and decreases the risk of damage to the vertebral artery and to the nerve root; in fact it did not occur in both vertebral groups; 2) it presents a low rate of articular facet violation; 3) it presents a 10,7 mm. screw length which is effective for both vertebral groups; 4) therefore there occurs a good bone fixation and the important anatomic structures are preserved. / Doutor