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Female endurance runners are at high risk for low energy availability (LEA). Preliminary evidence suggests that fasting blood glucose (BG) concentration decreases in response to short-term energy deficiency (low energy availability). BG monitoring tools, such as continuous glucose monitors (CGM), could be used as an early detection device for LEA risk in athletes. PURPOSE: Characterize changes in BG over the course of five days in experimentally-induced LEA in female runners. METHODS: Recreational runners completed a 5-day experimental condition of LEA (15 kcal/kg FFM/d) achieved by a combination of dietary restriction and treadmill running at 65% VO2max. BG concentration was monitored every 15 min across the five experimental days using a CGM (Freestyle Libre Pro, Abbott), which assesses BG from interstitial glucose concentration. Glucose data from the 5-day condition were analyzed to obtain average 24- h BG, fasting BG, BG during sleep, "time in target" BG range (TIT), "time above target" range (TAT), "time below target" range (TBT), as well as glycemic variability using MAGE (mean of amplitude of glucose excursions) and MODD (mean of daily differences). 70 to 120 mg/dL was set as the target range. Data was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance; post hoc comparisons were performed using paired t-tests. RESULTS: Contrary to our hypothesis, our results suggest that five days of experimentally-induced LEA in female runners progressively increased 24- h BG and TIT while simultaneously altering patterns of fasting and sleeping BG. Average glucose concentration and TIT significantly increased from day one to day five (P=0.024 and P=0.03, respectively). Fasting and sleeping BG followed the same trends and significantly decreased from day one to day three (P=0.04 and P=0.002, respectively), followed by an increase by day five that was similar to day one. There was not a significant time-effect for MAGE, MODD, TBT, TBT, and glycemic variability (P>0.05). These changes are likely due to alterations in glucose production versus utilization that are driven by decreased insulin and/or increased BG counterregulatory hormones. This study is the first to characterize glycemia during short-term experimentally-induced LEA in female endurance runners using a CGM; emphasizing the potential ability of CGMs to gain insight on BG patterns during conditions of LEA. / Master of Science / Female long-distance runners are at high risk for a lack of proper fueling due to inadequate energy intake compared to the volume they exercise (e.g. low energy availability). Previous studies have found that fasting blood sugar (BS) concentration decreases in response to a short-term bout of low energy availability. BS monitoring tools, such as continuous glucose monitors (CGM), could be used as a tool to detect this risk in athletes. PURPOSE: Characterize changes in BS over the course of five days in experimentally induced low energy availability in female runners. METHODS: Recreational runners completed a 5-d experimental condition of low energy (15 kcal/kg FFM/d) achieved by a combination of dietary restriction and daily treadmill running at 65% of their maximum performance capacity (e.g. VO2max) BS concentration was monitored every 15 min across the five experimental days using a CGM (Freestyle Libre Pro, Abbott). Glucose data from the 5-d condition were analyzed to obtain average 24- h BS, average BS during sleep, fasting BS, "time in target" (TIT), "time above target" (TAT), "time below target" (TBT), the glycemic variability (GV) as percent coefficient of variation, and swings in BS levels (e.g. glycemic variability) using calculations for mean of amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE), mean of daily differences (MODD). Data was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance; post hoc comparisons were performed using paired t-tests. Data was summarized as a mean ± standard deviation. The significance level was set a priori at P<0.05. All statistical analysis was conducted using IBM® SPSS® Statistical software (Version 28.0.2.2, IBM Corporation, NY, USA). RESULTS: Our results suggest that five days of experimentally-induced LEA in female runners progressively increases TIT and 24- h BS while simultaneously altering patterns of fasting and sleeping BS. Average glucose concentration and TIT significantly increased from day one to day five (P=0.025 and P=0.03, respectively). Fasting and sleeping BS significantly decreased from day one to day three (P=0.024 and P=0.002, respectively) and had the same trends. The concentrations of both fell from day one to day three, followed by an increase by day five that were like those of day one. Additionally, there was not a significant time-effect for MAGE, MODD, TBT, TBT, and glycemic variability all had an insignificant time-effect (P>0.05). These changes are likely due to alterations in glucose production compared to glucose use that are driven by changes in the hormones that regulate blood sugar. This study is the first to characterize BS changes during short-term experimentally-induced LEA in female endurance runners using a CGM; emphasizing the potential usefulness of CGMs to gain further insight on BS patterns during conditions of LEA.

Nous avons tous l'intuition qu'un travail peut être réalisé en beaucoup moins de temps s'il est réparti entre plusieurs personnes ou sur plusieurs machines. Cette notion se nomme le parallélisme qui peut se définir comme l'état de ce qui se développe dans la même direction ou en même temps. C'est naturellement que la notion de parallélisme a été appliquée aux ordinateurs. De ce fait, il a été possible de répondre aux besoins de puissance nécessaire à la réalisation de projets gourmands en temps de calculs et en taille mémoire. Le parallélisme combiné à une algorithmique performante permet de gagner du temps afin de répondre au mieux à d'importants besoins. Il rompt avec l'approche classique qui consiste à gagner de la vitesse en effectuant plus rapidement chaque opération, approche bornée par les lois de la physique. La notion de parallélisme a donc grandement contribué à la multiplication des modèles informatiques. <br /><br />Nous nous intéresserons au modèle systolique et au modèle parallèle à gros grains baptisé (Coarse Grained Multicomputers). Le modèle CGM a été proposé par F. Dehne et al. et il possède des propriétés qui le rendent très intéressant d'un point de vue pratique. Il est parfaitement adapté à la modélisation des architectures existantes pour lesquelles le nombre de processeurs peut être de plusieurs milliers et la taille des données peut atteindre plusieurs milliards d'octets. Un algorithme développé pour ce modèle est constitué de calculs locaux utilisant, si possible, des algorithmes séquentiels optimaux et de rondes de communication dont le nombre doit être indépendant de la taille des données à traiter. Le modèle CGM est donc très intéressant d'un point de vue économique. En effet, ce modèle est indépendant des architectures réelles et permet de réutiliser des algorithmes séquentiels efficaces, ce qui le rend très portable. <br /><br />Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons à des problèmes d'algorithmique du texte. Ces problèmes peuvent améliorer la compression de données ou bien être utilisés en bio-informatique. Ainsi, nous proposons des solutions CGM aux problèmes de recherche de la plus longue sous-suite croissante, de la plus longue sous-suite commune à deux mots, du plus long suffixe répété en chaque caractère d'un mot et de répétitions. Pour cela, nous sommes partis de solutions systoliques existantes que nous avons adaptées au modèle CGM. Le but de ce travail est en fait double. D'une part, nous proposons pour la première fois des solutions CGM à ces quatre problèmes. D'autre part, nous montrons comment des solutions systoliques peuvent être dérivées en algorithmes CGM. En effet, de nombreux problèmes ont été étudiés sur des architectures systoliques, c'est à dire des machines dédiées, non réutilisables pour d'autres problèmes. Le modèle CGM quant à lui permet de travailler avec des machines peu coûteuses et réutilisables à souhaits. De plus, l'expérience acquise au cours de ces travaux nous permet d'avoir une bonne idée des solutions systoliques adaptables au modèle CGM. Ceci pourrait permettre de consolider le pont existant entre modèles à grains fins et modèles à gros grains. <br /><br />Nous finissons cette thèse par une discussion sur l'équilibrage de charge des solutions proposées et sur la prédictivité de l'adaptation d'autres solutions systoliques au modèle CGM.

This thesis deals with Software as a Service (SaaS) and Web 2.0 as current trends related toInternet applications, and examines their use in travel industry. It appeared that SaaS is truly promising, especially thanks to on-demand CRM systems. And also that aspects of Web 2.0 bring commercial successes to web projects through indirect effects.

Blood glucose (BG) prediction and classification plays big role in diabetic patients' daily lives. Based on International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2019, 463 million people are diabetic globally and the projection by 2045 is that the number will rise to 700 million people. Continuous glucose monitor (CGM) systems assist diabetic patients daily, by alerting them about their BG levels fluctuations continuously. The history of CGM systems started in 1999, when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first CGM system, until nowadays where the developments of the system's accurate reading and delay on reporting are continuously improving. CGM systems are key elements in closed-loop systems, that are using BG monitoring in order to calculate and deliver with the patient's supervision the needed insulin to the patient automatically. Data quality and the feature variation are essential for CGM systems, therefore many studies are being conducted in order to support the developments and improvements of CGM systems and diabetics daily lives. This thesis aims to show that physiological signals retrieved from various sensors, can assist the classification and prediction of BG levels and more specifically that breathing rate can enhance the accuracy of CGM systems for diabetic patients and also healthy individuals. The results showed that physiological data can improve the accuracy of prediction and classification of BG levels and improve the performance of CGM systems during classification and prediction tasks. Finally, future improvements could include the use of predictive horizon (PH) regarding the data and also the selection and use of different models.

Zugl.: Köln, Univ., Diss., 2006

L’évolution des galaxies est un sujet relativement débattu en astronomie extra-galactique, étant donné que la plupart des mécanismes responsables des propriétés observées dans les galaxies (masse, taux de formation d’étoiles, contenu en métaux, moment angulaire) sont encore peu contraints et certains ne sont probablement même pas encore observés. Ma thèse porte sur une analyse de la région entourant les galaxies, connue sous le nom de Milieu Circum Galactique (MCG). Le MCG est à l’interface entreles galaxies et le Milieu Inter Galactique (MIG) et est considéré comme le lieu de prédilection pour les échanges gazeux et énergétiques entre les galaxies et le MIG, ce qui en fait la clé pour une meilleure compréhension de l’évolution des galaxies et du destin des baryons. Je présenterai dans un premier temps l’analyse d’un échantillon de systèmes à forte absorption issuent de la spectroscopie de quasars en absorption qui tracent les régions denses en hydrogène généralement associées au MCG des galaxies.Dans un deuxième temps, je présenterai ma contribution au développement d’une mission ballon embarquant un spectrographe UV, FIREBall-2, spécialement conçu pour observer l’émission faible et diffuse du MCG des galaxies à décalage vers le rouge inférieur à 1. D’un point de vue technique, je présenterai l’étude du composant optique clé de l’instrument: le réseau. D’un point de vue modélisation, je décrirai une simulation complète des observations, qui servira à la préparation du vol prévu pour l’Automne 2017notamment en ce qui concerne la sélection des cibles, la stratégie observationelle et le traitement des données. / The evolution of galaxies is a rather hot topic in extra galactic astronomy, as many of the main mechanisms underlying the observed properties of galaxies (mass, star formation rate, metal content, angular momentum) are still poorly constraints and many of them are probably undiscovered yet. My thesis focuses on an analysis of the region surrounding galaxies, known as the Circum Galactic Medium (CGM). The CGMinterfaces the galaxy with the Inter Galactic Medium (IGM) and is thought to be the most active location for gas and energy exchanges (in and out), which makes it a key ingredient towards a better understanding of galaxy evolution and the fate of all baryons. I will present in a first part, the analysis of a sample of strong absorption features based on quasar absorption spectroscopy, that probe the dense neutral hydrogen usually associated with galaxies’ CGM. In a second part, I will present my contribution to the development of a balloon-borne UV spectrograph, FIREBall-2, specifically designed to observe the faint and diffuse emissions from the CGM of galaxies at redshifts below 1. On the technical side, I will present the characterization of the key optical component ofthe instrument: the grating. On the modeling side, I will focus on an end-to-end pixel simulation of the observations to prepare for the upcoming flight, planned for Autumn 2017, in terms of target selection, observational strategy and data analysis.

This thesis aims to investigate the consequences of a judgement issued by UK Supreme Court in November 2021, known within the shipping industry as the "CMA CGM Libra" case. This case is perceived by the industry to have affected hte the understanding of the concept of seaworthiness and due diligence, as they should be understood within the context of the Hague Rules and Hague Visby Rules.  The focus lies on the understanding of these two concepts within an English as well as Swedish context, in order to further conclude whether the Judgement may have changed the definitioin of these concepts in any way; from the perspecteve of English as well as Swedish maritime law. This also includes a thorough discussion about the extent of influence English maritime law has on Swedish maritime law, if any.  This text is suitable for anyone with an intererst in or objective to learn more about seaworthines and due diligence as these concepts shall be understood from an English and/or Swedish point of view, and/or in getting better aquainted with the reasoning of the UK Supreme Court in the Libra judgement. As mentioned, the relationship between the two legal systems (including Denmark and Norway) will also be discussed. Students of maritime law will likely be best suited to read and understand this thesis and the conclusions thereof.

Seafloor compliance is a non-intrusive geophysical method sensitive to the shear modulus of the sediments below the seafloor. A compliance analysis requires the computation of the frequency dependent transfer function between the vertical stress, produced at the seafloor by the ultra low frequency passive source-infra-gravity waves, and the resulting displacement, related to velocity through the frequency. The displacement of the ocean floor is dependent on the elastic structure of the sediments and the compliance function is tuned to different depths, i.e., a change in the elastic parameters at a given depth is sensed by the compliance function at a particular frequency. In a gas hydrate system, the magnitude of the stiffness is a measure of the quantity of gas hydrates present. Gas hydrates contain immense stores of greenhouse gases making them relevant to climate change science, and represent an important potential alternative source of energy. Bullseye Vent is a gas hydrate system located in an area that has been intensively studied for over 2 decades and research results suggest that this system is evolving over time. A partnership with NEPTUNE Canada allowed for the investigation of this possible evolution. This thesis describes a compliance experiment configured for NEPTUNE Canada’s seafloor observatory and its failure. It also describes the use of 203 days of simultaneously logged pressure and velocity time-series data, measured by a Scripps differential pressure gauge, and a Güralp CMG-1T broadband seismometer on NEPTUNE Canada’s seismic station, respectively, to evaluate variations in sediment stiffness near Bullseye. The evaluation resulted in a (- 4.49 x10-3± 3.52 x 10-3) % change of the transfer function of 3rd October, 2010 and represents a 2.88% decrease in the stiffness of the sediments over the period. This thesis also outlines a new algorithm for calculating the static compliance of isotropic layered sediments.

Seafloor compliance is a non-intrusive geophysical method sensitive to the shear modulus of the sediments below the seafloor. A compliance analysis requires the computation of the frequency dependent transfer function between the vertical stress, produced at the seafloor by the ultra low frequency passive source-infra-gravity waves, and the resulting displacement, related to velocity through the frequency. The displacement of the ocean floor is dependent on the elastic structure of the sediments and the compliance function is tuned to different depths, i.e., a change in the elastic parameters at a given depth is sensed by the compliance function at a particular frequency. In a gas hydrate system, the magnitude of the stiffness is a measure of the quantity of gas hydrates present. Gas hydrates contain immense stores of greenhouse gases making them relevant to climate change science, and represent an important potential alternative source of energy. Bullseye Vent is a gas hydrate system located in an area that has been intensively studied for over 2 decades and research results suggest that this system is evolving over time. A partnership with NEPTUNE Canada allowed for the investigation of this possible evolution. This thesis describes a compliance experiment configured for NEPTUNE Canada’s seafloor observatory and its failure. It also describes the use of 203 days of simultaneously logged pressure and velocity time-series data, measured by a Scripps differential pressure gauge, and a Güralp CMG-1T broadband seismometer on NEPTUNE Canada’s seismic station, respectively, to evaluate variations in sediment stiffness near Bullseye. The evaluation resulted in a (- 4.49 x10-3± 3.52 x 10-3) % change of the transfer function of 3rd October, 2010 and represents a 2.88% decrease in the stiffness of the sediments over the period. This thesis also outlines a new algorithm for calculating the static compliance of isotropic layered sediments.