Magister Legum - LLM / The majority of South Africa’s 257 municipalities are in a dire state as evidenced by the recent reports of the Auditor-General (AG). 1 The Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs revealed that only 7 percent of the country’s 257 municipalities are classified as wellfunctioning insofar as they are capable of carrying out their tasks adequately.2 From the remaining municipalities, the Minister pointed out that 87 municipalities (31 percent) are ‘frankly dysfunctional’ meaning that service delivery in these municipalities is poor or at times non-existent because of poor governance, inadequate financial management, and poor accountability mechanisms.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the American Junior Red Cross. Special emphasis was given to the development, benefits, and services of Dallas County Chapter of the American Junior Red Cross.

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Solid State On-Board Recording is becoming a revolutionary way of recording airborne telemetry data and IRIG 106 Chapter 10 “Solid State On-Board Recorder Standard” provides interface documentation for solid state digital data acquisition. The Reduction and Analysis Program for Telemetry Recordings (RAPTR) is a standardized and extensible software application developed by the 96th Communications Group, Test and Analysis Division, at Eglin AFB, and provides a data reduction capability for disk files in Chapter 10 format. This paper provides the system description and software architecture of RAPTR and presents the 96th Communication Group’s total solution for Chapter 10 telemetry data reduction.

The thesis results from a research project, combining elements of European law and public international law. The project focuses on the different forms of the use of force by the European Union in the sphere of the Common Security and Defence Policy as an integral part of the EU’s common foreign and security policy. It examines the conditions under which the European Union can engage in military crisis management missions from the perspective of European Union law as well as from the perspective of public international law. The main emphasis of the thesis is put on the former, analysing the EU’s ambitions to become an international security actor from an inside-out perspective. When addressing the vertical dimension of the EU and the use of force in more detail, the thesis analyses the extent to which the Member States are constrained in the conduct of their national foreign and security policy through decisions by the European Union in the sphere of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. With regards to the EU’s legal relationship with the United Nations, the thesis examines whether and if so to what extent the European Union, although not a member of the United Nations, is bound by UN Security Council resolutions in respect of the use of force. Based on the assumption that the EU is bound by UN Security Council resolutions imposing economic sanctions, the thesis uses a comparative method in order to show that the EU as an international organisation is bound by decisions of the UN Security Council in the sense that the EU is obliged to respect the wording and limits of a UN Security Council mandate to use force once it decides to contribute with an EU mission. If the EU decides not to accept a UN Security Council mandate, the thesis argues that the EU is under the obligation not to undermine the success of a UN authorised military intervention, in the spirit of a loyalty obligation. Apart from analyzing the interaction of the EU and the international legal framework, the thesis also uses a speculative approach in order to examine the implications of silence in the context of the use of force.

(in English): This work describe fundation, history and status quo of bookstock of the Litomerice's chapter house's library. It is continuation of process of classification of oldest prints of the Litomerice's chapter house's library (of prints of the second half of the 16th century) and describe this process. It introducts professional public in the contemporary context with some single entities, that represent historical and artistic wealth of the Litomerice's chapter house's library.

The United Nations Security Council is primarily responsible for maintenance of international peace and security according to the Charter of the United Nations. To achieve this goal, it is authorized to adopt resolutions binding on member states under Chapter VII of the Charter. Considering the character of situations to which the Security council responds through its Chapter VII resolutions, this legal instrument often stirs emotions among the general public. But what does the law itself say about the Chapter VII resolutions? What is their legal nature and value in the field of public international law? This thesis provides an analysis of the Chapter VII resolutions, offers a definition of a Chapter VII resolution and analyzes some specific resolutions by which the Security Council acted more as a quasi-judicial or a quasi-legislative body. Through analysis of content limits of the Security Council powers, the thesis endeavors to confirm that binding nature of the Chapter VII resolutions as well as an obligation of member states to give effect to those resolutions do have its boundaries; and despite the special role of the Security Council in the field of public international law, its Chapter VII resolutions cannot have unlimited content. First of all, the resolutions cannot be in conflict with...

En este trabajo se pretende analizar las medidas que diversas instituciones, tanto eclesiásticas como civiles, adoptaron para afrontar el problema social del “desamparo” durante la primera mitad del siglo XVIII en el Reino de Murcia, donde la mayor parte del estado llano sufrió durísimas condiciones de vida. La caridad era un principio vigente en la sociedad española del Antiguo Régimen y permitió que los pobres y desamparados fueran atendidos. La mayor parte de las iniciativas procedían del ámbito eclesiástico. De este modo, el cabildo catedralicio, el obispado o las órdenes religiosos pusieron parte de sus rentas al servicio de los necesitados. Pero también el concejo y los particulares contribuyeron a intentar que la situación de muchas personas mejorase. Pero lo que se ha comprobado es que, pese a todo, las rentas destinadas fueron una mínima parte de lo que se podía haber utilizado. / This paper aims to analyze the actions that various institutions, both ecclesiastical and civil, adopted to address the social problem of "helplessness" in the first half of the eighteenth century in the Kingdom of Murcia, where most of the people suffered hard conditions of life. Charity was a active principle in Spanish society of the Ancien Regime and it allowed the poor and homeless were served. Most of the initiatives came from the ecclesiastical sphere. Thus, the cathedral chapter, the bishop or religious orders used part of their income to service the needy. But the City Council and individuals contributed to attempt that the situation of many people improve. But what has been proven is that, despite everything, the rents were aimed a fraction of what they could have used

Since the 1980s, household debt has been increasing rapidly. The high level of household indebtedness has been accompanied by a high household bankruptcy rate. My research attempts to provide a better understanding of the theoretical mechanisms behind these credit market and bankruptcy statistics. One of the purposes of Chapter 7 bankruptcy law is to improve debtors' work incentives by giving them a ``fresh start''. Chapter 13 bankruptcy, on the other hand, prescribes a repayment plan that garnishes future wages from debtors to repay creditors, which acts like a wage tax in standard models. In the first chapter, I ask the question ``How much does a fresh start increase labor supply by improving work incentives?'' Because the bankruptcy decision is endogenous, Chapter 7 filers tend to have less earnings and more debt than average individuals. Estimation of the change in labor supply as a consequence of the bankruptcy treatment must therefore take into account selection effects which is complicated by the interdependence of labor and credit market decisions. To answer my question quantitatively, I construct a dynamic partial equilibrium job search model with both bankruptcy choices which allows direct assessment of counterfactual outcomes. Competitive financial intermediaries offer a menu of loan sizes and interest rates that make zero profits. The model predicts that in the short run, a fresh start on average increases the labor supply of Chapter 7 bankruptcy filers by 3.5% over repayment and 3.4% over Chapter 13 bankruptcy. the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) dictates that adverse events such as a Chapter 7 bankruptcy must be removed from an individual's credit record after ten years. The intent of the law is to provide partial consumption insurance by giving an individual a fresh start. However, the law obviously weakens incentives not to default, which can result in higher interest rates that in turn reduce intertemporal insurance. Because of this tradeoff, it is unclear what is the optimal length of time that an adverse event should be on an individual's credit record. In the second chapter, I assess the welfare consequences of varying the length of time that adverse events can be on one's credit record. We calibrate the model to US data where the exclusion parameter is for ten years. Then I run a counterfactual to find the length that maximizes ex-ante welfare. I find that the optimal length is much lower, specifically 2.5 years, than the current regulation and that the consumption equivalent welfare gain (slightly over 1%) of such a policy change is large. In the third chapter, I explore how such credit checks (information on observable credit market actions) might help with incentives in labor market when there is a monopolistic employer. According to a Survey by the Society for Human Resource Management (2010), 25% of human resource representatives interviewed in 1998 indicated that the companies they worked for ran credit checks on potential employees while the fraction increased to 43% in 2004 and 60% in 2009. Ever since Holmstrom (1979), we've known that wage contracts can be designed to improve incentives for workers. I show by means of example that if the employer can have wage contracts contingent upon the asset choice of employees, the profit may be increased. However, some employees may be worse off. We may then assess the welfare consequences of a law (the Equal Employment for All Act (H.R. 3149)) prohibiting the use of credit information in employment decisions which currently sits before Congress. / text

An increasing number of restructuring proceedings in both the United States and Canada end in the liquidation of the debtor company. This might prejudice the rescue culture approach which is deeply rooted in both countries bankruptcy laws. At the very least, it is the expression of different economic circumstances and of a different creditors’ structure which has excited for a little over a decade. This thesis gives an overview of the different approaches available in Germany, Canada and the United States to rescue a debtor and explains what exactly is meant by a rescue culture policy. Furthermore, it examines the extent to which each legislator has embraced the rescue culture approach. Finally, it looks at the reasons and consequences of the above mentioned current North-American trend and examines the extent to which these developments may influence the outcome of restructuring proceedings in Germany.