Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The initial charge transfer from dye molecules' excited states to the conduction band of a semiconductor, after absorption of visible light by the former, is critical to the performance of Dye sensitized Solar Cells (DSC). In a ZnO-based DSC sensitized by the organic indoline derivative D149, the dynamics associated with charge transfer are investigated with femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The time-resolved measurement of the photo-initiated processes reveal electron transfer rates corresponding to excited state lifetimes of 100s of fs, consistent with previously measured high absorbed photon to current conversion efficiencies. The photo-electrode measured as an isolated system shows decay times of bound electrons in excited states of the dye to be ~150 fs and shows the subsequent emergence of absorption bands of the oxidized molecules. When the I-/I-3 redox couple is added to the system, these excited state lifetimes change and are found to be dependent on the cation in the electrolytic solution. Small cations like Li+ reduce the excited state lifetime to sub-100 fs, whilst larger cations like the organic tetrabutylammonium result in longer lifetimes of 240 fs. The action of the electrolyte can be observed by the reduced lifetime of the oxidized dye molecules' absorption bands. The effect of operating parameters and changes in the production protocol of the DSC on the primary charge injection are also investigated and reported on. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aanvanklike ladingsoordrag vanuit kleurstofmolekules' opgewekte toestande tot in die leidingsband van 'n halfgeleier, na absorpsie van sigbare lig deur eersgenoemde, is van kritiese belang vir die uitset van halfgeleier-gebaseerde sonkragselle wat met kleurstowwe vir absorpsie verhoging, gebind is. In hierdie werk word hierdie proses en verwante fotodinamika in die geval van 'n ZnO sonkragsel gekleur met indolien D149 ondersoek d.m.v femtosekonde-tydopgelosde absorpsiespektroskopie. Hierdie metings onthul elektron-oordragstempos wat ooreenstem met lewenstye van opgewekte toestande in die orde van 100 fs. Hierdie is met voorheen-bepaalde hoë foton-tot-stroom omskakelingsdoeltreffendheid ooreenkomstig. Die foto-elektrode, as geïsoleerde sisteem beskou, toon afvalstye van gebonde elektrone in opgewekte toestande van ~150 fs, en die gevolglike opkoms van absorpsie deur geoksideerde molekules word waargeneem. As die I-/I-3 redoks oplossing tot die sisteem bygevoeg word, verander die opgewekte toestande se afvalstye en toon 'n katioon-afhanklikheid. Klein katioone soos Li+ verkort die afvalstye tot onder 100 fs, terwyl groter katioone soos die organiese tetra-butielammonium langer afvalstye (240 fs) tot gevolg het. Die werking van die elektrolitiese oplossing kan waargeneem word deur die verkorte lewenstyd van die absorpsiebande wat aan die geoksideerde molekules toegeken is. Die uitwerking van operasionele parameter asook veranderinge in die produksie protokol op die primêre ladingsoordrag word ondersoek en verslag daarop word gelewer.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Please refer to full text to view abstract.

Functional crystalline oxides with perovskite structure have a wide range of electrical properties such as ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, and superconductive, as well as unique properties that make them suited for a wide variety of applications including electro-optics, high-k dielectrics, and catalysis. Therefore, in order to realize the potential of perovskite oxides it is desirable to integrate them with semiconductors. Due to the high surface energy of oxides compared to that of semiconductors and the low number of oxides that are thermodynamically stable against SiO₂ formation, it has been extremely difficult to integrate epitaxial oxides with Si directly. However, in 1998, McKee and co-workers finally succeeded in depositing SrTiO₃ on Si directly using a Sr template via molecular beam epitaxy. This breakthrough opened the possibility of integrating the perovskite oxides with Si to realize potential device applications. In this dissertation, alkaline earth metal (Sr and Ba) templates on semiconductors, which enable epitaxial growth of complex oxides on semiconductors, are investigated using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) for growth and in-situ X-ray/ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (XPS/UPS) for the electronic structure analysis. An epitaxial layer of SrTiO₃ on Si using such alkaline earth templates is used as a pseudo-substrate for the integration of perovskite oxides on Si. Through the use of post-deposition annealing as a function of oxygen pressure and annealing time, the strain relaxation behavior of epitaxial SrTiO₃ films grown on Si is also investigated to determine how the SiO₂ interlayer thickness affects the SrTiO₃ lattice constant. This ability to control strain relaxation can be used as a way to manipulate the properties of other perovskite oxides grown on SrTiO₃/Si. Additionally, SrTiO₃ can be made conductive by doping with La. Conductive SrTiO₃ can be used as a thermoelectric, a transparent conductive layer, and a quantum metal layer in a quantum metal field-effect transistor (QMFET). The structural, electrical, and optical properties of strained conductive La-doped SrTiO₃ are studied in order to understand the relation between elastic strain and electrical properties for electronic device applications. Oxide quantum well systems based on LaAlO₃/SrTiO₃ are also investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry to understand how the quantum well layer structure affects the electronic structure. Such quantum well systems are good candidates for the monolithic integration of functional perovskites on semiconductors. Oxides quantum wells can be used in various device applications such as in quantum well cascade lasers, laser diodes and high performance transistors. As part of the growth optimization for high quality complex oxide heterostructures, the surface preparation of SrTiO₃ substrates using several different methods was also extensively studied using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). We found that acid-free water-based surface preparation is actually more effective at removing SrOx̳ crystallites and leaving the surface TiO₂-terminated compared to the more commonly used acid-based methods. / text

This thesis presents a theoretical and experimental investigation of the interaction of electronically excited Rydberg hydrogen atoms with metal surfaces and the associated charge-transfer process. As a Rydberg atom approaches a metal surface, the energies of the Rydberg states are perturbed by the surface potential generated by the image charges of the Rydberg electron and core. At small atom-surface separations, the Rydberg atom may be ionised by resonant charge transfer of the Rydberg electron to the continuum of delocalised unoccupied metal states, with which the Rydberg electron is degenerate in energy. Typically, this ‘surface ionisation’ can be measured by extracting the remaining positively charged ion-cores with externally applied electric fields. By applying various levels of theory, from classical to fully time-dependent quantum calculations, this thesis explores various experimentally relevant effects on the charge-transfer process, such as the magnitude and direction of the externally applied electric field, the atom collisional velocity, the presence of local surface stray fields and electronically structured surfaces. The theoretical results give insight into the previous experimental work carried out for the xenon atom and hydrogen molecule, and point out some of the fundamental differences from the hydrogen atom system. Experiments involving Rydberg hydrogen atoms incident on an atomically flat gold surface, a rough machined aluminium surface and a single crystal copper (100) surface are presented, providing for the first time the opportunity to make a quantitative comparison of theory and experiments. The ability to control the critical distance at which charge-transfer occurs is demonstrated by using Rydberg states of varying dimensions and collisional velocities. By changing the collisional angle of the incident Rydberg beam, the effect of Rydberg trajectory is also investigated. By manipulating the polarisation of the Rydberg electron with electric fields, genuine control over the orientation of the electron density distribution in the charge-transfer process is demonstrated. This property was predicted by the theory and should be unique to the hydrogen atom due to its intrinsic symmetry. By reversing the direction of the electric field with respect to the metal surface, electrons rather than positive ions are detected, with ionisation dynamics that appear to be very different, as predicted by quantum calculations. Experiments involving the single crystal Cu(100) surface also suggests possible resonance effects from image states embedded in the projected bandgap which are shown from quantum calculations to play an important role in the surface charge transfer of electronically structured metal substrates. The experimental technique developed in this work provides some exciting future applications to study quantum confinement effects with thin films, nanoparticles and other bandgap surfaces. The ability to control the Rydberg orbital size, electronic energy, collisional velocity and orientation in the charge-transfer process will provide novel ways of probing the surface’s electronic and physical structure, as well as being a valuable feature in offering new opportunities for controlling reactive processes at metallic surfaces.

This thesis describes studies on nanohybrid systems consisting of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with monolayer coatings of semiconducting polymers. Steady-state and time-resolved optical and high-resolution microscopy experiments were used to investigate the blends. These materials show promise for use in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) owing to the high carrier mobilities and large aspect ratios of SWNTs, the controllable solubilisation of tubes with various polymers and the broad light-harvesting abilities of organic polymers. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce the theory and background behind the work and present a literature review of previous work utilising carbon nanotubes in OPV devices, revealing poor performances to date. The experimental methods used during the thesis are detailed in Chapter 3 and the solution processing techniques used to prepare the polymer–nanotube blend samples are described in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 describes a study on a nanotube blend with a thiophene polymer, a system previously unsuccessfully implemented into OPV devices. Ultrafast spectroscopic measurements showed that electrons can transfer on a 400 fs time scale from the polymer to nanotubes and the conditions to allow long-lived free charges to be produced were found. The study is extended in Chapter 6 to show that nanostructures consisting of a nanotube coated in one polymer can then be coated by a second polymer and that these nano-engineered structures could be implemented into OPV devices. The use of a competition binding process to isolate purely semiconducting nanotubes dispersed with any desired polymer is then described in Chapter 7. Finally, Chapter 8 introduces systems consisting of chains of porphyrin units, nature’s light-harvesting systems, bound to nanotubes and the blends were found to exhibit the required electronic alignment for use in OPVs. The work described in this thesis provides an explanation for the poor device behaviour of nanotube–polymer blends to date and, in particular, demonstrates several nanohybrid systems that show particular promise for improved OPV applications.

Neste trabalho foram estudados os complexos de transferência de carga resultantes da interação entre as espécies aceptoras de elétrons tetracianoetileno (TCNE) e 7,7,8,8-tetracianoquinodimetano (TCNQ), com aminas mono, bi e tri aromáticas, como espécies doadoras de elétrons, em solução. Também foram estudadas as reações de substituição eletrofílica aromática que ocorre entre o TCNE e aminas. Para tal estudo, foram utilizadas as técnicas espectroscópicas de absorção UV-VIS e Raman, o que permitiu a caracterização dos complexos de transferência de carga, assim como das espécies participantes da reação de tricianovinilação que ocorre entre aminas e TCNE. Para dar suporte aos dados experimentais, cálculos DFT (Teoria do Funcional da Densidade) e TDDFT (Teoria do Funcional da Densidade dependente do tempo) foram realizados, o que permitiu a obtenção das geometrias otimizadas, valores de frequência Raman e energias de transição dessas espécies. Os espectros eletrônicos dos complexos formados entre TCNE e aminas monoaromáticas mostraram que suas energias de transição são proporcionais à capacidade de doação de elétrons da amina. De fato, as energias de transição puderam ser correlacionadas com os valores de potencial de ionização das aminas, apresentando uma correlação linear de acordo com a regra Mulliken. Os espectros Raman permitiram verificar que os modos vibracionais do TCNE envolvidos no processo de transferência de carga apresentam deslocamento para menores números de onda com a diminuição do potencial de ionização da amina, e analogamente, pôde-se obter uma correlação linear entre esses dois parâmetros. No caso das aminas bi e tri aromáticas, a tendência linear entre energia de transição e potencial de ionização foi observada, mas não para os deslocamentos Raman das bandas do TCNE. Na reação de tricianovinilação, os espectros eletrônicos possibilitaram a identificação das espécies participantes da reação, assim como sua caracterização vibracional por espectroscopia Raman ressonante. Através da espectroscopia Raman ressonante, pôde-se, pela primeira vez, caracterizar as espécies intermediárias da reação de tricianovinilação entre TCNE e aminas aromáticas. Os complexos envolvendo TCNQ e aminas monoaromáticas apresentou tendência semelhante à observada em complexos com o TCNE. As energias de transição desses complexos diminuem linearmente, assim como, os modos vibracionais do TCNQ, que apresentam deslocamentos para menores frequências Raman com a diminuição do potencial de ionização da amina. Por outro lado, complexos formados pelo TCNQ e aminas com mais de um anel aromático em sua estrutura, não apresentam correlação entre potencial de ionização do doador e energia de transição e deslocamentos Raman. Os cálculos dos espectros eletrônicos e vibracionais apresentaram boa concordância com os obtidos experimentalmente, porém algumas limitações ficam evidentes na descrição das interações π nesses sistemas modelo. / In this work the charge transfer complexes resulting from the interaction between tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), as electron accepting species and mono, bi and tri aromatic amines, as electron donating species, were studied in solution. Also the electrophilic aromatic substitution that occurs between the TCNE and amines has been studied. For this study, the spectroscopic techniques of UV-VIS absorption and Raman were used, which allowed the characterization of the charge transfer complexes, as well as of the species involved in the reaction of tricianovinylation that occurs between amines and TCNE. In order to support the experimental data, DFT (Density Functional Theory) and TDDFT (Time-dependent Density Functional Theory) calculations were performed, to obtain the optimized geometries, Raman frequency values and theoretical transition energies of such species. The electronic spectra of the complexes formed between TCNE and monoaromatic amines showed that their transition energies are proportional to the amine electron donation capacity. In fact it could be linearly correlated with the ionization potential values of the amines, following the Mullikens rule. The Raman spectra allowed to verify that the vibrational modes of the TCNE involved in the process of charge transfer, were displaced to lower wavenumbers with the reduction of the ionization potential of the amine, and analogously, a linear correlation between these two parameters could be obtained. In the case of bi and tri aromatic amines, the linear trend between transition energy and ionization potential was observed, but not for the Raman shifts of the TCNE bands. In the reaction of tricianovinylation, the electronic spectra enabled the identification of the participating species in the reaction, and their vibrational characterization by resonance Raman. Using resonance Raman spectroscopy, it was possible to characterize the intermediate species of the tricianovinylation reaction between TCNE and aromatic amines for the first time. The complexes involving TCNQ and monoaromatic amines showed a similar trend to that observed in complexes with TCNE. The transition energies of these complexes decrease linearly, as well as the vibrational modes of the TCNQ, which present shifts to lower Raman frequencies with the decrease of the ionization potential of the amine. On the other hand, complexes formed by TCNQ and amines with more than one aromatic ring in their structure do not present correlation between donor ionization potential and transition energy and Raman displacements. The calculations of the electronic and vibrational spectra presented good agreement with those obtained experimentally, however some limitations were evidenced in the description of the π interactions in these model systems.

Neste trabalho foram estudados os complexos de transferência (CTC) de carga formados por iodeto com os derivados piridínicos C4(4CP)+ e C3bis(4CP)2+ em solução. A formação de um CTC é caracterizada pelo surgimento de uma nova banda no espectro eletrônico de absorção, em solventes orgânicos como acetonitrila. Este tipo de sistema tem recebido muito interesse em diversos campos como, por exemplo, eletrônica orgânica, espectroscopia não linear, bioquímica, no ramo farmacêutico, etc. O complexo C4(4CP)+I- é caracterizado por uma banda de transferência de carga com máximo em 421 nm em acetonitrila. Cálculos das propriedades eletrônicas e das energias de excitação do complexo foram realizados usando a teoria do funcional da densidade e a teoria do funcional da densidade dependente do tempo. O emprego de funcionais de troca e correlação com correções de longo alcance foi essencial para a obtenção de resultados acurados para as energias de excitação. Usando os funcionais CAM-B3LYP e B97X-D, associados ao modelo contínuo PCM, foi possível descrever muito bem o máximo da banda experimental. No caso do C3bis(4CP)2+ foram encontradas diferentes estruturas possíveis para o complexo, que podem ser formadas pela associação de um ou dois I-. Em todos os casos apenas um dos I- participa da excitação, o que explica a estequiometria 1:1 observada experimentalmente. Uma visão mais aprofunda do comportamento do complexo em solução foi obtida usando a dinâmica molecular clássica. O campo de força foi ajustado para reproduzir os resultados de uma dinâmica por primeiros princípios de vácuo. A dinâmica clássica mostrou não haver dissociação em acetonitrila no complexo formado com o C3bis(4CP)2+. A banda calculada a partir das configurações amostradas da dinâmica está em excelente acordo com o resultado experimental. / In this work, we have studied theoretically charge-transfer complexes (CTC) formed by pyridinium derivatives with iodide. The formation of a CTC is characterized by the appearance of a new absorption band on the electronic spectra, in organic polar solvents like acetonitrile. These type of systems have recently received much interest in a broad variety of fields, for example, organic electronics, nonlinear spectroscopy, medical biochemistry, pharmaceutical industry, etc. The C4(4CP)+I- complex is characterized by the charge-transfer band with a maximum at 421 nm in acetonitrile. We have used density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to calculate electronic properties and the excitation energies of the complex. Functionals with long-range corrections were essential in describing the charge-transfer excitations. CAM-B3LYP and wB97X-D associated with the polarizable continuum model predicts CT excitations in good agreement with experiment. Our results also indicates the existence of different conformations for the complex formed by the C3bis(4CP)2+ with iodide. Complexes were formed by the association of one or two I- to C3bbis(4CP)2+, but the charge transfer excitations were calculated from only one iodide to the aromatic ring, what explain why the stoichiometry 1:1 was observed. A better description of the complex in solution was obtained using classical molecular dynamics. The OPLS-AA force field was fine-tuned to reproduce the results of a first principle molecular dynamics for the complex. No dissociation were observed. The calculated charge-transfer band using configurations sampled from molecular dynamics is in excellent agreement with experiment.

Devido à escassez de dados espectroscópicos sobre as interações de aminas aromáticas com SO2 e devido também à importância que complexos de transferência de carga assumem numa série de processos, inclusive biológicos, realizou-se um estudo objetivando a caracterização dessa interação através de várias técnicas espectroscópicas, como a espectroscopia Raman, no Infravermelho, no visível-ultravioleta e de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear. A partir dos dados obtidos nesses estudos concluímos que ocorre transferência de carga da amina para o SO2 ; essa transferência ocorre a partir do orbital ocupado de maior energia da amina , localizado principalmente no átomo de nitrogênio, para o orbital vago de mais baixa -energia do SO2 (π * ) localizado no a-tomo de enxofre. Os espectros vibracionais mostram que não é possível correlacionar as frequências de estiramento do SO2 complexado com o pKb (ou potencial de ionização) da base e sugerem que fatores estéricos podem ser importantes, influenciando o recobrimento dos orbitais do doador e do aceptor. No caso particular da ANI.SO2 , alterações na região de estiramento N-H do espectro no infravermelho , indicam que muito provavelmente ocorre a formação de ligações de hidrogênio entre a amina e o SO2 além da interação através do átomo de nitrogênio. ° comportamento termocrômico dos complexos foi investigado através de espectroscopia Raman à baixa temperatura. As informações preliminares obtidas sugerem que o desaparecimento da côr é devido a uma depopulação dos estados vibracionais excitados, a partir dos quais se efetuam as transições eletrônicas com fatores de Franck-Condon muito favoráveis / The shortage of spectroscopic data on the interactions between amines and SO2, together with the relevance that molecular complexes have in several process, including biological ones, stimulated us to study these systems by Raman, Infrared, Visible-Ultra violet and NMR spectroscopic techniques. From the data obtained, it\'s possible to conclude that there is charge transfer from the HOMO of the amines, which is localized mainly at the nitrogen atom, to the LUMO of SO2, localized at the sulfur atom. The vibrational spectra show that it is impossible to correlate any of the SO2 vibrational bands to the pKb of the donor and suggest that steric hindrance may play an important role in such interations, affecting the overlap of donor and aceptor orbitals; in the case of ANI.SO2 , the band shape in the N-H stretching region led us to conclude that hidrogen bonding between the amine and SO2 occurs, together with the specific interation through the nitrogen atom. The complexes show Pré-Resonance Raman Effect and from its study one concludes that SO2 belongs to the chromophoric group. The thermochromism that the complexes present was investigated by Raman Spectroscopy at low temperature. The informations obtained strongly suggest that the vanishing of its colour may be atributed to a depopulation of an vibrational excited state from which the charge transfer eletronic transition can occur with apreciable Franck-Condon factors.

Les ligands de type bis(oxazolines) associés à des sels métalliques ont montré leur efficacité dans de nombreuses réactions de formation de liaisons C-C. L’utilisation de tels complexes chiraux en tant que catalyseurs asymétriques permet l’accès à une large variété de synthons fonctionnalisés énantioenrichis pour la synthèse de composés d’intérêt biologique. Cependant, un taux catalytique important (souvent 10 mol%) est nécessaire à l’obtention de bonnes activités et énantiosélectivités. Il est donc intéressant de pouvoir recycler ces complexes de manière à réduire le coût de leur emploi mais également d’augmenter le turn-over de ces réactions énantiosélectives.La structure des bis(oxazolines) a donc été choisie de manière à permettre le recyclage de catalyseurs par hétérogénéisation. Un nouveau concept a ainsi été mis en place, impliquant la formation de complexes à transfert de charge (CTC) entre un groupement anthracényle et la trinitrofluorénone. La formation de telles interactions non-covalentes permet la précipitation du catalyseur sous forme de CTC en milieu apolaire par ajout de pentane. Ce procédé ayant donné de très bons résultats pour la cycloaddition de Diels-Alder avec des complexes de cuivre, nous l’avons l’appliqué à d’autres transformations stéréosélectives dans le but d’étendre le champ d’application de notre méthode. Nous avons ainsi étudié cette méthode de recyclage pour les réactions de nitroaldolisation, ène-carbonyle et de cyclopropanation, à la fois dans des procédures mono- et multi-substrats mais également dans une procédure multi-réactions. Les rendements et les excès énantiomériques obtenus grâce à ces nouveaux complexes de cuivre chiraux sont analogues aux valeurs observées dans des conditions de catalyse homogène décrites dans la bibliographie. Dans une grande majorité des cas, une excellente stabilité du catalyseur en termes de sélectivité et d’activité est relevée à travers ses différentes réutilisations.La synthèse et l’utilisation de nouveaux supports permettant la formation de CTC ou d’interactions π ont également été réalisées de manière à éviter l’ajout de pentane jusqu’alors nécessaire à la précipitation de notre espèce catalytique. Ce type de catalyseur a pu être mis à l’épreuve dans les mêmes réactions que celles citées ci-dessus, avec des supports modifiés tels que le polystyrène ou la silice, mais également en présence de charbon actif. Cela nous a permis d’obtenir de bons résultats quant à l’efficacité des catalyseurs dans différentes procédures de catalyse hétérogène, avec une bonne conservation des valeurs de rendements et d’énantiosélectivités. / Chiral bis(oxazolines) associated to various metallic salts have been described as very powerful ligands for the catalytic C-C bond formation. The use of these chiral complexes as asymmetric catalysts allows for scalemic preparation of a wide range of functionalized synthons for the preparation of biologically active compounds. However, an important catalytic amount (around 10 mol%) is often needed to obtain high yields and enantioselectivities. Recycling these complexes can be interesting in terms of cost reduction and increase of the turn-over of these enantioselective reactions.These bisoxazolines were designed to allow recycling of the catalyst by heterogeneization thanks to a new methodology involving the formation of charge transfer complexes (CTC). This non-covalent interaction, linking the anthracenyle moiety and the trinitrofluorenone leads to precipitation of the catalytic species as a CTC due to the addition of pentane. This procedure has successfully been applied to the Diels-Alder reaction with copper complexes and we then endeavoured to carry out other transformations in order to broaden the scope of our methodology. We therefore attempted to carry out nitroaldolizations, carbonyle-ene and cyclopropanations reactions, both in mono- and multi-substrates procedures and in an original multi-reaction concept. Yields and enantioselectivities obtained with these new chiral catalysts compared satisfactorily with described homogeneous conditions. In the most cases, the CTC proved to be highly stable over the course of its different reuses.New supports allowing for CTC formation or π interactions have been prepared and tested in order to avoid having to precipitate the catalyst with pentane for recovery. This type of catalyst was subjected to the same, previously mentioned, reactions with modified supports such as polystyrene, silica or charcoal. These modifications made for efficient homogenous catalytical systems, whilst conserving high yields and enantioselectivities.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude de la dynamique femtoseconde de photo-commutation de matériaux moléculaires bistables, à l’aide d’expériences pompe-sonde basées sur les spectroscopies optiques et rayons X. Une partie des expériences a été réalisée sur synchrotron et X-FEL (X-ray Free Electron Laser). La première partie de la thèse, qui est consacrée à l’étude de systèmes à transition de spin non-octaédriques, a révélé différents chemins de transformations sur la surface de potentiel, associés à différents mécanismes de changement d’état électronique et modulant la cohérence de la dynamique structurale pilotant le processus. La seconde partie porte sur l’étude d’analogues du bleu de Prusse (CoFe) où les expériences ultra-rapides ont permis de d’étudier les dynamiques de transformation autour des sites de fer et de cobalt. / This thesis focuses on the study of the femtosecond photoswitching dynamic in the bistable molecular materials, using the pump-probe experiments which are based on the optical and x-ray spectroscopies.  Part of these experiments was performed at synchrotron and X-FEL (X-ray Free Electron Laser). The first part of the thesis, which is devoted to the study of non-octahedral spin transition systems, revealed different pathways of transformation on the potential surface. The second part focuses on the study of the Prussian Blue Analogues (CoFe), where the ultra-fast experiments allowed to follow the dynamics around the two metal ions.