In this dissertation, we employ a number of computational methods, including Ab Initio, Density Functional Theory, and Molecular Dynamics simulations to investigate key microscopic parameters that govern charge-transport and charge-generation in single-component and bimolecular charge-transfer organic semiconductors. First, electronic (transfer integrals, bandwidths, effective masses) and electron-phonon couplings of single-component organic semiconductors are discussed. In particular, we evaluate microscopic charge-transport parameters in a series of nonlinear acenes with extended pi-conjugated cores. Our studies suggest that high charge-carrier mobilities are expected in these materials, since large electronic couplings are obtained and the formation of self-localized polarons due to local and nonlocal electron-phonon couplings is unlikely. Next, we evaluate charge detrapping due to interaction with intra-molecular crystal vibrations in order to explain changes in experimentally measured electric conductivity generated by pulse excitations in the IR region of a photoresistor based on pentacene/C60 thin film. Here, we directly relate the nonlocal electron-phonon coupling constants with variations in photoconductivity. In terms of charge-generation from an excited manifold, we evaluate the modulation of the state couplings between singlet and triplet excited states due to crystal vibrations, in order to understand the effect of lattice vibrations on singlet fission in tetracene crystal. We find that the state coupling between localized singlet and correlated triplet states is much more strongly affected by the dynamical disorder due to lattice vibrations than the coupling between the charge-transfer singlet and triplet states. Next, the impact of Hartree-Fock exchange in the description of transport properties in crystalline organic semiconductors is discussed. Depending on the nature of the electronic coupling, transfer integrals and bandwidths can show a significant increase as a function of the amount of the Hartree-Fock exchange included in the functional. Similar trend is observed for lattice relaxation energy. It is also shown that the ratio between electronic coupling and lattice relaxation energy is practically independent of the amount of the Hartree-Fock exchange, making this quantity a good candidate for incorporation into tight-binding transport models. We also demonstrate that it is possible to find an amount of the Hartree-Fock exchange that recovers (quasi-particle) band structure obtained from a highly accurate G0W0 approach. Finally, a microscopic understanding of a phase transition in charge-carrier mobility from temperature independent to thermally activated in stilbene-tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane crystal is provided.

When approaching a metal surface, the electronic structure of Rydberg atoms or molecules is perturbed by the surface potential and at close enough distances resonant ionisation of the Rydberg electron into the conduction band of the surface can occur. It is possible to interfere in this process and steer the ionisation distance by making use of the polarisability of the Rydberg orbital in the presence of electric fields. The resulting ions from the surface can extracted via electric fields and subsequently detected via well established ion detection schemes. The question of how this charge-transfer process is affected by different properties of the surface (both electronic and structural) represents the main aspect of the work presented in this thesis. At first, the charge transfer of atomic hydrogen Rydberg atoms with a flat gold metal surface is investigated. While such a surface might appear homogeneous, stray fields are present in its vicinity due to local variations in the surface work function. The surface ionisation process as a function of applied electric field is therefore measured experimentally and the results are compared with classical Monte-Carlo simulations (which include stray field effects). This way the possibility to utilize Rydberg states as a probe of the magnitude of such stray fields is demonstrated. To investigate the effect the surface structure can have on the ionisation process, the interaction of Rydberg atoms with surfaces covered by nanoparticles is investigated. Surface ionisation is measured at a 5 nm nanoparticle monolayer surface and it is shown that population transfer between surface- and vacuum-oriented Rydberg states occurs. In addition, results are presented, which suggest a dependence of the ionisation process on the relative size of Rydberg orbital and nanoparticle. Furthermore, charge transfer between a Rydberg state and discrete electronic states at the surface vacuum interface are investigated by performing experiments with a Cu(100) band-gap semiconductor surface. By analysing surface ionisation as a function of collisional velocity ionisation rates can be determined and are subsequently compared with theoretical predictions. The potential of identifying resonant ionisation is thereby demonstrated. Last, a new method to produce 2s atomic hydrogen via mixing of the 2s and 2p state in an electric field is proposed and first experimental results are presented, thus demonstrating viability of the idea. The experiments presented in this thesis represent the most in depth analysis of the charge-transfer process between atomic hydrogen Rydberg states and a range of different surfaces to date. As such, they demonstrate the potential of utilizing the unique properties of Rydberg states and their applicability as surface probes. In addition, these results pave the way for further experiments involving thin films or the phenomenon of quantum reflectivity.

Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) using low-pressure Hg lamp emission at 185 and 254 nm produce OH radicals efficiently and are widely used in atmospheric chemistry and other fields. However, knowledge of detailed OFR chemistry is limited, allowing speculation in the literature about whether some non-OH reactants, including several not relevant for tropospheric chemistry, may play an important role in these OFRs. These non-OH reactants are UV radiation, O(¹D), O(³P), and O₃. In this study, we investigate the relative importance of other reactants to OH for the fate of reactant species in OFR under a wide range of conditions via box modeling. The relative importance of non-OH species is less sensitive to UV light intensity than to water vapor mixing ratio (H₂O) and external OH reactivity (OHR_ext), as both non-OH reactants and OH scale roughly proportionally to UV intensity. We show that for field studies in forested regions and also the urban area of Los Angeles, reactants of atmospheric interest are predominantly consumed by OH. We find that O(¹D), O(³P), and O₃ have relative contributions to volatile organic compound (VOC) consumption that are similar or lower than in the troposphere. The impact of O atoms can be neglected under most conditions in both OFR and troposphere. We define “riskier OFR conditions” as those with either low H₂O (< 0.1 %) or high OHR_ext ( ≥  100 s⁻¹ in OFR185 and > 200 s⁻¹ in OFR254). We strongly suggest avoiding such conditions as the importance of non-OH reactants can be substantial for the most sensitive species, although OH may still dominate under some riskier conditions, depending on the species present. Photolysis at non-tropospheric wavelengths (185 and 254 nm) may play a significant (> 20 %) role in the degradation of some aromatics, as well as some oxidation intermediates, under riskier reactor conditions, if the quantum yields are high. Under riskier conditions, some biogenics can have substantial destructions by O₃, similarly to the troposphere. Working under low O₂ (volume mixing ratio of 0.002) with the OFR185 mode allows OH to completely dominate over O₃ reactions even for the biogenic species most reactive with O₃. Non-tropospheric VOC photolysis may have been a problem in some laboratory and source studies, but can be avoided or lessened in future studies by diluting source emissions and working at lower precursor concentrations in laboratory studies and by humidification. Photolysis of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) samples is estimated to be significant (> 20 %) under the upper limit assumption of unity quantum yield at medium (1 × 10¹³ and 1.5 × 10¹⁵ photons cm⁻² s⁻¹ at 185 and 254 nm, respectively) or higher UV flux settings. The need for quantum yield measurements of both VOC and SOA photolysis is highlighted in this study. The results of this study allow improved OFR operation and experimental design and also inform the design of future reactors.

Une compréhension profonde de la séparation de charge à l’hétérojonction de semi-con- ducteurs organiques est nécessaire pour le développement de diodes photovoltaïques organiques plus efficaces, ce qui serait une grande avancée pour répondre aux besoins mondiaux en énergie durable. L’objectif de cette thèse est de décrire les processus impliqués dans la séparation de charges à hétérojonctions de semi-conducteurs organiques, en prenant en exemple le cas particulier du PCDTBT: PCBM. Nous sondons les excitations d’interface à l’aide de méthodes spectroscopiques résolues en temps couvrant des échelles de temps de 100 femto- secondes à 1 milliseconde. Ces principales méthodes spectroscopiques sont la spectroscopie Raman stimulée femtoseconde, la fluorescence résolue en temps et l’absorption transitoire. Nos résultats montrent clairement que le transfert de charge du PCDTBT au PCBM a lieu avant que l’exciton ne soit relaxé et localisé, un fait expérimental irréconciliable avec la théorie de Marcus semi-classique. La paire de charges qui est créée se divise en deux catégories : les paires de polarons géminales non piégées et les paires profondément piégées. Les premiers se relaxent rapidement vers l’exciton à transfert de charge, qui se recombine radiativement avec une constante de temps de 1– 2 nanoseconde, alors que les seconds se relaxent sur de plus longues échelles de temps via l’effet tunnel. Notre modèle photophysique quantitatif démontre que 2 % de l’excitation créée ne peut jamais se dissocier en porteurs de charge libre, un chiffre qui est en accord avec les rendements élevés rapportés pour ce type de système. / A deep understanding of charge separation at organic semiconductor heterojunctions is instrumental in developing organic photovoltaic diodes with higher power conversion efficiencies, which could be a game changer for meeting sustainable global energy needs. The goal of this thesis is to describe the processes involved in charge separation at organic semiconductor heterojonctions, taking the special case of PCDTBT:PCBM as an example. We probe interfacial excitations using time-resolved spectroscopic methods covering timescales from 100 femtoseconds to 1 millisecond. These main spectroscopic methods are femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy, time resolved fluorescence and transient absorption. Our results unambiguously show that charge transfer from PCDTBT to PCBM happens before the exciton is relaxed and localised, an experimental fact that in irreconcilable with semi-classical Marcus theory. The charge pair that is created then falls into two categories : un-trapped geminate polaron pairs or deeply trapped geminate polaron pairs. The former quickly relax to charge transfer exciton, which relax radiatively with a time constant of 1–2 nanosecond, while the latter form a charge transfer exciton on much longer timescales via tunneling. Our quantitative photo-physical model demonstrate that 2% of created excitation can never dissociate into free charge carrier, a figure that is in agreement with the high efficiencies reported for this type of system.

The pi-electron oligomers: Their synthesis and properties This diploma thesis is focused on the synthesis of p-oligophenyleneethynylene rods (dimer and trimer) containing laterally attached naphtalenediimide units as electron acceptor groups. These functionalised short oligomers are intended to serve as model oligodentate acceptors in the study on multiple interactions with electron rich molecules. The oligomers were assembled from building blocks such as aryl iodides and aryl alkynes bearing a naphthalenediimide unit. The functionalised monomers were combined in a stepwise way by using Sonogashira reaction to form the target p-oligophenyleneethynylene oligomers. The introductory UV-VIS spectroscopic studies on charge transfer complexes between electron donor (pyrene) and electron acceptor (a naphthalenediimide derivative) were performed. In addition, multiple noncovalent interaction between the electron acceptor dimer containing two naphthalenedimide moieties and the electron donor dimer containing two pyrene moieties were investigated by using 1 H NMR titration. The resulting oligomers and their precursors were characterized by using 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, MS and IR spectroscopy.

Sistemas push-pull são caracterizados pela presença de uma transição eletrônica de transferência de carga, o que justifica a grande diferença de polaridade entre os estados fundamental e excitado. Isso os torna sondas moleculares promissoras para a obtenção de informações espectroscópicas sobre a fase condensada. Alguns desses sistemas apresentam modos vibracionais cuja frequência depende da energia de excitação nos espectros Raman. Neste estudo, através de uma sonda molecular push-pull, objetivou-se analisar as características do meio que definem tal dependência. A sonda utilizada, 4-dimetilamino-&#946;-nitroestireno apresentou deslocamento batocrômico no espectro de absorção eletrônico e a dependência da largura de banda com o solvente, o que mostrou sua sensibilidade ao meio, juntamente com uma dependência do modo de estiramento simétrico do grupo nitro com o solvente. Através do modelo do estado de solvatação seletivo, variando a energia de excitação do laser, foi possível observar a dependência do número de onda do modo de estiramento simétrico do NO2. Essa dependência foi, no entanto, mais significativa em solventes próticos polares, os quais apresentam os maiores valores de tempo de relaxação do solvente. Alguns solventes polares apróticos também apresentaram, mas com menor deslocamento, o que poderia estar relacionado com o tempo de relaxação. Solventes com dinâmicas de solvatação mais lentas e com forte interação, provocando uma diminuição na energia de transição eletrônica, são os principais fatores para ocorrência da dispersão Raman em sistemas push-pull. / The push-pulls systems are characcterized by the presence of a charge transfer electronic transition, it explain the large difference in polarity between the ground and excited states. They are promising molecular probes to obtain spectroscopic information on the condensed phase because of that characteristic. Some of these systems have vibrational modes whose frequency depends on the excitation energy in the resonant Raman spectra. The objective of this study was to analyze the vibrational frequency dependence of the molecular probe caused by environment. The 4-dimethylamino-&#946;-nitrostyrene as a probe was sensitive to the medium showing bathochromic shift on electronic spectrum and bandwidth dependence with the solvent as well as the dependency of the nitro symmetric stretching mode in the vibrational spectrum. Based on the selective solvation state model, the laser excitation energy was varied and the dependence of the wave number of the symmetric stretching mode NO2 was observed. This dependency is, however, more significant in polar protic solvents which have the highest relaxation time values of the solvent. Some aprotic polar solvents presented that characteristic with less degree, which may be related to the relaxation time. The main factor for the occurrence of Raman scattering in push-pull solvation systems is the slower solvation dynamics and strong interaction that are capable to diminishing the energy electronic transition. The main factors for the occurrence of Raman dispersion in push-pull solvation systems are the slower solvation dynamics and strong probe/solvent interaction that are capable to diminishing the electronic transition energy.

Neste trabalho foi sintetizado o corante (E)-2-[3-[4-(difenilamina)-fenil]-1-(p-tolil)- alilideno]-malononitrila (DFTAM), a partir da reação de condensação entre 4- (difenilamino)-benzaldeído e 2- [1- (4- metilfenil)-etilideno]-malononitrila, com catálise básica de piperidina. O produto obtido foi purificado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) e caracterizado pelas técnicas de espectrometria de massas, ressonância magnética nuclear de 13C e 1H e espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier. Para estudar suas propriedades fotofísicas, espectros de absorção e emissão de fluorescência, decaimento de fluorescência e espectro de absorção de transientes foram feitos em diferentes solventes, variando-se a polaridade e viscosidade do meio. Duas bandas de absorção foram observadas, uma em 303 nm e outra em cerca de 490 nm, a qual apresentou deslocamento batocrômico com o aumento da polaridade do solvente. Para essa região de excitação a banda de emissão variou entre 517 e 630 nm, com o aumento da polaridade do meio. Os decaimentos de fluorescência mostraram duas componentes, uma na ordem de picossegundos e a outra de nanossegundos. Os experimentos de absorção de transientes apresentaram três espécies, uma mais longa (maior que 10 ms) e duas outras de cerca 2 e 22 &mu;s. Surfactantes catiônicos, não iônico, e aniônico também foram usados para produzir micelas e fazer os experimentos já citados. Pôde-se observar que o corante interagiu com as micelas, melhorando sua fluorescência e aumentando o tempo de vida do estado singleto. Por fim, acompanhou-se in situ, através da técnica de microscopia TIRF, a reação de formação de DFTAM a nível single molecule com catalise básica de nanopartículas de MgO e lamínulas de vidro funcionalizadas com piperazina. Através da intermitência de fluorescência dos filmes feitos de ambas as amostras, observou-se a formação de moléculas do corante através de ciclos de catálise da piperazina. / In this project the synthesis of (E) -2- [3- [4- (diphenylamine) phenyl] -1- (p-tolyl) - allylidene] -malononitrile (DFTAM) dye, from the condensation reaction between 4- (diphenylamino) benzaldehyde and 2- [1- (4-methylphenyl) ethylidene]-malononitrile using piperidine basic catalysis has been achieved. The dye was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance 13C and 1H and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. To study DFTAM photophysical properties, absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, fluorescence decay and transient absorption spectrum were recorded in solvents with different polarity and viscosity. Two absorption bands of DFTAM were observed, the first one at 303 nm was solvent independent while the second one at about 490 nm, had bathochromic shift with increasing polarity of the medium. In the visible region of excitation the maximum of the dye emission band observed varied between 517 and 630 nm, upon increasing solvent polarity. Fluorescence decays showed two distinct components, a fast one in picosecond time scale and a slow one in nanoseconds. Transient absorption experiments indicated the presence of three species with different lifetimes, one longer than 10 ms and the other two with lifetimes about 2 and 22 &mu;s. Cationic, nonionic, anionic surfactants were also used to produce micelles for easy solubilization of DFTAM. It was observed that the dye interacted with the micelles, improving its fluorescence yield and lifetime. Finally, the DFTAM formation reaction was monitored in situby TIRF wide field microscopy technique at single molecule level. The basic catalysis was tested for MgO nanoparticles and glass surface functionalized with bound piperazine. Through the fluorescence intermittency time trace obtained from TIRF movies, the discrete formation of dye molecules was only observed in the case of piperazine catalytic cycles.

O dióxido de enxofre (SO2) é um dos principais poluentes atmosféricos e a busca por sistemas capazes de absorver, detectar e/ou quantificar este gás tem sido de grande interesse. Neste contexto, os líquidos iônicos (LI) têm demonstrado potencial aplicação em metodologias de captura e armazenamento de gases. Neste estudo, nosso maior interesse consiste em entender os principais fatores que governam as interações entre o SO2 e diferentes íons formadores de líquidos iônicos. Em particular, foi explorada a interação específica de transferência de carga entre ânions (base de Lewis) e o SO2 (ácido de Lewis). A abordagem deste trabalho foi baseada em uma investigação sistemática de LI formados pelo cátion 1-butil,3-metilimidazólio (BMI) e diferentes ânions, utilizando da espectroscopia vibracional (Raman e IR), sobretudo a espectroscopia Raman ressonante, aliada a cálculos teóricos baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade (DFT). Os resultados de espectroscopia vibracional Raman e IR, mostraram mudanças na posição e formato da banda referente ao modo de estiramento simétrico vs(SO2) dependendo do ânion e da concentração de SO2 em LI. Verificou-se deslocamentos significativos para menor número de onda em relação ao SO2 líquido puro (1145 cm-1) em menores concentrações de SO2 em LI. Na série dos haletos, Cl-, Br- e I-, quanto maior o ânion, maior o deslocamento (1138, 1133 e 1123 cm-1, respectivamente para a fração molar 0,5). No caso do tiocianato, considerado como um pseudo-haleto, a banda do modo vs(SO2) aparece em cerca de 1130 cm-1 na mesma fração molar, ou seja, em um valor intermediário entre o Br- e o I-. Esses deslocamentos observados podem ser interpretados de acordo com a interação específica de transferência de carga do ânion para o SO2. Um resultado observado que merece destaque consiste na dependência da banda Raman do modo vs(SO2) com a energia da radiação excitante, o que é denominado de dispersão Raman. Tal fenômeno pôde ser explicado utilizando o modelo de \"excitação seletiva do estado de solvatação\" em que foi possível caracterizar os diferentes estados de solvatação do SO2 em líquidos iônicos. / Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the main atmospheric pollutants and the search for systems capable of absorbing detect and/or quantify such gas has been of great interest. In this context, ionic liquids (IL) have shown potential application in capture methodologies and gas storage. In this study, our interest consists in the understanding of the main factors that govern the interactions between SO2 and diferents ions of ionic liquids. In particular, the charge transfer specific interaction was explored between anions (Lewis base) and SO2 (Lewis acid). The approach of this study was based on a systematic investigation of LI formed by 1-butyl cation, 3-methylimidazolium (BMI) and different anions, using vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and IR), especially resonance Raman spectroscopy, allied with theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). The vibrational spectroscopic results (Raman and IR) showed changes in the position and shape of the band assigned to the symmetric stretching mode vs(SO2) depending on the anion and SO2 concentration in LI. There were significant shifts to lower wavenumbers with respect to pure liquid SO2 (1145 cm-1) at lower SO2 concentrations in IL. In the series of halides, Cl-, Br- and I-, the bigger the anion, the larger the displacement (1138, 1133 and 1123 cm-1, respectively at 0.5 mole fraction). In the case of thiocyanate, regarded as a pseudo-halide, the band vs(SO2) appears at about 1130 cm-1 at the same molar fraction, i.e. at an intermediate value between the Br- and I-. The observed displacement can be interpreted accordingly to the specific interaction of charge transfer from the anion to SO2. A result that is worth mentioning is the dependence of the wavenumber of the Raman band vs(SO2) with the energy of the exciting radiation, which is called Raman scattering. This phenomenon could be explained using the model of \"solvation state selective excitation\" in which was possible to characterize the diferente solvation states of the SO2 in ionic liquids

Diese Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss der elektronischen Bandstruktur von Festkörperoberflächen auf den resonanten Ladungsaustausch zwischen Festkörpern und atomaren Projektilen. Dazu wurden diese atomaren Projektile an einkristallinen Cu(111)- und Cu(110)-Oberflächen gestreut. Die Streuung erfolgt unter streifendem Einfall, typischerweise bei Einfallswinkeln zwischen 0.5 bis zu 4 Grad zur Oberfläche bei Projektilgeschwindigkeiten von 0.05 bis zu 1.4 atomaren Einheiten. Unter diesen Bedingungen erfolgt kein Eindringen des Projektils in den Festkörper, sondern eine Reflektion des Projektils von der Oberfläche. Somit können die Ladungszustände der auslaufenden Projektile als Funktion von Projektilgeschwindigkeit und Einfallswinkel untersucht werden. Die Verteilung der Ladungszustände nach der Streuung hängt theoretischen Vorhersagen zufolge signifikant von der Bandstruktur der Festkörperoberfläche ab. Die Experimente wurden an zwei verschiedenen Cu-Oberflächen durchgeführt. Während die Cu(110)-Oberfläche gut durch das Modell des freien Elektronengases (jellium-Modell) beschrieben werden kann, ist die Cu(111)-Oberfläche durch eine Bandlücke im Bereich der Fermienergie sowie durch einen in der Bandlücke liegenden Oberflächenzustand gekennzeichnet. Um den Effekt der elektronischen Bandstruktur auf den resonanten Ladungsaustausch zwischen Festkörperoberflächen und atomaren Zuständen deutlich herauszustellen, wurden atomare Zustände, die sich energetisch in Resonanz zur Bandlücke befinden, untersucht. Insbesondere wurde der Ladungsaustausch von negativen Wasserstoff-, Fluor-, Chlor-, Sauerstoff-, Kohlenstoff- und Schwefelionen sowie der Grund- und angeregten Zustände von Lithium, Natrium und Kalium mit Cu(110)- und Cu(111)-Oberfläche experimentell untersucht. Die Neutralisation hochgeladener Ionen an einer Cu(111)-Fläche wurde stellvertretend am Beispiel von bis zu 21-fach geladenen Xenonionen studiert. Gravierende Effekte der elektronischen Bandstruktur der Cu(111)-Oberfläche wurden durch die Theorie für die Formierung negativer Wasserstoffionen vorhergesagt. Nach den Ergebnissen der WPP-Methode wird das Maximum der Abhängigkeit der H- -Ausbeute von der Parallelgeschwindigkeit bei 6% erwartet, während bei einer jellium-Oberfläche gleicher Austrittsarbeit und Fermienergie nur etwa 0.3% negativer Ionen vorhergesagt werden. Mit einer experimentell ermittelten H- -Ausbeute von maximal 1% wird ein signifikanter Einfluß der elektronischen Bandstruktur auf den Ladungsaustausch bestätigt. Der Verlauf der Geschwindigkeitsabhängigkeit der Ausbeute an negativen Ionen, insbesondere die Breite der Resonanzstruktur, deutet in Übereinstimmung mit der theoretischen Vorhersage auf eine dominante Beteiligung des Oberflächenzustandes am resonanten Ladungsaustausch hin. Die Differenz zwischen experimentellen und theoretischen Ergebnissen wird durch die Existenz eines zusätzlichen Elektronen-Verlustkanals erklärt. Die Berücksichtigung der Streuung an Festkörperelektronen führt zu einer wesentlichen Verbesserung der Übereinstimmung zwischen Experiment und Theorie. Die experimentelle Untersuchung der Neutralisation der Alkaliatome Lithium, Natrium und Kalium bestätigt einen signifikanten Einfluß der Bandlücke der Cu(111)-Oberfläche auf den resonanten Ladungsaustausch: Im Vergleich zur Vorhersage des jellium-Modells treten deutlich erhöhte Ausbeuten an neutralisierten Projektilen auf. Weiterhin finden sich in der Abhängigkeit der Neutralausbeuten von der Parallelgeschwindigkeit mehrere Maxima bzw. Schulterstrukturen, die auch von der WPP-Theorie qualitativ vorhergesagt werden. Die bei der Formierung negativer Halogenionen experimentell beobachtete Signatur der elektronischen Bandstruktur ist schwächer, als dies bei der Neutralisation von Alkaliatomen und der Formierung negativer Wasserstoffionen beobachtet werden konnte. Ein deutlicher Effekt der Bandlücke kann aber auch hier, wie auch bei der Streuung von Sauerstoff-, Kohlenstoff- und Schwefelionen, konstatiert werden. Die Untersuchung des Ladungsaustausches an der Cu(110)-Oberfläche ergab in allen Fällen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit der Vorhersage des jellium-Modells. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die elektronische Bandstruktur der Cu(111)-Oberfläche den resonanten Ladungsaustausch substantiell beeinflußt. Das wurde besonders am Beispiel der Formierung negativer Wasserstoffionen und der Neutralisation von Alkaliatomen überzeugend demonstriert. Die Überzeugungskraft der experimentellen Ergebnisse wird durch die gute Übereinstimmung der an der (110)-Fläche des gleichen Metalls erzielten experimentellen Resultate mit den Vorhersagen des jellium-Modells erhöht. / This thesis investigates the influence of the electronic band structure of single crystal surfaces on the resonant charge transfer between solid and atomic projectiles. Atoms and ions were scattered off Cu(111)- and Cu(110) surfaces under grazing incidence conditions with angles of incidence between 0.5 to 4 degrees. Projectile velocities were varied between 0.05 and 1.4 atomic units. In this regime no penetration of the projectile into the solid occurs. Instead, the projectile is reflected from the crystal surface. Therefore the charge state distribution of scattered projectiles can be investigated as a function of the incidence conditions. According to theoretical predictions this charge state distribution strongly depends on the electronic band structure of the surface. The experiments were performed on 2 different Cu surfaces. While the Cu(110) surface can be well described by the free electron gas model (also refered to as jellium model), the Cu(111) surface is characterized by a bandgap around the Fermi energy and a surface state within this bandgap. To investigate the effect of the electronic band structure on the resonant charge transfer between solids and atoms/ions, the projectiles were choosen in a way that the atomic valence state is in resonance to the bandgap. In particular the formation of negative hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, oxygen, carbon and sulfur ions as well as the population of ground and excited states of lithium, sodium and potassium in front of Cu(110) and Cu(111) surfaces was investigated. The neutralization of highly charged (up to 21 times positively charged) xenon ions in front of a Cu(111) surface was studied as well. A significant impact of the band structure of the Cu(111) surface has been theoretically predicted for the formation of negatively charged hydrogen ions. From wave packet propagation calculations 6% negative hydrogen ions are expected in front of a Cu(111) surface, compared to 0.3% that are expected for a jellium surface of the same work function and Fermi level. The experimental result of 1% confirms a significant influence of the electronic band structure on the charge exchange. The shape of the velocity dependence of the negative ion yield, in particular the width of this dependence, implies a dominant contribution of the surface state to resonant charge exchange in compliance with the theoretical predicition. The discrepancy between experimental data and theoretical prediction is explained by taking an additional electron loss channel into account. The consideration of scattering from electrons in the solid conduction band significantly improves the agreement between experimental and theoretical data. The investigation of the neutralization of the alkali atoms lithium, sodium and potassium confirms a significant influence of the electronic band structure of the Cu(111) surface on the resonant charge transfer. Significantly higher yields of neutralized projectiles as compared to the prediction of the jellium model are found. Furthermore the parallel velocity dependences of the neutral atom yield shows maxima or shoulder structures which are qualitavely reproduced by wave packet propagation calculations. The formation of negative halogen ions shows less pronounced effects of the Cu(111) surface band structure. However, also for these projectils a significant influence of the band structure on the resonant charge transfer is experimentaly confirmed. This holds as well for the formation of negatively charged oxygen, carbon and sulfur ions. The investigation of the resonant charge transfer in front of a Cu(110)surface resulted for all ions investigated in a good agreement between experiment and theory. The experimental results presented in the framework of this thesis show, that the electronic band structure of the Cu(111) surface has a substantiell impact on the resonant charge transfer. This has been presented in a particularly convincing way by the investigation of negative hydrogen ion and neutral alkali atom formation in front of a Cu(111) surface. The cogency of the experimental results is improved by the good agreement between the experimental results achieved at the Cu(110) surface and the theoretical prediction for a jellium metal.

Nesta tese foi desenvolvida uma nova classe de porfirinas supramoleculares contendo um grupo (4-nitrofenil)triazeno ligado na posição meso-aril do anel porfirínico. Suas propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas foram investigadas por espectrometria de massas, espectroscopia eletrônica de absorção e emissão, cálculos teóricos semi-empíricos, ressonância magnética nuclear de 1H e 13C, voltametria cíclica e espectroeletroquímica. Efeitos eletrônicos e estruturais diferenciados foram observados quando o grupo triazeno é inserido na porfirina, fazendo com que estes novos compostos apresentem novas propriedades quanto, por exemplo, às fragmentações no estado gasoso, deslocamento batocrômico nos espectros eletrônicos de absorção, variação das intensidades relativas e nos valores dos rendimentos quânticos de fluorescência, deslocalização eletrônica nos orbitais de fronteira evidenciando as transições de transferência de carga do ânion triazenido para o anel porfirínico e variações nos processos redox dos compostos até então estudados / In this thesis we has been developed a new class of supramolecular porphyrins containing (4-nitrophenyl)triazene group connected in the meso-aryl-position of the porphyrin ring. Their structural and electronic properties were investigated by mass spectrometry, absorption and emission electronic spectroscopy, semi-empirical theoretical calculations, nuclear magnetic resonance of 1H and 13C-NMR, cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry. Different structural and electronic effects were observed when the unit is inserted into the triazene to porphyrin, so that these presents new properties such as, for example, to fragmentation in the gaseous state, bathocrimic shift in the electronic absorption spectra, relative intensity variation and values the fluorescence quantum yields, electron delocalization in the frontier orbitals showing the charge-transfer transitions from the triazenide anion to the porphyrin ring and changes in redox processes of compounds previously studied.