Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Resumo: Uma das principais dificuldades para a adoção dos veículos elétricos (VE) é o tempo de abastecimento (carregamento elétrico), considerado elevado quando comparado com o tempo requerido para abastecer um veículo com motor a combustão interna. O carregamento do VE típico de passageiros é geralmente realizado na residência do proprietário, ligando o carregador interno do VE em uma tomada convencional monofásica. Este método de carregamento é conhecido como de Corrente Alternada (CA), requer, tipicamente pelo menos 7 horas para fornecer uma carga completa. Por outro lado, o método de carregamento por Corrente Continua (CC) oferece tempos de carregamento entre 10 e 80 minutos. Contudo, para obter este nível de desempenho, são empregados carregadores externos de alta potência ligados de forma direta ao banco de baterias do VE. Devido ao custo e aos requerimentos de alimentação, estes carregadores rápidos são usados principalmente em aplicações públicas e comerciais. As pesquisas pelas melhores topologias a serem empregadas nos carregadores rápidos ainda são, neste ano de 2017 objeto de estudos em escala mundial. Neste contexto, este trabalho descreve a análise e implementação de um protótipo de carregador externo rápido para VE, o qual é composto por um retificador híbrido trifásico com correção ativa do fator de potência (Etapa CA-CC), seguido de um conversor tipo Buck entrelaçado (Etapa CC-CC). Na etapa CA-CC são impostas correntes de entrada senoidais, obtendo desta forma uma r... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Submitted by CAMILO ALEXEY SUAREZ BUITRAGO null (camiloalexey@gmail.com) on 2017-05-05T23:51:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILO ALEXEY SUAREZ BUITRAGO.pdf: 4865572 bytes, checksum: e8593c9e425def26a441b4b919b9d371 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-08T16:36:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 suarezbuitrago_ca_me_ilha.pdf: 4865572 bytes, checksum: e8593c9e425def26a441b4b919b9d371 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-08T16:36:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 suarezbuitrago_ca_me_ilha.pdf: 4865572 bytes, checksum: e8593c9e425def26a441b4b919b9d371 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Uma das principais dificuldades para a adoção dos veículos elétricos (VE) é o tempo de abastecimento (carregamento elétrico), considerado elevado quando comparado com o tempo requerido para abastecer um veículo com motor a combustão interna. O carregamento do VE típico de passageiros é geralmente realizado na residência do proprietário, ligando o carregador interno do VE em uma tomada convencional monofásica. Este método de carregamento é conhecido como de Corrente Alternada (CA), requer, tipicamente pelo menos 7 horas para fornecer uma carga completa. Por outro lado, o método de carregamento por Corrente Continua (CC) oferece tempos de carregamento entre 10 e 80 minutos. Contudo, para obter este nível de desempenho, são empregados carregadores externos de alta potência ligados de forma direta ao banco de baterias do VE. Devido ao custo e aos requerimentos de alimentação, estes carregadores rápidos são usados principalmente em aplicações públicas e comerciais. As pesquisas pelas melhores topologias a serem empregadas nos carregadores rápidos ainda são, neste ano de 2017 objeto de estudos em escala mundial. Neste contexto, este trabalho descreve a análise e implementação de um protótipo de carregador externo rápido para VE, o qual é composto por um retificador híbrido trifásico com correção ativa do fator de potência (Etapa CA-CC), seguido de um conversor tipo Buck entrelaçado (Etapa CC-CC). Na etapa CA-CC são impostas correntes de entrada senoidais, obtendo desta forma uma reduzida distorção harmônica total (DHT). Nesta etapa são empregados retificadores SEPIC comutados sob corrente nula (Zero Current Switching, ZCS) controlados por uma simples modulação por histerese, em paralelo com um retificador trifásico a diodos de seis pulsos. O estágio SEPIC processa apenas uma fração da potência total entregue pelo retificador híbrido, reduzindo deste modo os esforços de corrente dos semicondutores empregados, permitindo o uso desta topologia em elevados níveis de potência. Na etapa CC-CC o conversor Buck entrelaçado é controlado por modulação de largura de pulso (Pulse-Width Modulation, PWM), permitindo assim a implantação da técnica de carregamento por corrente constante e tensão constante (Constant Current-Constant Voltage, CC-CV), comumente empregada em baterias de íons de lítio e supercapacitores (SC). Como principal resultado foi obtido o carregamento de um banco de supercapacitores de 2,54 F, com corrente constante de 20 A, variando sua tensão de 180 V a 270 V com uma duração de 40 s, obtendo uma distorção harmônica total de 3,52% na corrente de entrada, ajustando-se ao padrão IEEE 2030.1.1-2015. / One of the main barriers against electric vehicle (EV) adoption is related to the battery recharging time, which is relatively high when compared to the time required to fill up a gasoline/diesel internal combustion engine vehicle. EV charging generally is done at home, using the on-board EV charger tied to conventional single phase power inlet, this charging method is known as Alternating Current (AC) and takes at least 7 hours to provide a full charge. On the other hand, the Direct Current (DC) method offers charging times from 1.2 hours to 10 minutes. However, to reach this performance, high power off-board chargers also known as fast-chargers (FC), directly charge the EV battery bank. Due to its cost and power supply requirements FC are used only in public or commercial applications. The researches for the best FC topologies are an active area of studies over the world. This work describes the analysis and implementation of an off-board electric vehicle (EV) Fast Charger prototype. It is composed by a three-phase hybrid rectifier with power factor correction (AC/DC stage), followed by an interleaved buck converter (DC/DC stage). At AC/DC stage, sinusoidal input phase currents are imposed, and consequently low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is obtained by the use of Zero Current Switching (ZCS) SEPIC rectifiers, applying a simple hysteresis control technique, in parallel with a conventional three-phase six pulses diode rectifier. The SEPIC converters manage only a fraction of the total power delivered by the hybrid rectifier, reducing the semiconductors current stresses, and allowing the use of this topology for high power levels. At DC/DC stage, the interleaved buck converter is controlled by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), allowing Constant Current–Constant Voltage (CC-CV) charging technique, typically used for Lithium-ion (Li) batteries and Supercapacitors (SC). As main result of this implementation was obtained a charging process using constant a constant current of 20A over a supercapacitor bank of 2,54 F, raising its voltage from 180V to 270V in less than 40s, having a input phase current THD of 3,52%, fulfilling the requirements of IEEE 2030.1.1-2015 standard.

With the increasing demand for fast, cheaper, and efficient power converters come the need for a single-stage power factor correction (PFC) converter. Various single-stage PFC converter proposed in the literature has the drawback of high DC bus voltage at the input side and together with the shift to wide bandgap switches like GaN drives the converter cost higher. However, an interleaved topology with high-frequency isolation was proposed in this research work due to the drastic reduction in the DC bus voltage and extremely low input current ripple thereby making the need for an EMI filter circuit optional.   Meanwhile, this research work focuses on adapting the proposed topology for a high voltage low current application (EV charger - 400V, 7KW) and low voltage high current application (telecom power supply - 58V,  58A) owing to cost benefits. However, all single-stage PFC are faced with the drawback of second-order (100Hz) output harmonic ripple. Therefore, the design and simulation presented a huge peak to peak ripple of about 50V/3A and 26V/26A for the EV charger and telecom power supply case, respectively. This created the need for the design of a ripple cancellation circuit as the research required a peak to peak ripple of 8V and 200mV for the EV - charger and telecom power supply, respectively.   A novel output passive ripple cancellation technique was developed for the EV charger case due to the ease it offers in terms of control, circuit complexity and extremely low THDi when compared with the active cancellation approach. The ripple circuit reduced the 50V ripple to 431mV with the use of a total of 2.2mF capacitance at the output stage.   Despite designing the passive technique, an active ripple cancellation circuit was designed using a buck converter circuit for the telecom power supply. The active approach was chosen because the passive has a slow response and incurs more loss at a high current level. Adding the active ripple cancellation circuit led to a quasi-single stage LLC PFC converter topology. A novel duty-ratio feedforward control was added to synchronize the PFC control of the input side with the buck topology ripple cancellation circuit. The addition of the ripple circuit with the feedforward control offered a peak to peak ripple of 6.7mV and a reduced resonant inductor current by half.   After analysis, an extremely low THDi of 0.47%, PF of 99.99% and a peak efficiency of 97.1% was obtained for the EV charger case. The telecom power supply offered a THDi of 2.3%, PF of 99.96% with a peak efficiency of 95%.

The aim of this master’s thesis is provide detailed information about car battery’s charger with a switching power supply. The kind of this power supply is one-pulsed conducting inverter with transformer. The charger’s rates of nominal voltage are 6 and 12 V. The method of charging is charging by constantly voltage with a current limitation. The values of a current limitations are 0.5A, 5A and 20A. The charger’s maximal current is 50A. This current can help to the accumulator with starting of a vehicle. This device is equipped by indicators which indicate the end of charging.

This thesis deals with the peripheral design, construction design and implementation welder DC arc. The concept of welder is based on the use of two single action forward converter working-pull. Converters operate at a frequency of 60 kHz. Output current can be adjusted in the range from 0 to 140 A. After switching function the welder can operate as a battery charger. Charging current can be adjusted in the range of 0-70 A. The device is powered from a single phase supply 230 V.

This master’s thesis deals with communication system design via the NFC and Wi-Fi interface. The thesis has two basic goals. The first goal is to create a device that is capable of storing of data and its subsequent transfer via the NFC interface. The second aim is to utilize this device for measuring various physical variables. The IoT technology is employed to fulfill the aforementioned goal. IoT technology is capable of visualizing data in real time and make them accessible via the Internet. The result of this work is an universal device, that contains the most popular communication interfaces, such as I2C, SPI and that is capable of processing measurement data from digital, analogue, and wireless sensors.

This thesis presents two transient models for a prototype integrated charger for use in a plug-in hybrid-electrical vehicle application. The models can be useful in order to develop control algorithms for the system or to recommend improvements to the machine design. A flux map based method, obtaining input data from simulations using the finite element method (FEM) is used to model the grid synchronization process. The grid side voltage can then be predicted by incorporating spatial flux linkage harmonics. The model is implemented in Matlab/Simulink and compared to stand alone FEM simulations with good agreement. The charging process is modeled using an inductance based model also requiring FEM simulations as input data. Since the flux linkages in the grid and inverter side windings are dependent on each other, the presented transient model is linearized around a specific operating point. This model is also implemented in a Matlab/Simulink environment. Sensorless control of a PMSynRel drive is also studied in this thesis. Focus is put on operating limits due to magnetic saturation when operating at low speeds. The rotating and pulsating voltage vector injection methods for sensorless control are studied in detail. A technique to map the feasible sensorless control region is proposed which utilizes the resulting position error signal rather than data of differential inductances. This technique is implemented experimentally and compared to corresponding FEM simulations with good agreement. The impact of spatial inductance harmonics on the quality of the position estimates is also studied. A method to predict the maximum position estimation error due to the inductance harmonics is proposed based on simplified analytical models. A technique is presented and experimentally verified which can compensate for this effect by injecting a modified rotating voltage carrier. Lastly, the impact of saturation in the rotor structure on the initial magnet polarity detection is investigated. The experimental results, in good agreement with the corresponding FEM simulations, indicate that the impact of saturation in the magnet bridges of rotor is the dominant phenomenon at lower peak current magnitudes. / QC 20110928

QC 20111214

La charge d’un véhicule électrique constitue un enjeu stratégique pour les constructeurs automobile et forme un réel défi à relever avant de pouvoir comparer ces véhicules à la simplicité d'usage du véhicule thermique. En effet, l’autonomie limitée, la durée de recharge de la batterie, le coût du déploiement d’une infrastructure de charge rapide, l'impact significatif sur les réseaux électriques et le coût élevé de la batterie sont à l’origine de plusieurs projets de recherche axés sur l’optimisation de la chaîne de recharge du véhicule électrique. Afin d’améliorer l'autonomie d'un véhicule électrique, une solution contraignante mais stratégique consiste à embarquer le chargeur dans le véhicule afin d’assurer la conversion ac-dc de l’énergie à partir des prises de courant. Cette solution permet d’augmenter la disponibilité de la charge pour les utilisateurs. En outre, le chargeur embarqué peut réutiliser tout, ou une partie des éléments déjà existants et nécessaires à la propulsion du véhicule. L'idée étant de pouvoir employer certains éléments de la chaîne de traction électrique, déjà embarqués dans le VE (moteur électrique et onduleur de tension), et d’ajouter un filtre d'entrée et un redresseur afin de concevoir le chargeur. Cette solution permet de réduire le coût du chargeur, sa taille ainsi que le volume nécessaire à l'intégration de ses constituants électriques, on parle alors de chargeur intégré à la chaîne de traction. Cependant, la réutilisation de l’électronique de puissance embarquée engendre des problèmes de compatibilité électromagnétique avec d’autres équipements connectés sur le réseau électrique et aussi avec les dispositifs de protection domestique.Le problème majeur à lever est donc, la limitation des émissions conduites et plus particulièrement des courants de mode commun dans une gamme de fréquence importante. Ce projet de thèse a donc, pour objectif, l’amélioration de la disponibilité de la charge actuelle tout en réduisant le volume du filtre CEM passif. Nous cherchons, à travers ces travaux, à identifier des domaines d'améliorations possibles, à proposer des solutions à bas coûts et à intégrer des modifications au niveau de la commande et de la topologie afin d'optimiser le comportement CEM, tant en basses fréquences (0 - 2 kHz) qu’en hautes fréquences (150 Hz- 30 MHz), de ce chargeur embarqué intégré sans isolation galvanique. Les propositions doivent répondre simultanément aux besoins de recharge domestique en monophasé (à 3.7 kW et à 7.4 kW) et rapide en triphasé (à 22 kW et à 43 kW) sans pour autant augmenter le volume ni les coûts engendrés. Ainsi, cinq axes de travail sont étudiés: l’optimisation du comportement CEM (0-2 kHz) du chargeur en monophasé ; l’optimisation du comportement CEM (0-2 kHz) du chargeur en triphasé ; le développement, la mise en œuvre et l’instrumentation de deux bancs expérimentaux exploités pour l’obtention de résultats; la proposition d’une approche de modélisation CEM de la structure qui tient compte du mode commun et du mode différentiel ; et la proposition de solutions pour la réduction des émissions conduites (150 kHz – 30 MHz). / Battery chargers for electric vehicles are classified as on-board or off-board chargers. Off-board chargers are not constrained by size or weight but introduce additional cost to the infrastructure through the deployment of a high number of charging stations. In order to meet the needs of electric vehicle users in terms of charging availability, on-board chargers that achieve ac/dc conversion are retained. Furthermore, on-board chargers are classified as standalone or integrated systems. By reusing parts of the traction power train for charging, the latter reduces the cost of the charger. Disadvantages of integrated systems include electromagnetic compatibility issues and complex control schemes.This work presents the power quality performance analysis and control optimization of an on-board non-galvanically isolated electric vehicle charger integrated to the traction’s power train. In order to be able to evaluate the high frequency conducted common mode emissions (150 kHz - 30MHz) of a power conversion structure, one needs to develop a good current control scheme that establishes a high-quality low frequency behavior (0 - 2 kHz). Therefore, different aspects related to the power factor correction of the single-phase as well as the three-phase charging configurations are studied: the control scheme for the regulation of the charging power, the displacement power factor correction, the suppression of the grid current harmonics and the active damping of the input filter’s resonance. Two experimental test benches are developed using two different technologies (Silicon IGBTs vs. Silicon Carbide Mosfets). Experimental results are provided.This work also presents a comprehensive approach to modeling the CM and the DM EMI behavior of a power electronics structure. This method is applied to the charger in its single-phase and three-phase configurations. The models allow to evaluate the fluctuating internal nodes and to study the effect of various proposed mitigation solutions on the CM emissions. The models are also developed in the intent of being injected into optimization algorithms for the future design of an optimal EMI filter.

Es werden Möglichkeiten untersucht, das Kaltstart- und Warmlaufverhalten von Ottomotoren mit Sekundärlufteinblasung zu optimieren. Das für die Untersuchungen eingesetzte, innovative Sekundärlufteinblasesystem mittels Sekundärluftlader weist aufgrund der Baugröße, des Gewichts, der Leistungsfähigkeit und insbesondere der einfachen, thermodynamischen Betätigung Potenziale auf, die bisher eingesetzte Sekundärluftpumpe zu ersetzen. Den experimentellen Untersuchungen wurde die Entwicklung der Abgasgesetzgebung sowie eine theoretische Betrachtung der Entstehungsmechanismen von Abgasemissionen vorangestellt. Mittels eines Simulationsmodells werden die Abhängigkeiten des Sekundärluftladers von den motorischen Randbedingungen abgebildet. Somit kann eine Vorauswahl für das Luftmassenförderverhalten des Sekundärluftladers bei unterschiedlichen Einsatzbereichen getroffen werden. Die im Start- und Warmlauf, ebenso im Lastwechsel, gemessenen Ergebnisse wurden zur Analyse der Emissionsverbesserungsmechanismen eingesetzt. Insbesondere der Einblasezeitpunkt der Sekundärluft und das Hochlaufverhalten des Sekundärluftsystems zeigen einen enormen Einfluss auf die Höhe der Rohemissionen. Eine Gegenüberstellung aller gemessenen Varianten mit Sekundärluftpumpe und Sekundärluftlader zeigt einen deutlichen Emissionsvorteil des Sekundärluftladersystems. Zusätzlich bewirkt der Sekundärluftlader, durch die Bordnetzentlastung eine Motorlastabsenkung bei verbessertem Ansprechverhalten und höherem Sekundärluftmassenstrom. Ergebnis ist eine Verringerung der HC-Rohemissionen zwischen 20% und 30%. Die Vorteile im Gewicht und Bauvolumen sowie der geringere Verkabelungsaufwand runden die deutlichen Vorteile des Sekundärluftladers gegenüber der Sekundärluftpumpe ab. Durchgeführte Untersuchungen bei Tieftemperatur (-7°C) und unter Höhenbedingungen haben ebenfalls Vorteile gegenüber der Sekundärluftpumpe ausgewiesen. Die theoretische Abschätzung des Einsatzfeldes für den Sekundärluftlader ist ab einem Hubraum von 1,2°l Hubraum durchgeführt und als positiv bewertet worden. / The paper investigates possible ways of optimizing the cold-start and warm-up performance of gasoline engines with secondary air injection. Due to its size, weight, performance capability, and especially its simple, thermodynamic operation the innovative secondary air injection system used for the investigations and featuring a secondary air charger has the potential to replace the secondary air pump used to date. The experimental investigations are preceded by the development of exhaust emission legislation and a theoretical analysis of the process leading to exhaust emissions. A simulation model is used to illustrate the dependencies of the secondary air charger on boundary engine conditions. Consequently it is possible to make a preselection for the air mass conducting properties of the secondary air charger in various fields of application. The results obtained by measurement in starting, warm-up, and in load changes, were used to analyze the emission improvement processes. The level of raw emissions is affected enormously by the time of injection of secondary air and the acceleration performance of the secondary air system. A comparison of all the measured variants with the secondary air pump and secondary air charger indicates that the secondary air charger system has a distinct emission advantage. In addition, by relieving the vehicle power supply the secondary air charger brings about a reduction in engine load, improved response, and higher secondary air mass flow. The result is a 20% to 30% reduction in raw HC emissions. The significant advantages over the secondary air pump are rounded off by benefits in terms of weight and bulk volume and a reduction in the amount of wiring. Tests conducted at low temperature (-7°C) and under high altitude conditions have also indicated advantages over the secondary air pump.