The subject of my diploma thesis, "The reasons for differences in prices of water (water and sewage) in South Bohemia on the examples of selected towns Vodňany and Prachatice" is to analyze the pricing of water and sewage, and their development in the period between 2006 to 2014 in the towns Vodňany and Prachatice and find the main reasons for the differences in these prices between these two towns.

Submitted by Vanessa Gonçalves (vangoncalves@yahoo.com) on 2012-01-24T01:10:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 versao_final_tese.pdf: 18933999 bytes, checksum: f8caa00fc36a9cbb589aef31c1832639 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-01-24T11:30:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 versao_final_tese.pdf: 18933999 bytes, checksum: f8caa00fc36a9cbb589aef31c1832639 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-01-24T12:17:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 versao_final_tese.pdf: 18933999 bytes, checksum: f8caa00fc36a9cbb589aef31c1832639 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-12 / A partir dos objetivos propostos pelas políticas nacionais de saúde, ambientais e de saneamento básico buscou-se analisar os efeitos da cobrança pelo uso da água no setor de saneamento básico, visando identificar possíveis variações causadas por este instrumento econômico no acesso à água, na qualidade do produto ofertado e na qualidade do serviço prestado. Ainda, por se tratar de um serviço público, analisamos a performance técnica das empresas paulistas do setor de saneamento básico na prestação deste serviço por meio da metodologia Data Envelopment Analysis. Esta ferramenta resulta em um indicador de desempenho, com base na melhor relação input/output, ao estabelecer um ranking de eficiência médio a partir das práticas mais eficientes de cada unidade produtiva. / Based upon the goals proposed by Health, Environmental and Sanitation National Policies, this study aimed to examine the effects of water charges in the sanitation sector. The purpose was to identify possible variations caused by this economic instrument in water distribution access, the quality of the product offered and the quality of the service provided. Since it is a public service, we analyzed São Paulo sanitation companies at the technical performance in providing this service using Data Envelopment Analysis. This tool results on a performance indicator, on the basis of the best input /output relationship, by establishing a ranking of medium efficiency from the most efficient practices for each production unit.

[pt] A era na qual vivemos tem nos apresentado impasses e incertezas nas mais diversas áreas. As conseqüências da globalização e os avanços tecnológicos reduziram distâncias, inseriram a velocidade e a intangibilidade em nossa sociedade e causaram profundos distúrbios de ordem econômica, geográfica e social. Convivemos com um modo de produção capitalista, o qual consolidou um enorme campo de teorias organizacionais para um modelo de desenvolvimento industrial, onde o homem é colocado numa posição subordinada à eficiência e ao rendimento da máquina. O que de fato ocorreu foi a transição do modelo industrial para o informacional, sem que a mentalidade da estruturação do trabalho fosse mudada em grau tão profundo quanto a própria transição. Dentro desse cenário, os teóricos das organizações buscam um novo paradigma capaz de responder às exigências cada vez mais complexas de um mundo que, ao mesmo tempo em que se transformou em uma aldeia global, continuou a enfatizar o produto (o lucro) em detrimento do produtor (o ser humano). O presente estudo busca a intersecção entre dois depoimentos sobre mudanças fundamentais que clamam a urgência da necessidade da transformação tanto nos modos de pensar quanto interagir: um de caráter acadêmico, representado no conceito de Organizações de Aprendizagem proposto por Peter Senge, e outro de caráter espiritual, proposto pelas empresas de Economia de Comunhão, que encontra na Doutrina da Igreja Católica sua base. / [en] The actual era has presented us with many debates and uncertainties in the most diverse areas. The consequences of globalization and the technological advances have reduced distances, inserted speed and instangibility into our society, causing profound turbulence in the economic, geographic and social orders. We live under a capitalist production mode, which consolidated an enormous amount of organizational theories for one industrial development model, placing man as a subordinate to mechanic efficiency and output. What has really happened is the transition from the industrial model to the information based model without any change in the mentality of structuring the work in a proportional depth to the change itself. In this scenario, the organizational theoreticians search for a new paradigm capable of answering the ever increasing and complex demands of a world that simultaneously becomes a global tribe as it emphasizes the production (wealth) over the producer (the human being). The present study is a quest for the intersection between two declarations about the fundamental changes that urge necessity for transformation, in the way of thinking as well as interacting: one of academic characteristics, represented by Peter Senge´s concepts in the Learning Organizations and, the other of spiritual characteristics, proposed in enterprises of Economy of Communion, based on the doctrine of the Catholic Church.

Cette thèse a consisté à élaborer une méthode qui permet de résoudre l’équation intégrale comportant comme inconnues les courants et les charges introduite récemment par Taskinen et Ylä-Oijala par une méthode d’éléments frontière sans aucune contrainte de continuité au niveau des interfaces des éléments aussi bien pour les courants que pour les charges. Nous avons d’abord montré comment on pouvait construire cette équation de façon simple et similaire à celle des formulations intégrales usuelles en imposant au problème intérieur relatif au système de Picard, qui est en fait une extension du système de Maxwell, des conditions aux limites adéquates. Pour des géométries régulières de l’objet diffractant, nous avons établi de façon théorique la stabilité et la convergence des schémas numériques ci-dessus en montrant que cette équation peut être décomposée sous la forme d’un système elliptique coercif et d’un opérateur compact dans le cadre des fonctions de carré intégrable.Toute cette étude a été confirmée par des tests numériques tridimensionnels. Comme pour les équations intégrales usuelles de seconde espèce, le cadre théorique valable pour des surfaces régulières ne l’est plus pour des surfaces avec des singularités. L’utilisation formelle de cette équation,pour des surfaces singulières, a donné des résultats entachés d’erreur. Nous avons mis en évidence l’origine des instabilités numériques à l’origine de ces erreurs lorsque les géométries sont singulières en développant une version bidimensionnelle de cette équation. Cette version nous a permis en particulier de montrer que les instabilités étaient dues à des oscillations parasites concentrées autour des singularités de la géométrie. Dans ce cadre nous avons pu mettre en oeuvre plus aisément des approches pour supprimer ou atténuer ces oscillations parasites ou leur effet sur les calculs en champ lointain. Nous avons montré qu’un procédé d’augmentation des degrés de liberté pour la charge par rapport au courant pouvait sensiblement réduire ces instabilités. A la suite de l’amélioration observée sur les résultats dans le cas 2D, nous avons transposé cette procédure au cas tridimensionnel. A travers divers tests, nous avons constaté l’amélioration de la qualité de l’approximation amenée par la procédure de stabilisation / The objective of this thesis was to develop a method that solves the integral equation whose unknowns are the currents and the charges, recently introduced by Taskinen and Ylä-Oijala, by a boundary element method without any continuity constraint at the interfaces of the elements,for both the unknowns. We first show how to construct this equation in a simple way, similar tothe usual integral formulations, through imposing to the internal problem related to the Picard system,which is an extension of the Maxwell system, appropriate boundary conditions. For regular geometries, we have established a theoretical background ensuring the stability and the convergence of numerical scheme, by proving that this equation can be decomposed in a coercive elliptic and a compact parts in the context of square integrable functions. Our study was validated by three-dimensional numerical tests. In the case of usual integral equations of the second kind, the theoretical background for smooth surfaces is no longer valid when the surfaces is singular. The formal use of this equation for singular surfaces gave erroneous results. We pointed out the origin of numerical instabilities bydeveloping a two-dimensional version of this equation. This version has allowed us to show that the instabilities were due to parasitic oscillations accumulating on the geometrical singularities. In this context, we have implemented some approaches to reduce this parasitic oscillations on the calculations in the far field.We have shown that the method of increasing the freedom degrees for the charges relatively to the current could significantly reduces these instabilities. As a result, we have implemented this procedure in three-dimensional case. Throughout various tests, we noted the improvement on the approximation brough bay to the stabilization procedure

En électronique de puissance, un des principaux axes de recherche, concerne la montée en température. L'encapsulation et la passivation du module de puissance constituent, sous cette contrainte, des verrous technologiques. En effet, les matériaux polymères habituellement utilisés ne peuvent plus satisfaire des exigences en température fixée dans notre étude à 350°C sans pertes importantes de leurs propriétés diélectriques. L'isolation gazeuse a été alors envisagée et quelques résultats encourageants ont été dégagés. Le seuil d'apparition des décharges dans des gaz est étudié en vue de leur utilisation dans des modules de puissance à haute température. Deux gaz ont été sélectionnés pour leurs propriétés diélectriques et leurs GWP faibles : l'octafluoropropane (C3F8) et l'octafluorocyclobutane (c-C4F8), l'azote (N2) faisant référence pour comparaison. Au préalable, une étude sur les céramiques les plus utilisées à haute température est réalisée. Cette étude montre un changement du mécanisme de conduction de l'alumine et de l'AlN passant d'un régime capacitif à un régime résistif et modifiant au passage les propriétés de surface en facilitant l'écoulement des charges dans le volume du matériau tandis que le Si3N4 conserve un comportement capacitif et les charges en surface même à haute température. L'échauffement local des gaz met en évidence une diminution du seuil d'apparition des décharges avec la température et ce quel que soit le gaz étudié. La modification de la distance inter-électrodes permet de diminuer la variation du seuil d'apparition avec la température pour de faibles distances. Des expériences complémentaires ont été menées afin de comparer ces résultats à ceux obtenus lors d'un chauffage global. L'utilisation de gaz dans des packaging de puissance s'avère donc prometteuse mais demande une meilleure compréhension et maîtrise des mécanismes en jeu. / In power electronics, one of the main research topics concerns high temperature operation of the components. Under such a constraint, the encapsulation and the passivation of the semiconductors devices in power module appear as physical and technological bottleneck. As a matter of fact, usual polymeric materials are unable to endure the temperature requirements set out in our study (350 °C) without significant loss of their dielectric properties. Therefore, gas insulation is considered and encouraging results have been obtained. The Discharges Inception Voltage is studied for different gases that could be used in high temperature power modules. Thanks to their dielectric properties and their low GWP, two gases have been selected: octafluoropropane (C3F8) and octafluorocyclobutane (c-C4F8), nitrogen (N2) being used as reference in this study. In a first step, the high temperature behaviors of the most widely used substrate materials (ceramics) are studied. A change of the conduction mechanism from a pure capacitive behavior (at low temperature) to a pure resistive one (at high temperature) is observed for both alumina and AlN samples. On the contrary, Si3N4 remains capacitive whatever the temperature. Such a behavior has an impact on the charges located at the surface. They disappear quickly for the two formers while they slowly decrease for the later. The field reinforcement associated to their existence and its impact on the DIV will not be the same. Whatever the gas under study, a local heating leads to a decrease in the DIV with temperature. A decrease of the distance between the two electrodes, leads to a decrease of the DIV changes vs Temperature. These results are compared to the measurements performed when the samples were uniformly heated. The use of gas in power packaging seems to be promising but it still needs a better understanding of the mechanisms involved.

Les agences et comités de bassin français, qui ont inspiré la législation brésilienne, célèbrent les 50 ans de leur création par la loi de 1964. J‘écris leur histoire à partir d'un point de vue singulier: après une formation d‘ingénieur, j‘ai travaillé dans une agence de l‘eau avant de m‘installer au Brésil pour y étudier l'anthropologie sociale. Je décris en premier lieu la façon dont le regard que je porte sur les agences et les comités s‘est progressivement transformé. D‘abord passionné par ces organismes, j‘ai pris conscience de certaines de leurs limites en 1998, lorsqu‘elles ont été remises em cause et menacées de suppression. Après une première prise de distance en Afrique, je suis arrivé au Brésil en 2003 pour y entreprendre des études d‘anthropologie. J‘y ai rencontré des comités de bassin différents de ceux que je connaissais, m‘amenant à formuler les questions qui constituent mon projet de recherche. A partir de ce point de vue, je retrace la création des agences et comités de bassin dans la France des années soixante. Je décris les parcours des personnes et des idées, les conflits et les négociations, qui ont aboutit à l‘invention de ces institutions. Le processus de transformation des idées en loi met en évidence les tensions entre centralisation et décentralisation qui sont au coeur de l'équilibre politique des agences et des comités. Une fois votée la loi de 1964, les menaces que représentaient les agences pour les administrations en place rend leur mise en place longue et délicate. Les discussions sur les redevances montrent comment différents modèles et théories coexistaient, laissant ouvert le champ des possibles pour leur application. Je porte ensuite mon attention sur les premières années de fonctionnement des comités et des agences Seine-Normandie et Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse, examinant de quelles façons les pionniers de cette expérience ont répondu aux questions auxquelles sont aujourd‘hui confrontées les agences de bassin nouvellement crées au Brésil. En particulier, je montre que la mise en oeuvre très rapide des programmes d‘intervention ont convaincu les membres des deux comités à voter des redevances qu'ils considéraient pourtant élevées. Je mets en avant les dimensions émotionnelles et affectives de cette aventure collective, loin de théories fondées sur d‘hypothétiques choix rationnels d‘acteurs économiques. Je conclus par une analyse des jeux d‘acteurs au sein du Comité de Bassin Seine- Normandie au cours des quarante années suivantes, mettant l'accent sur le mode de représentation des usagers domestiques et ses conséquences sur les négociations des redevances et aides financières. Cette réflexion, détaillée en français dans le second volume de cette thèse, me permet de conclure que le fonctionnement actuel des agences et comités de bassin français a peu de rapports avec ses principes initiaux, bien que les acteurs de ce système continuent à s‘y référer. J‘arrive ainsi à une nouvelle compréhension de la crise de 1998 que j‘ai évoquée au début du texte, ouvrant des perspectives de réflexion sur l‘avenir possible des agences et des comités de bassin, en France comme au Brésil. / A experiência francesa das agências e dos comitês de bacia é conhecida, no Brasil, por ter inspirado a atual legislação de gestão de recursos hídricos. No momento em que as agências e os comitês celebram os cinqüenta anos de sua criação pela Lei de 1964, proponho neste trabalho uma releitura desta história a partir de uma perspectiva peculiar: formado como engenheiro na França, trabalhei em uma dessas agências antes de mudar para o Brasil para estudar antropologia social. Meu texto acompanha as construções e transformações de meu olhar sobre as agências e os comitês de bacia. Começo entusiasta pelos princípios e pelo funcionamento desses organismos. Tomo consciência de alguns de seus limites em 1998, quando são criticados e ameaçados pelo governo francês. Passo pela África, como primeiro distanciamento. Chego ao Brasil em 2003, onde estudo antropologia e encontro comitês de bacia diferentes dos que conhecia, levando-me a formular as questões que conformam meu projeto de pesquisa. A partir desse ponto de vista, apresento uma narrativa da criação das agências e dos comitês de bacia na França no início da década de sessenta. Descrevo trajetórias de pessoas e de idéias, conflitos e negociações, levando funcionários públicos e parlamentares franceses a inventarem essas instituições. O processo de transformação de idéias em Lei explicita as tensões entre centralização e descentralização, no cerne do equilíbrio político das agências e dos comitês. O processo de transformação da Lei em instituições explicita as ameaças que representavam as agências para as administrações existentes. As discussões acerca da cobrança pelo uso da água evidenciam a coexistência de vários modelos e teorias, deixando aberto o campo das possibilidades para sua aplicação. Dirijo, então, minha atenção aos primeiros anos de atuação dos comitês e das agências Seine-Normandie e Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse. Busco, nessas experiências, responder perguntas formuladas a partir dos primeiros anos de atuação de agências de bacia no Brasil. Em especial, os membros de ambos os comitês de bacia somente aceitaram votar valores de cobrança que consideravam altos, em razão dos Programas de Intervenção que tais cobranças permitiram realizar, quase imediatamente. Enfatizo a importância das dimensões emocionais e afetivas dessa aventura coletiva, longe das teorias baseadas em hipotéticas escolhas racionais de atores econômicos. Termino com uma análise dos jogos políticos no Comitê de Bacia Seine-Normandie durante os quarenta anos seguintes, com foco no modo de representação dos usuários domésticos e suas conseqüências nas negociações das cobranças e ajudas financeiras. A reflexão detalhada em francês, na forma do segundo tomo desta tese, me permite concluir que o funcionamento atual das agências e dos comitês de bacia franceses tem pouco a ver com seus princípios iniciais, apesar dos atores desse sistema continuarem a se referir a tais princípios. Chego, assim, a um novo entendimento da crise de 1998, evocada no início do texto, abrindo perspectivas para pensar outros futuros possíveis para as agências e os comitês de bacia, na França como no Brasil. / The French experience of water agencies and basin committees is known in Brazil by have inspired the current Brazilian legislation of water resources. When these institutions celebrate the 50th anniversary of its creation for 1964 Law, I propose on this work a rereading of this history from a peculiar point of view: graduated as an engineer in France, I worked in a water agency before moving to Brazil to study social anthropology. I describe how my understanding of water agencies and basin committees was gradually built and transformed. First fascinated by these organizations, I became aware of some of their limitations in 1998, when the French government criticized and planed suppress them. Taking a distance, I spent two years in Africa, and then I arrived in Brazil in 2003 to study anthropology. I met with basin committees very different from those I knew, leading me to formulate my research project. From this point of view, I present a narrative of the creation of water agencies and basin committees in France in the early sixties. I describe the trajectories of people and ideas, conflicts and negotiations, leading French civil servants and parliamentarians to invent these institutions. The process of transforming ideas into law makes explicit the tension between centralization and decentralization at the heart of the political meaning of water agencies and basin committees. The process of transforming law into institutions makes explicit how the agencies were considered a threat to the existing administration. Discussions about water charges show the coexistence of various models and theories, opening many possibilities for their application. Then I focus on the first years of water agencies and basin committees Seine- Normandie and Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse, looking at how the pioneers of this experiment responded to questions posed by stakeholders in news basins committees and water agencies in Brazil. In particular, I highlight the importance of intervention programs be implemented almost immediately, that convinced members of basin committees to vote water charges they considered high. I highlight the emotional and affective dimensions of this collective adventure, far from theories based on hypothetical rational choice of economic actors. I conclude with a discussion of the next political forty years in the Seine-Normandie basin committee, focusing on the mode of representation of domestic users and its impact on the negotiations of water charges and financial aids. This study, written in French in the second volume of this thesis, shows that the current practice of French water agencies and basin committees is far from its original principles, although these remain the reference of many stakeholders. This analysis leads me to a new understanding of the crisis of 1998 that I mentioned at the beginning of the text, and news ideas for the possible future of water agencies and basin committees in France and Brazil.

In the last decade, significant intensification has occurred in studies on raw water charges. However, the real possibility of charge application has provoked questions and concern in society, mostly due to the few studies developed where charges were actually applied. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the applicability of raw water charges in a Brazilian basin, taking into account the limitations of existing data, other management instruments previously studied in the basin and the opinion of the water basin management committee. First, records on basin water users were improved and made consistent. Next, a raw water charge model was developed and simulated, based on actions indicating the annual values that need to be collected. Economic impact and social acceptability were analyzed. The results obtained were compared with simulations performed using raw water charge models of the CEIVAP and PCJ committees. For orientation of the values to be charged, the following principles were used: (a) PUP User-Pay Principle; and (b) PPP Polluter-Pay Principle. The Santa Maria River Basin was chosen as the case. It is located on the southernmost border of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It has an area of 15,754 km² and its main economic activity is rice production. For the R$ 68.5 million investment financed over 20 years, the average fee was R$ 0.0085/m³, but this value could vary from R$ 0.0001/m³ to 0.0294/m³ according to the weights of the variables established in the model. The levying by sector was: Agriculture 44.85%; Urban Water Supply 41.35%; Rural Water Supply 12.36%; Industry 0.20%; and Cattle raising 1.24%; and by type of use was: Collecting 27.18%; Consumption 21.71% and Dilution 51.10%. The different simulations showed that the charging in the Santa Maria River Basin is viable, providing that the economic impact on sector users is determined. The present study also observed that the basin population is unaware of the management system for water resources. However, the general population is in favor of charges based on the objectives established in Brazilian legislation. The present study demonstrated that the principal aim of the initial raw water charge application process in Brazil will be the obtainment of financial resources to solve the problems of basin water resources. Nevertheless, the way to achieve this must be based on criteria of justice, efficiency and environmental sustainability and not based merely upon political decisions or social criteria. / Nesta última década ocorreu uma significativa intensificação nos estudos de cobrança pelo uso da água. Entretanto, a possibilidade real de aplicação da cobrança tem provocado dúvidas e inquietações na sociedade, principalmente devido aos poucos trabalhos desenvolvidos em que a cobrança foi efetivamente implantada. O objetivo central desta pesquisa é avaliar a aplicabilidade da cobrança pelo uso da água à realidade de uma bacia hidrográfica brasileira, considerando a limitação dos dados existentes, os outros instrumentos de gestão já estudados e a participação do comitê de gerenciamento da bacia. Em primeiro lugar, foram aprimorados e consistidos os dados cadastrais dos usuários de água da bacia. A seguir, foi desenvolvido e simulado o modelo de cobrança pelo uso da água, baseado em ações que indicaram os valores anuais a serem arrecadados. Foi analisado o impacto econômico sobre os setores usuários e a aceitabilidade social da cobrança. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com simulações realizadas utilizando os modelos de cobrança dos comitês CEIVAP e PCJ. Para a orientação dos valores a serem cobrados, os seguintes princípios foram adotados: (a) PUP Princípio Usuário Pagador; e (b) PPP Princípio Poluidor Pagador. A bacia de estudo foi a bacia do Rio Santa Maria, localizada na fronteira sudoeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com uma área de 15.754 km² e atividade econômica preponderante a produção de arroz. Para o investimento de R$ 68,50 milhões, financiado em 20 anos, a tarifa média foi de R$ 0,0085/m³, podendo variar de R$ 0,0001/m³ a 0,0294/m³ de acordo com os pesos das variáveis estabelecidas no modelo. A arrecadação por setor usuário foi: Agricultura 44,85%; Abastecimento Urbano 41,35%; Abastecimento Rural 12,36%; Indústria 0,20%; e Pecuária 1,24%; e por tipo de uso foi: Captação 27,18%; Consumo 21,71% e Diluição 51,10%. As diferentes simulações realizadas demonstraram que a cobrança na bacia do Rio Santa Maria é viável, desde que sejam obtidos pequenos impactos econômicos nos setores usuários. A pesquisa constatou também que a população da bacia desconhece o sistema de gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos. Entretanto, de um modo geral, a população é favorável à cobrança com os objetivos preconizados nas legislações brasileiras. A experiência deste trabalho trouxe a certeza de que, no início do processo de implementação da cobrança pelo uso da água no Brasil, o objetivo principal será arrecadar recursos financeiros para solucionar os problemas dos recursos hídricos das bacias. Contudo, a maneira de realizar esta arrecadação deve ser baseada em variáveis ou critérios de justiça, eficiência e sustentabilidade ambiental e não serem pautadas exclusivamente por decisões políticas ou critérios sociais.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-09T19:09:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA CRISTINA ALVES DE OLIVEIRA DANTAS - TESE PPGCC 2015..pdf: 7095339 bytes, checksum: 1129b2ebd21ae60871fd33c142249912 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T19:09:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA CRISTINA ALVES DE OLIVEIRA DANTAS - TESE PPGCC 2015..pdf: 7095339 bytes, checksum: 1129b2ebd21ae60871fd33c142249912 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-30 / A computação em nuvem define uma infraestrutura virtual para prestação de serviços em rede sob demanda. Os clientes contratam serviços em que a infraestrutura primária de hardware e software encontra-se em centros de dados remotos e não localmente e sobre seu próprio domínio. Há uma necessidade de ferramentas de monitoramento regulatório, que possam operar dentro da infraestrutura do provedor, ou fora dele, deixando os clientes a par do estado atual ou do histórico do desempenho dos serviços contratados. A computação em nuvem é fortemente dependente das redes computadores e o desempenho dos serviços em nuvem pode ser monitorado via métricas de rede. O conhecimento de métricas de desempenho sobre a execução dos serviços contribui para promover a relação de confiança entre cliente e provedor, bem como fornece subsídios para contestações em faturas, caso necessário. Um modelo detarifaçãoconfiável envolve a disponibilização de métricas de desempenho dos serviços contratados, de modo que o cliente possa aferir as tarifas cobradas. Clientes e provedores podem alternar papeis em diferentes níveis de prestação de serviços de computação em nuvem. Um cliente no nível de infraestrutura pode ser um provedor de dados, por exemplo. Um modelo de tarifação confiável fornece subsídios também ao provedor de serviços para melhorar a alocação de recursos, bem como indicadores para investimentos em infraestrutura que evitem perdas financeiras causadas pelo pagamento de multas por descumprimento de acordo de nível de serviço. O objeto desta tese de doutorado é desenvolver um modelo para tarifação confiável de serviços de computação em nuvem que envolva a detecção e notificação de anomalias de tráfego de rede em tempo real que auxilie na estimativa do custo causado por tais anomalias para o modelo de negócio e que contribua para um processo de alocação de recursos capaz de reduzir custos com penalidades financeiras. A validação do modelo foi realizada por meio de escalonamento de recursos baseado em custo. O modelo de tarifação confiável integrado ao mecanismo de escalonamento reduziu custos e perdas financeiras provenientes de violações de acordos de nível de serviço. / Cloud computing defines a virtual infrastructure to provide network services on demand. Customers contract services where the primary infrastructure of hardware software is in remote data centers and on the customer own domain. Sharing the same network, or the same physical machine, amongvarious tenants entails some concerns related to information confidentiality, security, troubleshooting, separation of responsibilities for guaranteeing the quality of the technical goals across the different abstraction levels, and how the customer may monitor the use of services and eventual failures. Prior to cloud computing, allowed the service providers dominate the entire chain of information, providing information to enable them to manage the business globally to avoid financial losses and increase profits. With the use of cloud computing services, the customer possesses no control over levels virtualization services that are supporting the level you are operating. A client in infrastructure level can be a data provider, for instance. Thus, it is important to have appropriate tools to keep track of the performance of the contracted services. Cloud computing is heavily dependent on computer networks. In this sense, it is abusiness differential to provide network performance metrics either for the customers, which is an important non-functional requirement that is sometimes ignored by many cloud service providers. The disposal of real-time performance metrics contributes to promote trust relationship between customer and provider, and to aid the provider to better dimension resources to avoid finacial losses. The object of this doctoral thesis is to develop a model for reliable charging of cloud computing services cloud that accomplishes the network traffic anomaly detection and appropriate notification in real time, as well as enables the estimation of the cost caused by anomalies to business model.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-11-01T21:02:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MauricioDaSilvaOliveiraJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 9223001 bytes, checksum: 7309eb0efda3da685c99c0bc2d037ee8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-06T23:14:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MauricioDaSilvaOliveiraJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 9223001 bytes, checksum: 7309eb0efda3da685c99c0bc2d037ee8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-06T23:14:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MauricioDaSilvaOliveiraJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 9223001 bytes, checksum: 7309eb0efda3da685c99c0bc2d037ee8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-06 / A charge ? um g?nero discursivo que circula em variados ve?culos de not?cia e, atualmente, difundido tamb?m em in?meros outros meios de comunica??o. Esse g?nero discursivo permite uma maior visibilidade da opini?o do autor, isto ?, o "autor falante" produz o conte?do tem?tico carregando-o ideol?gico e axiologicamente. A produ??o de tais enunciados concretos (charges) ? voltada para um ouvinte/leitor que tamb?m ? hist?rico e tamb?m est? situado em um ambiente social, fazendo com que esse direcionamento seja responsivo ao leitor, ? situa??o e aos fatos. Para esta pesquisa, tomamos como referencial te?rico as concep??es advindas do C?rculo de Bakhtin no que concerne ?s rela??es dial?gicas, ? heterodiscursividade, a posicionamento e a embates dial?gicos. Para compreender o riso charg?stico, apoiamos nossas reflex?es em Bergson, Propp e Bakhtin. Dada a especificidade do g?nero discursivo charge, buscamos ancorar nossas incurs?es no trabalho de Ivan Cabral, Ramos, Eisner e McCloud. O corpus desta pesquisa s?o as charges produzidas pelo chargista potiguar Ivan Cabral durante o per?odo do processo de impeachment da ex-presidente Dilma Rousseff, que ocorreu entre 02 de dezembro de 2015 e 13 de maio de 2016. A pesquisa se insere na ?rea da Lingu?stica Aplicada mesti?a, fronteiri?a e indisciplinar cujo objetivo ? construir inteligibilidade sobre as pr?ticas discursivas, considerando, para tanto, os sujeitos, as esferas de atividade e a historicidade das intera??es humanas. A investiga??o analisa os dados constru?dos a partir da vertente qualitativointerpretativista e o m?todo indici?rio de Ginzburg, que se volta para os ind?cios, os sinais que denunciam sentidos e posicionamentos. Os resultados permitem concluir que a charge, enquanto enunciado concreto, suscita responsividade que permite dar visibilidade aos embates dial?gicos entre sujeitos situados e posicionados, confirmando que na intera??o os sujeitos ocupam lugares e posi??es a partir de sua vis?o de mundo e de um conjunto de valores. / The cartoon is a discursive genre that circulates in varied news vehicles and, currently, also diffused in numerous other means of communication. This discursive genre allows a greater visibility of the author's opinion, that is, the "talking author" produces the thematic content carrying it ideologically and axiologically. The production of such concrete utterances (cartoons) is directed towards a listener / reader who is also historical and is also situated in a social environment, making this direction responsive to the reader, the situation and the facts. For this research, we take as theoretical reference the concepts coming from the Circle of Bakhtin in what concerns to dialogic relations, heterodiscursivity, positioning and dialogic clashes. To understand the laughter from the cartoon, we support our reflections in Bergson, Propp and Bakhtin. Given the specificity of the discursive cartoon genre, we sought to anchor our forays into the work of Ivan Cabral, Ramos, Eisner and McCloud. The corpus of this research are the cartoons produced by the potiguar cartoonist Ivan Cabral during the impeachment process of former president Dilma Rousseff, which occurred between December 2, 2015 and May 13, 2016. The research is part of the mestiza, frontier and indisciplinary Applied Linguistics whose objective is to build intelligibility on discursive practices, considering, for that, the subjects, the spheres of activity and the historicity of human interactions. The research analyzes the data constructed from the qualitative-interpretative perspective and the Ginzburg indicationary method, which turns to the signs, the signs that denounce meanings and positions. The results allow us to conclude that the charge, as a concrete statement, elicits responsiveness that allows to give visibility to the dialogic clashes between subjects situated and positioned, confirming that in the interaction subjects occupy places and positions from their world view and a set of values.

SUMMARY A surgery ward is one of the crucial departments in the České Budějovice Hospital. It provides a highly specialized care not only to patients from the district of České Budějovice, but also to people from the whole South-Bohemian region. Nearly 4,000 patients are treated in this ward every year. In my work I focused on a group of people who are able to work, but at the time of hospitalization they had no job and were registered in the employment agency and they came to the surgical ward for optional surgeries. The reasons why they did so could be as follows: they either neglected the care of their health due to a large amount of tasks at work, or they postponed the surgery since they were worried that they could lose their job due to a long sick leave. The objective of the work was to identify the influence of employment on decisions of clients to undergo surgeries. Questionnaires were used to gather data; they were distributed to patients hospitalized in the surgical ward of Nemocnice České Budějovice a.s. (the České Budějovice Hospital). The hypothesis which assumed that people registered in the employment agency for a short time have more surgeries than people registered in the employment agency for a long time was confirmed in the degree work. The second hypothesis assuming that people registered in the employment agency have more optional surgeries than employed people was confirmed as well. The third hypothesis where I assumed that the fees charged for hospital stays would influence the length of hospitalization of unemployed people was not confirmed since political changes resulted in the conclusion of a donation agreement between Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s. and the South-Bohemian region; the agreement enables people to take advantage of the South-Bohemian region{\crq}s donation to cover the hospital fees starting from 1 February 2009. The results of my work could be used as arguments in solving the unemployment policy.