Nesta tese é apresentado um novo workflow de simulação para avaliar o desempenho do balanceamento de carga dinâmico baseado em sobre-decomposição aplicado a aplicações paralelas iterativas. Seus objetivos são realizar essa avaliação com modificações mínimas da aplicação e a baixo custo em termos de tempo e de sua necessidade de recursos computacionais. Muitas aplicações paralelas sofrem com desbalanceamento de carga dinâmico (temporal) que não pode ser tratado a nível de aplicação. Este pode ser causado por características intrínsecas da aplicação ou por fatores externos de hardware ou software. Como demonstrado nesta tese, tal desbalanceamento é encontrado mesmo em aplicações cujo código não aparenta qualquer dinamismo. Portanto, faz-se necessário utilizar mecanismo de balanceamento de carga dinâmico a nível de runtime. Este trabalho foca no balanceamento de carga dinâmico baseado em sobre-decomposição. No entanto, avaliar e ajustar o desempenho de tal técnica pode ser custoso. Isso geralmente requer modificações na aplicação e uma grande quantidade de execuções para obter resultados estatisticamente significativos com diferentes combinações de parâmetros de balanceamento de carga Além disso, para que essas medidas sejam úteis, são usualmente necessárias grandes alocações de recursos em um sistema de produção. Simulated Adaptive MPI (SAMPI), nosso workflow de simulação, emprega uma combinação de emulação sequencial e replay de rastros para reduzir os custos dessa avaliação. Tanto emulação sequencial como replay de rastros requerem um único nó computacional. Além disso, o replay demora apenas uma pequena fração do tempo de uma execução paralela real da aplicação. Adicionalmente à simulação de balanceamento de carga, foram desenvolvidas técnicas de agregação espacial e rescaling a nível de aplicação, as quais aceleram o processo de emulação. Para demonstrar os potenciais benefícios do balanceamento de carga dinâmico com sobre-decomposição, foram avaliados os ganhos de desempenho empregando essa técnica a uma aplicação iterativa paralela da área de geofísica (Ondes3D). Adaptive MPI (AMPI) foi utilizado para prover o suporte a balanceamento de carga dinâmico, resultando em ganhos de desempenho de até 36.58% em 288 cores de um cluster Essa avaliação também é usada pra ilustrar as dificuldades encontradas nesse processo, assim justificando o uso de simulação para facilitá-la. Para implementar o workflow SAMPI, foi utilizada a interface SMPI do simulador SimGrid, tanto no modo de emulação, como no de replay de rastros. Para validar esse simulador, foram comparadas execuções simuladas (SAMPI) e reais (AMPI) da aplicação Ondes3D. As simulações apresentaram uma evolução do balanceamento de carga bastante similar às execuções reais. Adicionalmente, SAMPI estimou com sucesso a melhor heurística de balanceamento de carga para os cenários testados. Além dessa validação, nesta tese é demonstrado o uso de SAMPI para exploração de parâmetros de balanceamento de carga e para planejamento de capacidade computacional. Quanto ao desempenho da simulação, estimamos que o workflow completo é capaz de simular a execução do Ondes3D com 24 combinações de parâmetros de balanceamento de carga em 5 horas para o nosso cenário de terremoto mais pesado e 3 horas para o mais leve. / In this thesis we present a novel simulation workflow to evaluate the performance of dynamic load balancing with over-decomposition applied to iterative parallel applications at low-cost. Its goals are to perform such evaluation with minimal application modification and at a low cost in terms of time and of resource requirements. Many parallel applications suffer from dynamic (temporal) load imbalance that can not be treated at the application level. It may be caused by intrinsic characteristics of the application or by external software and hardware factors. As demonstrated in this thesis, such dynamic imbalance can be found even in applications whose codes do not hint at any dynamism. Therefore, we need to rely on runtime dynamic load balancing mechanisms, such as dynamic load balancing based on over-decomposition. The problem is that evaluating and tuning the performance of such technique can be costly. This usually entails modifications to the application and a large number of executions to get statistically sound performance measurements with different load balancing parameter combinations. Moreover, useful and accurate measurements often require big resource allocations on a production cluster. Our simulation workflow, dubbed Simulated Adaptive MPI (SAMPI), employs a combined sequential emulation and trace-replay simulation approach to reduce the cost of such an evaluation Both sequential emulation and trace-replay require a single computer node. Additionally, the trace-replay simulation lasts a small fraction of the real-life parallel execution time of the application. Besides the basic SAMPI simulation, we developed spatial aggregation and applicationlevel rescaling techniques to speed-up the emulation process. To demonstrate the real-life performance benefits of dynamic load balance with over-decomposition, we evaluated the performance gains obtained by employing this technique on a iterative parallel geophysics application, called Ondes3D. Dynamic load balancing support was provided by Adaptive MPI (AMPI). This resulted in up to 36.58% performance improvement, on 288 cores of a cluster. This real-life evaluation also illustrates the difficulties found in this process, thus justifying the use of simulation. To implement the SAMPI workflow, we relied on SimGrid’s Simulated MPI (SMPI) interface in both emulation and trace-replay modes.To validate our simulator, we compared simulated (SAMPI) and real-life (AMPI) executions of Ondes3D. The simulations presented a load balance evolution very similar to real-life and were also successful in choosing the best load balancing heuristic for each scenario. Besides the validation, we demonstrate the use of SAMPI for load balancing parameter exploration and for computational capacity planning. As for the performance of the simulation itself, we roughly estimate that our full workflow can simulate the execution of Ondes3D with 24 different load balancing parameter combinations in 5 hours for our heavier earthquake scenario and in 3 hours for the lighter one.

Depuis le début du vingt-et-unième siècle, la République Populaire de Chine (RPC) est engagée dans une spectaculaire offensive de charme sur le continent africain. Cette stratégie chinoise n’est pas nouvelle et s’inscrit dans le cadre légal fixé par la Déclaration finale de la conférence de Bandung de 1955. Depuis cette date, et davantage depuis la création du FOCAC en 2000, l’importance de l’Afrique dans la quête d’influence globale de la Chine Populaire n’a cessé de croitre, alliant désormais influence économique et influence culturelle. L’Afrique subsaharienne francophone est un terrain propice à l’étude de cette nouvelle stratégie chinoise. Ce cadre spatial nous permet de constater qu’à travers les Instituts Confucius, les médias publics chinois et la médecine chinoise dite « traditionnelle » (MTC), les dirigeants chinois entendent tout mettre en œuvre afin de préserver leurs intérêts économiques en Afrique et faciliter l’intégration de leurs entreprises et communautés diasporiques. Précisons tout de même qu’à travers l’apprentissage du mandarin, les africains parviennent à tirer avantage de ce soft power chinois. Toutefois, la relative intégration des chinois, le caractère propagandiste des IC et médias chinois, ainsi que le recourt par les entreprises chinoises basées en Afrique à de l’importation de main d’œuvre, pratique encore en vigueur aujourd’hui, contribuent à ternir l’image de la Chine Populaire auprès des opinions publiques africaines. En outre, cette percée culturelle chinoise en Afrique subsaharienne francophone a eu un impact notoire sur la diplomatie culturelle du partenaire historique, la France, mais aussi sur la Francophonie. De ce fait, elle contribue à une redéfinition des rapports de forces et a induit l’émergence de partenariats trilatéraux. / Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has embarked in a spectacular charm offensive in Africa. This Chinese strategy is not new and falls within the legal framework established by the Bandung Final Declaration of 1955. Since then, and particularly since the establishing of FOCAC in 2000, the importance of Africa for the Global influence of the People's Republic of China has continued to grow, combining economic influence with cultural influence. Francophone sub-Saharan Africa is a good ground for studying this new Chinese strategy. This space frame allows us to see through the Confucius Institutes, the Chinese public media and the “traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)”, the Chinese leaders intend to make every effort to preserve their economic interests in Africa and facilitate the integration of their businesses and diasporic communities. It should be noted that Africans are able to take advantage of this Chinese soft power. However, the relative integration of Chinese, the propagandist character of IC and the Chinese media, as well as the importation of labor by the Chinese companies’ bases in Africa, contribute to tarnish the image of Popular China among African public opinion. In addition, this Chinese cultural breakthrough in francophone sub-Saharan Africa has had an endless impact on the cultural diplomacy of the historical partner, France, and also on Francophonie. As a result, it contributes to a redefinition of the balance of power and to the emergence of trilateral partnerships.

[pt] Nos últimos anos, as linguagens de script ganharam muita importância em diversas áreas da computação. Uma das áreas onde essas linguagens ainda são pouco exploradas é na área de computação paralela. A computação paralela sempre foi fortemente associada a computação científica, mas recentemente ela ganhou uma nova importância com a popularização de processadores multi-core. Com esse crescimento se torna necessário o surgimento de novos paradigmas de programação paralela para facilitar o desenvolvimento e dinamizar as aplicações, e linguagens de script podem ser usadas para isso, trazendo dinamismo, simplicidade e flexibilidade às aplicações. Esta dissertação visa estudar um modelo híbrido de programação entre duas linguagens de programação, Lua e Charm plus plus. / [en] Recently, scripting languages have become very important in many fields of computer science. One area in which these languages have not been explored is paralel programming. Paralel programming has always been strongly associated with scientific usage, but recently, with the growth in popularity of multi core systems, it has gained a new field of action. With this change, the development of new programming paradigms of paralel programming become necessary in order to make development easier and applications more dynamic. Scripting languages may be used for this, bringing dynamics, flexibility and simplicity to aplications. This dissertation aims to study a hybrid programming model with two programming languages, Charm plus plus and Lua.

Nesta tese é apresentado um novo workflow de simulação para avaliar o desempenho do balanceamento de carga dinâmico baseado em sobre-decomposição aplicado a aplicações paralelas iterativas. Seus objetivos são realizar essa avaliação com modificações mínimas da aplicação e a baixo custo em termos de tempo e de sua necessidade de recursos computacionais. Muitas aplicações paralelas sofrem com desbalanceamento de carga dinâmico (temporal) que não pode ser tratado a nível de aplicação. Este pode ser causado por características intrínsecas da aplicação ou por fatores externos de hardware ou software. Como demonstrado nesta tese, tal desbalanceamento é encontrado mesmo em aplicações cujo código não aparenta qualquer dinamismo. Portanto, faz-se necessário utilizar mecanismo de balanceamento de carga dinâmico a nível de runtime. Este trabalho foca no balanceamento de carga dinâmico baseado em sobre-decomposição. No entanto, avaliar e ajustar o desempenho de tal técnica pode ser custoso. Isso geralmente requer modificações na aplicação e uma grande quantidade de execuções para obter resultados estatisticamente significativos com diferentes combinações de parâmetros de balanceamento de carga Além disso, para que essas medidas sejam úteis, são usualmente necessárias grandes alocações de recursos em um sistema de produção. Simulated Adaptive MPI (SAMPI), nosso workflow de simulação, emprega uma combinação de emulação sequencial e replay de rastros para reduzir os custos dessa avaliação. Tanto emulação sequencial como replay de rastros requerem um único nó computacional. Além disso, o replay demora apenas uma pequena fração do tempo de uma execução paralela real da aplicação. Adicionalmente à simulação de balanceamento de carga, foram desenvolvidas técnicas de agregação espacial e rescaling a nível de aplicação, as quais aceleram o processo de emulação. Para demonstrar os potenciais benefícios do balanceamento de carga dinâmico com sobre-decomposição, foram avaliados os ganhos de desempenho empregando essa técnica a uma aplicação iterativa paralela da área de geofísica (Ondes3D). Adaptive MPI (AMPI) foi utilizado para prover o suporte a balanceamento de carga dinâmico, resultando em ganhos de desempenho de até 36.58% em 288 cores de um cluster Essa avaliação também é usada pra ilustrar as dificuldades encontradas nesse processo, assim justificando o uso de simulação para facilitá-la. Para implementar o workflow SAMPI, foi utilizada a interface SMPI do simulador SimGrid, tanto no modo de emulação, como no de replay de rastros. Para validar esse simulador, foram comparadas execuções simuladas (SAMPI) e reais (AMPI) da aplicação Ondes3D. As simulações apresentaram uma evolução do balanceamento de carga bastante similar às execuções reais. Adicionalmente, SAMPI estimou com sucesso a melhor heurística de balanceamento de carga para os cenários testados. Além dessa validação, nesta tese é demonstrado o uso de SAMPI para exploração de parâmetros de balanceamento de carga e para planejamento de capacidade computacional. Quanto ao desempenho da simulação, estimamos que o workflow completo é capaz de simular a execução do Ondes3D com 24 combinações de parâmetros de balanceamento de carga em 5 horas para o nosso cenário de terremoto mais pesado e 3 horas para o mais leve. / In this thesis we present a novel simulation workflow to evaluate the performance of dynamic load balancing with over-decomposition applied to iterative parallel applications at low-cost. Its goals are to perform such evaluation with minimal application modification and at a low cost in terms of time and of resource requirements. Many parallel applications suffer from dynamic (temporal) load imbalance that can not be treated at the application level. It may be caused by intrinsic characteristics of the application or by external software and hardware factors. As demonstrated in this thesis, such dynamic imbalance can be found even in applications whose codes do not hint at any dynamism. Therefore, we need to rely on runtime dynamic load balancing mechanisms, such as dynamic load balancing based on over-decomposition. The problem is that evaluating and tuning the performance of such technique can be costly. This usually entails modifications to the application and a large number of executions to get statistically sound performance measurements with different load balancing parameter combinations. Moreover, useful and accurate measurements often require big resource allocations on a production cluster. Our simulation workflow, dubbed Simulated Adaptive MPI (SAMPI), employs a combined sequential emulation and trace-replay simulation approach to reduce the cost of such an evaluation Both sequential emulation and trace-replay require a single computer node. Additionally, the trace-replay simulation lasts a small fraction of the real-life parallel execution time of the application. Besides the basic SAMPI simulation, we developed spatial aggregation and applicationlevel rescaling techniques to speed-up the emulation process. To demonstrate the real-life performance benefits of dynamic load balance with over-decomposition, we evaluated the performance gains obtained by employing this technique on a iterative parallel geophysics application, called Ondes3D. Dynamic load balancing support was provided by Adaptive MPI (AMPI). This resulted in up to 36.58% performance improvement, on 288 cores of a cluster. This real-life evaluation also illustrates the difficulties found in this process, thus justifying the use of simulation. To implement the SAMPI workflow, we relied on SimGrid’s Simulated MPI (SMPI) interface in both emulation and trace-replay modes.To validate our simulator, we compared simulated (SAMPI) and real-life (AMPI) executions of Ondes3D. The simulations presented a load balance evolution very similar to real-life and were also successful in choosing the best load balancing heuristic for each scenario. Besides the validation, we demonstrate the use of SAMPI for load balancing parameter exploration and for computational capacity planning. As for the performance of the simulation itself, we roughly estimate that our full workflow can simulate the execution of Ondes3D with 24 different load balancing parameter combinations in 5 hours for our heavier earthquake scenario and in 3 hours for the lighter one.

[pt] Na última década, desde o início do funcionamento do LHC, o Modelo Padrão de física de partículas vem sendo posto à prova com precisão sem precedentes, com enorme êxito. Um de seus experimentos é o LHCb, dedicado à física dos hádrons contendo os quarks beauty e charm. Um dos importantes temas de pesquisa do LHCb é o estudo de efeitos de assimetria partícula-antipartícula em processos de decaimento, devido à chamada violação de Carga-Paridade (CP). A violação de CP é prevista pelo Modelo Padrão e, em decaimentos envolvendo o quark charm, pode ocorrer em certos processos chamados de suprimidos por Cabibbo. No entanto, este efeito é muito pequeno, da ordem de 0.1 porcento. Esta pequenez faz com que o ambiente de decaimentos charmosos seja atraente para busca por física além do Modelo Padrão. O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo de sensibilidade para violação de CP nos canais D+ -> K- K+π+ e D+ -> π- π+π+: no run II do LHCb. Através de uma representação do espaço de fase desses decaimentos, chamado de Dalitz Plot, e a utilização do método de Mirandizing, que se baseia em procurar significâncias locais na diferença da distribuição de eventos no Dalitz Plot de partícula e antipartícula, pode-se buscar por assimetrias de carga que indicariam efeitos de violação de CP nestes decaimentos. Baseando-se nas estatísticas dos dados tomados entre 2016 e 2018 no LHCb, foram desenvolvidos pseudoexperimentos, via método de Monte Carlo, visando reproduzir a dinâmica dos dados reais, e inserindo pequenos efeitos de violação de CP. Verificamos que há sensibilidade para a violação de CP com efeitos da ordem de 10-3 em algumas situações, que condiz com as expectativas do Modelo Padrão, o que indica a possibilidade de observação de violação de CP nos dados reais do run II. / [en] In the last decade, since the beginning of the operation of the LHC, the Standard Model of particle physics has been tested with unprecedented precision, with enormous success. One of its experiment is LHCb, dedicated to the physics of hadrons containing the beauty and charm quarks. One of the important research topics of the LHCb is the study of the effects of particle-antiparticle asymmetry in decay processes, due to the so-called charge-parity violation (CP). CP violation is predicted by the Standard Model and, in decays involving the charm quark, it can occur in certain processes called Cabibbo-suppressed. However, this effect is very small, of the order of 0.1 percent. This smallness makes the environment of charm decays attractive to search for physics beyond the Standard Model. The aim of this work is the study of sensitivity for CP violation in the channels D+ -> K-K+π+ and D+ -> π-π+π+ in run II of the LHCb. Through the phase space of these decays, called Dalitz Plot, and the use of the Mirandizing method, which is based on looking for local significance in the difference in the distribution of events for particle and antiparticle Dalitz Plots, one can seek for local asymmetries that would indicate effects of CP violation in these decays. Based on the data statistics taken between 2016 and 2018 at the LHCb, pseudo experiments were performed, using the Monte Carlo method, aiming to reproduce the dynamics of real data, and inserting small effects of CP violation. We found that there is sensitivity for CP violation with effects of the order of 10−3 in some situations, which is the expected level predicted by the Standard Model, indicating a possibility for observing CP violation in the real data from run II.

當全世界風起雲湧將目光投注中共自2004年開始建置之「孔子學院」佈局全球，甚至引發新一波中國「文化威脅論」之際，中共另一「軟實力」（Soft Power）卻正悄悄崛起，其受中共國家領導人重視程度較「孔子學院」有過之而無不及，定位與位階也遠遠高於「孔子學院」之上，那是直屬中國文化部之海外「中國文化中心」。 　　中共於海外設立「中國文化中心」是其整體文化「走出去」戰略實踐方案之一，具有因應國際背景與現實需求、提高國家文化地位、擴大對外影響力與軟實力、以及加深中西文明對話與認同的目的；而在海外設立文化中心是二戰之後全球主要強權國家普遍採用的文化「走出去」戰略，是其推廣本國文化、傳播思想價值、樹立國家形象的重要方式，也是提升國家軟實力重要平臺。 　　在中共30年傲人的經濟發展下，自江澤民於1988年在非洲模里西斯及貝寧設立海外「中國文化中心」開始，目前已在全球建成30個海外「中國文化中心」，預定在2020年達成建設50家的目標，確定從「經濟走出去」到「文化走出去」之戰略布局。近年來，隨著中國國際地位和影響力的迅速提升，海外「中國文化中心」的發展來到前所未有的機遇；惟全球設立家數與主要強權如法國、英國、德國等，仍有相當差距且分布不均，未來中共如何運用中國綜合國力及落實提高國家軟實力，明確制定宏觀總體戰略布局以展現全球文化「魅力攻勢」有其迫切性與挑戰性。 / When the world pays more attention to the Confucius Institute, which has been built by the Chinese Communist Party since 2004, even sparked a new wave of culture threat theory, the other soft power of the Chinese Communist Party is quietly rising. That is the Overseas China Cultural Center, which is affiliated with the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China. It is not only highly valued by the leaders of the CCP than the Confucius Institute, but also has a much higher position and rank than the Confucius Institute. 　　The Overseas China Cultural Center is one of the practices of its comprehensive culture going out strategy by the Chinese Communist Party. It has the purpose of improving the national cultural status, expanding its influence and soft power in response to the international affairs and realistic needs, and deepening the dialogue and identity between Chinese and Western civilizations. The establishment of the Cultural Center abroad is a major policy of culture going out strategy between great powers around the world after World War II. It is an important approach to promote national culture, disseminate ideological value and establish a national image. It is also an important platform to enhance national soft power. 　　In the 30 years of economic development of the Chinese Communist Party, President Jiang Zemin has set up the first overseas China Cultural Center in the Republic of Mauritius and the Republic of Benin in 1988. So far, it has been built 30 Cultural Centers in the world. China Cultural Center is also scheduled to reach 50 targets by 2020. The layout of going out strategy was transitioned from economy to culture. In recent years, with the rapid advancement of China's international status and influence, the development of overseas China cultural center has come to unprecedented opportunities. However, there is still a considerable gap in the number of centers with great powers, such as France, the United Kingdom, and Germany, etc. How can the Chinese Communist Party employ its comprehensive national strength and implement the national soft power in the future, and it is urgent and challenging to formulate the overall strategic layout to demonstrate the global cultural charm offensive.

Les conditions extrêmes de température et de densité d'énergie créées lors des collisions d'ions lourds ultra-relativistes au sein du Grand collisionneur de hadrons (LHC) fournissent une occasion unique d'étudier les propriétés de la matière. Une transition de phase de la matière hadronique vers un milieu déconfiné de quarks et de gluons (PQG) est prédite par la chromodynamique quantique et des efforts théoriques et expérimentaux considérables ont été investis pour étudier ses propriétés. Parmi les sondes éminentes du PQG, les quarks lourds jouent un rôle prépondérant car ils sont créés lors des processus durs initiaux, avant la formation du PQG, et leur nombre est conservé durant les phases partoniques et hadroniques de la collision. Les états liés de quarks lourds– quarkonium (charmonium pour cc et bottomonium pour bb), constituent des sondes remarquables du milieu. Les observations expérimentales de quarkonia aux énergies du LHC dans les collisions A-A sont reproduites au travers de deux mécanismes antagonistes : la suppression séquentielle, proposée très tôt comme signature du PQG, et la (re)génération de quarkonia par (re)combinaison de quarks déconfinés. Cependant des incertitudes importantes sont associées aux prédictions théoriques et de nombreuses inconnues demeurent. L'anisotropie azimuthale de l'espace des moments (désignée sous le terme de flot elliptique, v2) de la production de charmonium devrait permettre d'avoir une meilleure vue d'ensemble et de contraindre davantage les paramètres des modèles théoriques. Si les quarks charmés se (re)combinent en paires cc, les J/ψ produits devraient hériter de leur flot. Les études précédentes ont montré des premiers signes d'un v2positif du J/ψ dans les collisions Pb-Pb à √sNN=2.76TeV. Cette thèse porte sur la mesure de l'anisotropie azimuthale du J/ψ dans les collisions Pb-Pb à√sNN=5.02TeV où une (re)combinaison légèrement plus importante est prédite par rapport aux énergies inférieures et une augmentation statistique d'un facteur 3 a été enregistrée. L'étude du flot elliptique du J/ψ fournit des informations clés sur la magnitude et la dynamique des mécanismes de suppression et de (re)génération de charmonia. Par ailleurs elle offre un regard unique sur l'évolution et les interactions des quarks charmés au sein du milieu en expansion. / Extreme temperatures and energy densities produced in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider provide a unique opportunity to study the properties of matter. A phase transition of the hadronic matter to a deconfined medium of quarks and gluons, the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), is predicted by Quantum Chromodynamics and considerable theoretical and experimental efforts have been invested to study its properties. Among the prominent probes of the QGP, heavy quarks play a crucial role since they are created in primary hard-scattering processes, before the QGP formation, and their number is conserved throughout the partonic and hadronic phases of the collision. Bound states of heavyquarks – quarkonium (charmonium for cc and bottomoniumbb) provide remarkable probes of the medium. At LHC energies, experimental observations of quarkonium in A-Acollisions are reproduced through two antagonist mechanisms: a sequential suppression of the quarkonium states, early suggested as a signature of the QGP, and quarkonium (re)generation by (re)combination of deconfined quarks. However, theoretical predictions carry large uncertainties and many unknows remain. The momentum space azimuthal anisotropy of charmonium production (referred as elliptic flow v2) should help to clarify the picture and to constrain the model parameters. If charm quarks (re)combine in the medium into cc pairs, the J/ψ originating from (re)combination should inherit their flow. Previous studies have shown first hints of a positive J/ψ v2 in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76TeV. This thesis focuses on the measurement of J/ψ azimuthal anisotropy in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02TeV where a slightly stronger (re)generation component is predicted with respect to lower collision energies, and a factor of 3more data were collected. The study of J/ψ v2 provides important information on the magnitude and dynamics of charmonium suppression and (re)generation mechanisms. In addition, it offers a unique insight on charm quark evolution and interactions in the expanding medium.

L'expérience LHCb a été conçue pour étudier la physique des saveurs, dont entre autre la violation de CP, sur le collisioneur proton-proton LHC.La première phase de fonctionnement du LHC a durée de 2011 à 2012, ce qui a permis à LHCb de collecter $3.19~mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ de données à une énergie dans le centre de masse des collisions de $sqrt{s} = 7~TeV$ et $sqrt{s} = 8~TeV$.L'analyse présentée dans cette thèse est basée sur l'ensemble des données collectées par LHCb lors de la première phase de fonctionnement (2011-2012).Le mécanisme de Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) est le mécanisme décrivant la violation de CP dans le cadre du Modèle Standard.Les expériences de la décennie précédente, dédiées à la physique des saveurs, BaBar et Belle, ont permis de démontrer le fonctionnement du mécanisme CKM et de démontrer qu'il est majoritairement Standard.`A présent LHCb a pour objectif de mesurer avec précision les paramètres de ce mécanisme, ce qui constitue des points de références du Modèle Standard, pour en parallèle rechercher de manière indirecte de la Nouvelle Physique en recherchant des déviations à ces points de références du Modèle Standard.Les travaux réalisés lors de cette thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre du premier axe de recherche: réaliser des mesures de précision des paramètres du mécanisme CKM pour contraindre le Modèle Standard.Dans cette thèse nous réalisons la mesure la plus précise à l'heure actuelle du rapport d'embranchement de la désintégration ${B^0tobar{D}^0K^+K^-}$, la première observation des modes ${B^0_stobar{D}^0K^+K^-}$ et ${B^0_stobar{D}^{*0}phi}$ avec mesure de la polarisation de ce dernier, la confirmation de la mesure du rapport d'embranchement de la désintégration ${B^0_stobar{D}^0phi}$, ainsi que des limites supérieures sur le rapport d'embranchement de la désintégration ${B^0tobar{D}^0phi}$ et sur l'angle de mélange des mésons ${omega - phi}$.L'observation de ces modes ${B^0_{(s)}tobar{D}^0K^+K^-}$ et sous modes ${B^0_{(s)}tobar{D}^{(*)0}phi }$ permet de préparer les futures analyses de Dalitz de ces modes qui contribueront, en les combinant avec les autres méthodes, à améliorer la précision sur la mesure de la phase complexe $gamma$ du mécanisme CKM. / The LHCb experiment has been designed to study flavor physics, notably CP violation, on the LHC proton-proton collider.The first LHC run goes from 2011 to 2012, during what LHCb saved $3.19~mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ of data with a collision centre-of-mass energy at ${sqrt{s} = 7~TeV}$ and ${sqrt{s} = 8~TeV}$.The analysis presented in this thesis is based on a data sample corresponding to the full first run of the LHC (2011-2012).The Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) mechanism describes CP violation in the Standard Model.In the previous decade, two dedicated experiments to flavor physics, BaBar and Belle, proved that the CKM mechanism is at work and dominated by Standard effects.Now LHCb aim is to improve precision on measurements of CKM parameters, in order to serves as the Standard Model reference points, to make in parallel indirect search of New Physics looking for deviations from the Standard Model reference points.Accurate measurements of CKM parameters through different processes provide sensitivity to new physics effects, by testing the global consistency of the Standard Model.This thesis is included inside the first LHCb aim: to improve CKM parameters measurements to constrain the Standard Model.This thesis reports the most precise measurement to date of the branching fraction of ${B^0tobar{D}^0K^+K^-}$ decay, the first observation of the decays ${B^0_stobar{D}^0K^+K^-}$ and ${B^0_stobar{D}^{*0}phi}$ with a polarization measurement for the second one, confirmation of the branching fraction measurement of ${B^0_stobar{D}^0phi}$, and upper limits on branching fraction of ${B^0tobar{D}^0phi}$ decay and on ${omega - phi}$ mixing angle.The observation of ${B^0_{(s)}tobar{D}^0K^+K^-}$ and ${B^0_{(s)}tobar{D}^{(*)0}phi }$ decays prepare the Dalitz analysis for these channels which will be used, combined with other methodes, to improve measurement on the $gamma$ complex-phase of the CKM mechanism.

We study the masses of the low-lying charm and bottom mesons within the framework of heavy-hadron chiral perturbation theory. We work to third order in the chiral expansion, where meson loops contribute. In contrast to previous approaches, we use physical meson masses in evaluating these loops. This ensures that their imaginary parts are consistent with the observed widths of the D-mesons. The lowest odd- and even-parity, strange and non-strange mesons provide enough constraints to determine only certain linear combinations of the low-energy constants (LECs) in the effective Lagrangian. We comment on how lattice QCD could provide further information to disentangle these constants. Then we use the results from the charm sector to predict the spectrum of odd- and even-parity of the bottom mesons. The predicted masses from our theory are in good agreement with experimentally measured masses for the case of the odd-parity sector. For the even-parity sector, the $B$-meson states have not yet been observed; thus, our results provide useful information for experimentalists investigating such states. The near degeneracy of nonstrange and strange scalar $B$ mesons is confirmed in our predictions using $\mathrm{HHChPT}$. Finally,we show why previous approaches of using $\mathrm{HHChPT}$ in studying the mass degeneracy in the scalar states of charm and bottom meson sectors gave unsatisfactory results. Interactions between these heavy mesons are treated using effective theories similar to those used to study nuclear forces. We first look at a strongly-interacting channel which produces a bound or virtual state and a dimer state which couples weakly to a weakly-interacting channel to produce a narrow resonance. We also look at the short-range interactions in two channels. We consider two cases: two channels where one has a strong $s$-wave interaction which produces bound or virtual states, and a dimer state which couples weakly to weakly-coupled channels which in turn can produce narrow resonances. For each of these systems, we use well-defined power-counting schemes. The results can be used to investigate resonances in the charmonium and bottomonium systems. We demonstrate how the method can be applied to the $X(3872)$. The widths of the $X(3872)$ for decay processes to $\bar{D}^0 D^{*0}$ and $\bar{D}^0D^0\pi$ are calculated. We use these results to obtain the line shapes of the $X(3872)$ under different assumptions about the nature of this state.

No description available.