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Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1991. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-90). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.Sc.)(Food Science)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Please read the abstract in the section, 00front , of this document / Dissertation (M Inst Agrar ( Food Processing))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Food Science / MInstAgrar / unrestricted

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1963 V76 / Master of Science

Commercial flavour-enhancing enzymes were delivered in an encapsulated form to accelerate Cheddar cheese ripening. Polymers such as alginate, chitosan and k- Carrageenan were screened to be used as encapsulant material for microencapsulation of the commercial protease enzyme, Flavourzyme®. Alginate was found to be a suitable polymer for Flavourzyme encapsulation using the Inotech® encapsulator while _-Carrageenan and chitosan were too viscous for extrusion through the encapsulator nozzle. Gelling of alginate-Flavourzyme microcapsules in 0.1M CaCl2 resulted in poor encapsulation efficiency (ranging 17- 18% depending on the alginate concentration). Incorporation of Hi-Maize™ starch or pectin as filler materials into the alginate-Flavourzyme encapsulation matrix to increase encapsulation efficiency by minimising porosity also resulted in poor encapsulation efficiency. An alternative approach to the modification of the cationic gelling solution, by adding chitosan, significantly increased the encapsulation efficiency to 70-88% and produced mostly spherical capsules with an average diameter of 500_m. Encapsulation efficiency increased with an increase in chitosan concentration from 0.1 to 0.3% (w/v) in the cationic gelling solution of 0.1M CaCl2. Though gelling of alginate-Flavourzyme microcapsules in gelling solution of 0.1M CaCl2 containing 0.3% (w/v) chitosan resulted in higher encapsulation efficiency, a chitosan concentration of 0.1% (w/v) was chosen for further work as higher concentrations of chitosan in the gelling solution resulted in aggregation of capsules during formation. Gelling time of 10 min and alginate concentrations in the range 1.6 to 2.0% (w/v) were found to be optimal encapsulation parameters for Flavourzyme encapsulation while 2.0% (w/v) solution of trisodium citrate was found to be optimal for in vitro release of encapsulated enzymes for measurement of enzyme activity. Flavourzyme capsules stored frozen or freeze-dried were shelf stable for at least 10 weeks retaining about 80% of the initial enzyme activity as opposed to retention of 25-34% activity in air-dried capsules. Leakage of encapsulated Flavourzyme prepared from 1.6% (w/v) alginate was slightly higher than those prepared from 1.8 and 2.0% (w/v) alginate in cheese milk. Flavourzyme-alginate capsules prepared from 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0% (w/v) alginate retained over 70% of the initial enzyme activity under simulated cheese-press pressure. Concentration of alginate had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the retention of encapsulated Flavourzyme when the capsules were pressed for 4h; however when the simulated cheese press duration increased to 8 and 16h the retention of encapsulated Flavourzyme was significantly higher (p [less than] 0.01) in capsules produced from 2.0% (w/v) alginate. Incorporation of encapsulated enzymes into the milk prior to rennetting resulted in an even distribution of capsules in the cheese matrix compared to aggregation of capsules, when added to milled curd prior to salting. All cheeses; control with no added enzymes and experimental cheeses with free and encapsulated Flavourzyme and/or Palatase showed higher levels of moisture and lower levels of fat compared to standard Cheddar cheese due to the variation in the manufacturing protocol. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in fat and final pH between control and experimental cheeses and there was no difference in the numbers of coliforms, E.coli, Salmonella, Listeria, coagulase positive staphylococci, Bacillus cereus, yeast and moulds in control or experimental cheeses. Increased and prolonged proteolysis was observed in cheeses with encapsulated Flavourzyme showing increased release of several peptides, also with the formation of new peptides absent in the control cheese with no added enzymes. Accumulation of high molecular weight/hydrophobic peptides was higher in cheeses with free Flavourzyme followed by cheeses with encapsulated Flavourzyme. Concentration of water-soluble peptides increased with the increase in the concentration of encapsulated Flavourzyme in the cheese. Concentration of water-insoluble peptides was higher in control cheese compared to cheeses with encapsulated Flavourzyme even after 180 days ripening. After 30 days of ripening, concentration of most free amino acids was about 3 times greater in cheeses with encapsulated Flavourzyme than in control and about 7 times higher after 90 days ripening. Concentration of total amino acids was consistently higher in cheeses with encapsulated Flavourzyme compared to control. Cheese grading scores for body, texture and appearance of all cheeses with encapsulated enzymes were lower than control and free enzyme treated cheeses during the entire grading period of about 100 days due to crumbly and pasty texture. Control and cheeses with added Flavourzyme received high overall score for flavour. Flavour score of cheese with encapsulated Flavourzyme at a concentration of 0.75 LAPU/g milk protein was higher than all cheeses around 50 days with better overall flavour score until about 94 days ripening with improved flavour and elimination of bitterness. However the flavour of enzyme treated cheeses deteriorated with time and the control cheese scored the highest for flavour. Though increased concentration of free fatty acids was detected in cheeses treated with encapsulated lipase; Palatase, these cheeses developed rancid, unpleasant, strong lipolytic flavours as early as 55 days ripening. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Mirna Lucia Gigante / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T21:40:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro_RaquelRossi_M.pdf: 1806152 bytes, checksum: 4e066f4d10c777ee39e37640e41cbf91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram padronizar uma condição de teste para avaliar a capacidade de derretimento do Cream cheese e avaliar o efeito do pH sobre a capacidade de derretimento, firmeza, equilíbrio físico-químico entre a matriz protéica e a fase aquosa do queijo e sobre a microestrutura do Cream cheese. Os queijos foram fabricados segundo metódo tradicional e a alteração do pH foi feita pós-processamento, através da exposição das amostras em atmosfera de hidróxido de amônio ou ácido acético para aumentar ou diminuir o pH, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram que a melhor condição de tempo e temperatura para avaliar a capacidade de derretimento do Cream cheese foi 170°C/15 min. Os queijos que foram avaliados quanto a capacidade de derretimento e firmeza apresentarm pH variando, em média, de 4,21±0,02 a 6,8±0,8. Os resultados indicaram que existe uma correlação linear positiva (R2 = 0,98) entre o pH e a capacidade de derretimento e uma correlação negativa do tipo potência (R2 = 0,95) entre o pH e a firmeza do Cream cheese. Quando se avaliou o efeito do pH sobre a proteólise e o equilíbrio físico-químico entre a fase aquosa e a matriz protéica do queijo, observou-se que a exposição à atmosfera de hidróxido de amônio ou ácido acético afetaram significativamente o pH dos queijos, criando três faixas distintas de pH: 4,91 para o queijos controle, 5,30 para o queijo com alto e 4,37 para o queijo com baixo pH. A proteólise do Cream cheese não foi significativamente afetada pelo pH dos queijos. A capacidade de retenção de água do Cream cheese não foi afetada pelo pH, sendo entretanto afetada pela interação entre o pH e o tempo de armazenamento. A capacidade de retenção de água foi menor ao longo do tempo nos queijos de mais alto (5,30) e mais baixo pH (4,37). Observou-se que a elevação do pH levou ao aumento dos teores de nitrogênio total e sólidos totais da fase aquosa do Cream cheese. Os queijos submetidos à avaliação da microestrutura apresentaram pH variando de 3,83 a 7,24. O pH afetou as interações intra e intermolecular das proteínas provocando mudanças na organização da matriz protéica do Cream Cheese, o que pode afetar as características funcionais do produto / Abstract: The purposes of this work were to standardize a test condition in order to evaluate Cream cheese melting capacity and evaluate the pH effect on the melting capacity, firmness, physical-chemical balance between the protein matrix and the cheese water phase, and on the Cream cheese microstructure. The cheeses were made according to traditional method and the pH was altered after process byexposing samples to ammonic hydroxide or acetic acid atmosphere in order to increase or decrease pH, respectively. The results showed that the best time and temperature condition to evaluate Cream cheese melting capacity was 170ºC/15min. The cheeses that were evaluated regarding melting capacity and firmness presented pH variation average of 4.21±0.02 to 6.8±0.8. The results demonstrated that there is a positive linear correlation (R2 = 0.98) between pH and the melting capacity, and a potential negative correlation (R2 = 0.95) between pH and Cream cheese firmness. When the pH effect on proteolyses and the physicalchemical balance between the water phase and the cheese protein matrix was evaluated, the exposition to ammonic hydroxide or acetic acid atmosphere significantly affected the pH of cheeses, leading to three different pH levels: 4.91 for control cheeses, 5.30 for high pH cheese, and 4.37 for low pH cheese. Cream cheese proteolyses was not significantly affected by the pH of cheeses. Cream cheese water retention capacity was not affected by pH, although it was affected by pH and storage time interaction. Water retention capacity of high pH (5.30) and low pH (4.37) cheeses decreased during storage time. It was observed that pH increasing raised total nitrogen and total solid amount of Cream cheese water phase. The cheeses that were submitted to microstructure evaluation presented pH variation between 3.83 and 7.24. pH affected intra and intermolecular interactions of proteins leading to changes on Cream cheese protein matrix organization, which may affect product functional characteristics / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Please read the abstract in the section, 00front of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Agric) Food Science and Technology)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Food Science / MSc / Unrestricted

Please read the abstract in the front section of this document / Dissertation (M Inst Agrar (Food processing))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Food Science / unrestricted